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Xiphosurida

Xiphosura - Xiphosurida

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1802Xiphosurida Latreille
1919Omoptilus Pruvost p. 103
1919Omoptilus hispidus Pruvost pp. 106-109 figs. Pl IV fig 1-5
1922Omoptilus Handlirsch p. 57
1922Omoptilus hispidus Handlirsch p. 57
1939Omoptilus Handlirsch
1955Xiphosurida Størmer p. 14
1968Xiphosurida Bergström p. 489
1975Xiphosurida Bergström p. 302
2002Xiphosurida Sepkoski
2010Xiphosurida Krzemiński et al. p. 133
2013Xiphosurida Lamsdell p. 20
2016Xiphosurida Lamsdell p. 187
2020Xiphosurida Dunlop et al. p. 10
2020Xiphosurida Lamsdell p. 12
2021Xiphosurida Bicknell et al. p. 2
2022Xiphosurida Bicknell et al. p. 306

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Ecdysozoa
—Panarthropoda
phylumArthropodaLatreille 1829
RankNameAuthor
—Deuteropoda
subphylumChelicerataHeymons 1901
—EuchelicerataWeygoldt and Paulus 1979
—Prosomapoda
classXiphosura()
orderXiphosuridaLatreille 1802
orderXiphosuridaLatreille 1802

