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Dinosauria (dinosaur)

Reptilia -

Taxonomy

Dinosauria was named by Owen (1842). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Nesbitt (2011).

It was reranked as the order Dinosaurii by Bonaparte (1850); it was reranked as the subclass Dinosauria by Haeckel (1866), Marsh (1884), Gadow (1898), Gadow (1901) and Bakker (1986); it was corrected as Dinosauria by Cope (1870) and Huxley (1870); it was reranked as the suborder Dinosauri by Quenstedt (1882); it was reranked as the superorder Dinosauria by Baur (1887), Osborn (1903), Osborn (1904), Nopcsa (1923) and Nopcsa (1928); it was reranked as the order Dinosauri by Jaekel (1910); it was reranked as the class Dinosauria by Bakker and Galton (1974); it was misspelled as Deinosauria by Mantell (1854), Owen (1855), Owen (1861), Cope (1871), Leidy (1873), Cope (1875), Marsh (1885), Günther (1886), Lydekker (1888), Cope (1889), Zittel (1890), Cope (1891), Marsh (1896), Woodward (1898), Cope (1898), Hay (1902), Osborn (1903), Hatcher (1903), Lambe (1905), Broom (1909), von Zittel (1911), Tornier (1913), Broom (1913), Lull (1915), Lull (1917), Swinton (1934), Cooper (1981), Long and Murry (1995) and Peng et al. (2001); it was reranked as the unranked clade Dinosauria by Pictet (1853), Gardiner (1982), Gauthier and Padian (1985), Gauthier (1986), Brinkman and Sues (1987), Gauthier et al. (1989), Benton (1990), Sereno (1991), Novas (1992), Novas (1996), Fraser et al. (2002), Irmis (2005), Ezcurra (2006), Irmis et al. (2007), Nesbitt (2011) and Martz and Small (2019).

It was assigned to Rhizodonta by Bonaparte (1850); to Sauria by Pictet (1853); to Ornithoscelida by Huxley (1870); to Sauri by Quenstedt (1882); to Sauropsida by Baur (1887); to Diapsida by Osborn (1903), Osborn (1903), Osborn (1904), Lambe (1905) and Broom (1909); to Hyperosauria by Jaekel (1910); to Daptosauria by Broom (1913); to Reptilia by Owen (1842), Mantell (1854), Owen (1855), Owen (1861), Haeckel (1866), Cope (1871), Leidy (1873), Cope (1875), Marsh (1884), Marsh (1885), Günther (1886), Cope (1889), Zittel (1890), Cope (1891), Marsh (1896), Gadow (1898), Woodward (1898), Cope (1898), Gadow (1901), Hay (1902), Hatcher (1903), von Zittel (1911), Tornier (1913), Lull (1915), Lull (1917), Nopcsa (1923) and Swinton (1934); to Amniota by Bakker and Galton (1974); to Archosauria by Gardiner (1982); to Ornithosuchia by Gauthier and Padian (1985); to Archosauria by Bakker (1986); to Archosauria by Nopcsa (1928) and Brinkman and Sues (1987); to Ornithosuchia by Gauthier et al. (1989); to Ornithodira by Gauthier (1986) and Benton (1990); to Dinosauromorpha by Sereno (1991); to Archosauria by Cope (1870), Lydekker (1888), Cooper (1981) and Peng et al. (2001); and to Dinosauriformes by Novas (1992), Long and Murry (1995), Novas (1996), Fraser et al. (2002), Irmis (2005), Ezcurra (2006), Irmis et al. (2007), Nesbitt (2011) and Martz and Small (2019).