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Xiphosurida Latreille 1802
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Subor. †Belinurina Bergström 1975
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Fm. †Belinuridae Zittel and Eastman 1913
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G. †Alanops Racheboeuf et al. 2002
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†Alanops magnificus Racheboeuf et al. 2002
G. †Anacontium Raymond 1944
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†Anacontium carpenteri Raymond 1944
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Invalid names: Anacontium brevis Raymond 1944 [synonym]
G. †Andersoniella Lamsdell 2020
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†Andersoniella longispina Packard 1885
G. †Belinurus Bronn 1839
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†Belinurus iswarinensis Chernyshev 1927
†Belinurus kiltorkensis Baily 1870
†Belinurus lacoei Packard 1885
†Belinurus metschetensis Chernyshev 1927
†Belinurus silesiacus Roemer 1883
†Belinurus stepanovi Chernyshev 1927
†Belinurus sustai Prantl and Přibyl 1955
†Belinurus trilobitoides Buckland 1837
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Invalid names: Belinurus bellulus Pictet 1846 [objective synonym], Belinurus carwayensis Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Belinurus concinnus Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Belinurus koenigianus Woodward 1872 [synonym], Belinurus lunatus Martin 1809 [synonym], Belinurus morgani Dix and Pringle 1930 [synonym], Belinurus pustulosus Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Belinurus reginae Baily 1859 [synonym], Belinurus truemani Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Bellinurus baldwini Woodward 1907 [synonym], Bellinurus grandaevus Jones and Woodward 1899 [synonym], Bellinurus longicaudatus Woodward 1907 [synonym], Bellinurus trechmanni Woodward 1918 [synonym], Steropis arcuatus Baily 1858 [synonym]
Invalid names: Koenigiella Raymond 1944 [synonym], Macrobelinurus Lamsdell 2020 [synonym], Parabelinurus Lamsdell 2020 [synonym], Steropis Baily 1858 [synonym]
G. †Euproops Meek 1867
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†Euproops danae Meek and Worthen 1865
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Invalid names: Euproops amiae Woodward 1918 [synonym], Euproops colletti White 1884 [synonym], Euproops darrahi Raymond 1944 [synonym], Euproops graigolae Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Euproops gwenti Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Euproops islwyni Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Euproops kilmersdonensis Ambrose and Romano 1972 [synonym], Euproops laevicula Raymond 1944 [synonym], Euproops laticephalus Raymond 1944 [synonym], Euproops meeki Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Euproops nitida Dix and Pringle 1929 [synonym], Euproops packardi Willard and Jones 1935 [synonym], Euproops thompsoni Raymond 1944 [synonym], Prestwichia (Euproops) scheeleana Ebert 1892 [synonym], Prestwichianella zalesskii Chernyshev 1927 [synonym]
G. †Liomesaspis Raymond 1944
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†Liomesaspis laevis Raymond 1944
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Invalid names: Palatinaspis beimbaueri Malz and Poschmann 1993 [synonym], Pringlia bispinosa Raymond 1944 [synonym], Pringlia demaistrei Vandenberghe 1960 [synonym], Pringlia fritschi Remy and Remy 1959 [synonym], Pringlia leonardensis Tasch 1961 [synonym]
G. †Prestwichianella Woodward 1918
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†Prestwichianella anthrax Prestwich 1840
†Prestwichianella bifida Siegfried 1972
†Prestwichianella cambrensis Dix and Pringle 1929
†Prestwichianella mariae Crônier and Courville 2005
†Prestwichianella orientalis Kobayashi 1933
†Prestwichianella rotundata Prestwich 1840
Invalid names: Prestwichia Woodward 1867 [replaced]
G. †Pringlia Raymond 1944
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†Pringlia birtwelli Woodward 1872
Invalid names: Palatinaspis Malz and Poschmann 1993 [synonym]
G. †Prolimulus Fritsch 1899
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†Prolimulus woodwardi Fritsch 1899
G. †Protolimulus Packard 1886
G. †Stilpnocephalus Selden et al. 2019
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†Stilpnocephalus pontebbanus Selden et al. 2019
G. †Xiphosuroides Shpinev and Vasilenko 2018
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†Xiphosuroides khakassicus Shpinev and Vasilenko 2018
Invalid names: Euproopidae Eller 1938 [synonym], Liomesaspididae Raymond 1944 [synonym]
Superfm. †Eolimulacea Bergström 1968
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G. †Drabovaspis Chlupáč 1963
Fm. †Eolimulidae Bergström 1968
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G. †Eolimulus Bergström 1968
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†Eolimulus alata Moberg 1892
Invalid names: Belinuracea Zittel and Eastman 1913 [invalid subgroup], Euproopacea Eller 1938 [invalid subgroup]
Subor. Limulina Richter and Richter 1929
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†Bellinuroopsis rossicus Chernyshev 1933
Invalid names: Neobelinuropsis Eller 1938 [objective synonym]
Superfm. Limuloidea Leach 1819
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Fm. †Austrolimulidae Riek 1955
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G. †Attenborolimulus Bicknell and Shcherbakov 2021
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†Attenborolimulus superspinosus Bicknell and Shcherbakov 2021
G. †Austrolimulus Riek 1955
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G. †Batracholimulus Lamsdell 2020
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†Batracholimulus fuchsbergensis Hauschke and Wilde 1987
G. †Boeotiaspis Lamsdell 2020
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†Boeotiaspis longispinus Schram 1979
G. †Dubbolimulus Pickett 1984
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†Dubbolimulus peetae Pickett 1984
G. †Franconiolimulus Bicknell et al. 2021
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†Franconiolimulus pochankei Bicknell et al. 2021
G. †Panduralimulus Allen and Feldmann 2005 [horseshoe crab]
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†Panduralimulus babcocki Allen and Feldmann 2005 [horseshoe crab]
G. †Psammolimulus Lange 1923
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G. †Tasmaniolimulus Bicknell 2019
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†Tasmaniolimulus patersoni Bicknell 2019
G. †Vaderlimulus Lerner et al. 2017
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†Vaderlimulus tricki Lerner et al. 2017
Invalid names: Dubbolimulidae Pickett 1984 [synonym]
Fm. Limulidae Leach 1819 [horseshoe crab]
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G. †Albalimulus Bicknell and Pates 2019
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†Albalimulus bottoni Bicknell and Pates 2019
G. †Allolimulus Lamsdell 2020
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†Allolimulus woodwardi Watson 1909
G. †Casterolimulus Holland et al. 1975
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†Casterolimulus kletti Holland et al. 1975
G. †Guangyuanolimulus Hu and Huang 2022
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†Guangyuanolimulus shangsiensis Hu and Huang 2022
G. †Heterolimulus Vía Boada and Villalta 1966
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†Heterolimulus gadeai Vía Boada and Villalta 1966
G. †Keuperlimulus Lamsdell 2020
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†Keuperlimulus vicensis Bleicher 1897
Subfm. Limulinae Leach 1819
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G. †Crenatolimulus Feldmann et al. 2011
G. Limulus Muller 1785
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Invalid names: Polyphemus Lamarck 1801 [synonym], Xiphosura Gronovius 1764 [synonym]
G. †Limulitella Størmer 1952
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†Limulitella bronnii Schimper 1853
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Invalid names: Limulus sandbergeri Kirchner 1923 [synonym]
†Limulitella henkeli Fritsch 1902
†Limulitella tejraensis Błażejowski et al. 2017
†Limulitella volgensis Ponomarenko 1985
Invalid names: Limulites Schimper 1853 [replaced]
G. †Mesolimulus Størmer 1952
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†Mesolimulus crespelli Vía 1987
†Mesolimulus sibiricus Ponomarenko 1985
†Mesolimulus tafraoutensis Lamsdell et al. 2020
†Mesolimulus walchi Desmarest 1822
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Invalid names: Limulus brevicauda Münster 1838 [synonym], Limulus brevispina Münster 1838 [synonym], Limulus giganteus Münster 1840 [synonym], Limulus intermedius Münster 1838 [synonym], Limulus ornatus Münster 1838 [synonym], Limulus sulcatus Münster 1838 [synonym]
G. †Sloveniolimulus Bicknell et al. 2019
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†Sloveniolimulus rudkini Bicknell et al. 2019
Subfm. Tachypleinae Pocock 1902
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G. Carcinoscorpius Pocock 1902
G. Tachypleus Leach 1819
G. †Tarracolimulus Romero and Vía 1977
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†Tarracolimulus rieki Romero and Vía 1977
G. †Victalimulus Riek and Gill 1971
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†Victalimulus mcqueeni Riek and Gill 1971
G. †Volanalimulus Lamsdell 2020
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G. †Yunnanolimulus Zhang et al. 2009
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†Yunnanolimulus luopingensis Zhang et al. 2009
Invalid names: Heterolimulidae Vía Boada and Villalta 1966 [synonym], Limulus priscus Münster 1839 [nomen dubium], Mesolimulidae Størmer 1952 [synonym], Xiphosuridae Pocock 1902 [synonym]
G. †Shpineviolimulus Bicknell et al. 2020
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†Shpineviolimulus jakovlevi Glushenko and Ivanov 1961
G. †Valloisella Racheboeuf 1992
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†Valloisella lievinensis Racheboeuf 1992
Fm. †Paleolimulidae Raymond 1944
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G. †Moravurus Přibyl 1967
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†Moravurus rehori Přibyl 1967
G. †Norilimulus Lamsdell 2020
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†Norilimulus woodae Lerner et al. 2016
G. †Paleolimulus Dunbar 1923
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†Paleolimulus kunguricus Naugolnykh 2017
†Paleolimulus mazonensis Bicknell et al. 2022 [horseshoe crab]
†Paleolimulus signatus Beecher 1904
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Invalid names: Paleolimulus avitus Dunbar 1923 [synonym]
G. †Xaniopyramis Siveter and Selden 1987
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†Xaniopyramis linseyi Siveter and Selden 1987
Invalid names: Moravuridae Přibyl 1967 [synonym], Paleolimulus juresanensis Chernyshev 1933 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Rolfeiidae Selden and Siveter 1987
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G. †Rolfeia Waterston 1985
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†Rolfeia fouldenensis Waterston 1985
Invalid names: Limulacea Leach 1819 [empty]
Invalid names: Bellinurina Zittel and Eastman 1913 [empty], Omoptilus Pruvost 1919 [nomen dubium], Omoptilus hispidus Pruvost 1919 [nomen dubium], Paleolimuloidea Anderson and Selden 1997 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: nektobenthicc
Diet: carnivorec
Vision: limitedo
Created: 2010-02-05 01:13:59
Modified: 2010-02-22 02:35:37
Source: o = order, c = class
References: Bambach et al. 2007, Jell and Adrain 2002

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Cambrian to the top of the Priabonian or 538.80000 to 33.90000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 509.0 Ma

Collections (195 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Cambrian538.8 - 509.0Sweden (Öland) Eolimulus alata (210576)
Sarka466.0 - 466.0Czech Republic Archeolimulus sp. (3857)
Llandovery - Wenlock443.4 - 427.4United Kingdom (Scotland) Xiphosurida indet. (26886 26889)
Telychian438.5 - 433.4USA (Wisconsin) Xiphosurida indet. (91415)
Rootsikula426.2 - 422.9Norway Xiphosurida indet. (14308 26928)
Pridoli423.0 - 419.2USA (New York) Xiphosurida indet. (26087 26089)
Early/Lower Emsian409.1 - 402.5Russian Federation Belinurus sp. (24775)
Middle Famennian370.6 - 364.7Russian Federation (Lipetsk) Bellinuroopsis rossicus (216277)
Late/Upper Famennian364.7 - 360.7Ireland Belinurus kiltorkensis (32230)
Tournaisian358.9 - 346.7Canada (Nova Scotia) Paleolimulus woodae (216604)
Tournaisian358.9 - 346.7United Kingdom (Scotland) Albalimulus bottoni (207111)
Ivorian353.8 - 346.7United Kingdom (Scotland) Rolfeia fouldenensis (216788 216789 216790)
Pendleian330.9 - 327.0United Kingdom (England) Xaniopyramis linseyi (216764)
Arnsbergian327.0 - 323.7Czech Republic Moravurus rehori (124365)
Arnsbergian327.0 - 323.7USA (Montana) Euproopidae indet., Paleolimulus longispinus (90681) Euproops sp., Paleolimulus longispinus (116654)
Arnsbergian - Chokierian327.0 - 322.8Russian Federation (Khaskassia) Xiphosuroides khakassicus (216762)
Bashkirian323.2 - 315.2Canada (Nova Scotia) Belinurus grandaevus (216609 216610) Belinurus reginae (216606) Belinurus reginae, Belinurus grandaevus (216608) Euproops danae (216611)
Yeadonian320.0 - 318.7Poland Belinurus silesiacus (140626)
Yeadonian320.0 - 318.7Ukraine (Donetsk) Bellinurus iswarinensis (216509)
Westphalian A318.7 - 316.9United Kingdom (England) Bellinurus baldwini, Bellinurus longicaudatus (34905) Liomesaspis laevis, Bellinurus trilobitoides, Euproops rotundatus (124367)