Subtaxa

Ancistrodon, Astrodon pusillus, Camposaurus arizonensis, Carnosauriformes, Cridotrisauropus, Dictyoolithidae, Diplodocia, Dystrophaeidae, Elephantopoides, Gigantosauropus, Gyrotrisauropus, Harpagosauria, Harpedactylus, Herreravia, Huanglongpus, Iguanodonichnus, Lagunculapes, Megalosauridae, Mirsosauropus, Mosaicoolithus, Neosauropus, Nyasasaurus, Omosaurus phillipsi, Ornithischia (syn. Omosauria, Orthopoda, Predentata), Ornithischiformes, Paleodinosauria, Phytodinosauria, Phytophagi, Polemarchus, Polyclonoolithidae, Postpubici, Praepubici, Prismatoolithidae, Saltosauropus, Saurischia (syn. Pachypodes), Sauropodichnus, Sillimanius (syn. Ornithopus), Similifaveoloolithidae, Sinoichnites, Stalicoolithidae, Steropoides (syn. Steropezoum, Tridentipes), Tarsodactylus, Tarsoplectrus, Therophagi, Therosauria, Toyamasauripus, Tretospondylia, Xiphopeza, Youngoolithidae, Yunnanpus

Sister taxa

Harpagosauria, Therosauria

View classification of included taxa

Synonyms

Neosauropus was named by Antunes (1976). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (1995).

It was assigned to Sauropoda by Antunes (1976).
Neosauropus lagosteirensis was named by Antunes (1976). It is considered to be a form taxon. It is a trace fossil. Its type locality is Lagosteiros tracksite, which is in a Hauterivian lagoonal sandstone in the Calcários Corálicos de Lagosteiros Formation of Portugal.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (1995).
Elephantopoides was named by Kaever and Lapparent (1974). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (1995) and Le Loeuff et al. (2006); it was considered a nomen dubium by Lallensack et al. (2015).

It was assigned to Cetiosaurinae by Kaever and Lapparent (1974); and to Sauropoda by Diedrich (2011).
Elephantopoides barkhausensis was named by Kaever and Lapparent (1974). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type specimen is Naturkundemuseum, Osnabruck Coll. no. Barkhausen track 1, a footprint, and it is a trace fossil. Its type locality is Barkhausen tracksite (upper), which is in a Kimmeridgian paralic sandstone/claystone in Germany.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (1995); it was misspelled as Elephantopoides barkhausenensis by Diedrich (2011); it was considered a nomen dubium by Lallensack et al. (2015) and Salisbury et al. (2016).
Mirsosauropus tursunzadei was named by Dzhailov and Novikov (1993). It is considered to be a form taxon. It is a trace fossil. It is the type species of Mirsosauropus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (1995); it was synonymized subjectively with Megalosauripus uzbekistanicus by Lockley et al. (2000).
Huanglongpus was named by Yang and Yang (1987). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Huanglongpus shengouensis.

It was corrected as Huanlongpus by Yang and Yang (1987); it was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (2013).

It was assigned to Anomoepodidae by Yang and Yang (1987).
Huanglongpus shengouensis was named by Yang and Yang (1987). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type specimen is CFYH1–5, a footprint, and it is a trace fossil. It is the type species of Huanglongpus.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (2013).
Astrodon pusillus was named by Lapparent and Zbyszewski (1957). Its type specimen is MGSP H. Its type locality is Casal da Pedreira, which is in a Kimmeridgian/Tithonian terrestrial horizon in Portugal.

It was synonymized subjectively with Dacentrurus armatus by Galton (1981), Galton (1990), Galton (1991), Galton (1994), Pereda Suberbiola and Galton (2001) and Galton and Upchurch (2004); it was considered a nomen dubium by Maidment et al. (2008).
Sauropodichnus was named by Calvo (1991). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (1995).

It was assigned to Sauropoda by Calvo (1991) and Calvo and Mazzetta (2004); to Sauropoda by Calvo (2007); and to Titanosauria by González Riga and Calvo (2007) and González Riga (2011).
Ornithoscelida was named by Huxley (1870).

It was reranked as the order Ornithoscelida by Williston (1878); it was synonymized subjectively with Dinosauria by Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Zittel (1890) and Woodward (1898).

It was assigned to Reptilia by Bunzel (1870) and Huxley (1870); and to Dinosauria by Williston (1878).
Eudinosauria was named by Novas (1992). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Dinosauria by Holtz and Padian (1995).

It was assigned to Dinosauria by Novas (1992) and Novas (1992).
Camposaurus arizonensis was named by Hunt et al. (1998). Its type specimen is UCMP 34498, a set of postcrania, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Placerias Quarry, UCMP A269, which is in a Norian wet floodplain mudstone/claystone in the Chinle Formation of Arizona.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Parker (2005) and Irmis (2005); it was considered a nomen dubium by Nesbitt et al. (2007).
Sinoichnites was named by Kuhn (1958).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (2013).

It was assigned to Ornithischia by Kuhn (1958); to Iguanodontidae by Young (1960), Kuhn (1963), Haubold (1971) and Zhen et al. (1989); and to Ornithopoda by Xing et al. (2009).
Sinoichnites youngi was named by Kuhn (1958). It is considered to be a form taxon. It is a trace fossil. Its type locality is Ulan Muren tracksite, which is in a Jurassic terrestrial sandstone in the Anding Formation of China.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (2013) and Díaz-Martínez et al. (2015).
Gigantosauropus was named by Mensink and Mertmann (1984). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (1995) and Le Loeuff et al. (2006).

It was assigned to Megalosaurinidae by Mensink and Mertmann (1984).
Gigantosauropus asturiensis was named by Mensink and Mertmann (1984). It is a trace fossil. Its type locality is Colunga tracksite, which is in a Kimmeridgian marginal marine sandstone/marl in the Tereñes Marl Formation of Spain.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (1995); it was considered a nomen dubium by Salisbury et al. (2016).
Mirsosauropus was named by Dzhailov and Novikov (1993). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Mirsosauropus tursunzadei.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (1995); it was synonymized subjectively with Megalosauripus by Lockley et al. (2000).

It was assigned to Megalosauripodidae by Dzhailov and Novikov (1993).
Iguanodonichnus was named by Casamiquela and Fasola (1968). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (1995); it was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (2003); it was considered a nomen dubium by Díaz-Martínez et al. (2015).

It was assigned to Ornithopoda by Bonaparte (1980) and Bonaparte (1981); to Iguanodontidae by Casamiquela and Fasola (1968), Leonardi (1981) and Leonardi (1989); to Sauropoda by Sarjeant et al. (1998); and to Sauropoda by Moreno and Benton (2005).
Iguanodonichnus frenkii was named by Casamiquela and Fasola (1968). It is not extant. Its type locality is Termas del Flaco, which is in a Tithonian mire/swamp sandstone in the Baños del Flaco Formation of Chile.

It was corrected as Iguanodonichnus frenki by Bonaparte (1981); it was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (1995); it was considered a nomen dubium by Díaz-Martínez et al. (2015); it was misspelled as Iguanodonichnus frenki by Salisbury et al. (2016).
Yunnanpus was named by Chen and Huang (1993). Its type is Yunnanpus huangcaoensis.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lockley et al. (2002) and Xing et al. (2009).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1842	Dinosauria Owen p. 102–103
1850	Dinosaurii Bonaparte
1853	Dinosauria Pictet p. 466
1854	Deinosauria Mantell p. 646
1855	Dinosauria Owen p. 1
1861	Dinosauria Owen p. 285
1866	Dinosauria Haeckel p. CXXXV
1870	Ornithoscelida Bunzel p. 394
1870	Dinosauria Cope pp. 32-33
1870	Dinosauria Huxley p. 34
1870	Ornithoscelida Huxley pp. 35-37
1871	Dinosauria Cope p. 234
1873	Dinosauria Leidy p. 338
1875	Dinosauria Cope p. 13
1878	Ornithoscelida Williston p. 45
1882	Dinosauri Quenstedt p. 155
1884	Dinosauria Marsh p. 68
1885	Dinosauria Marsh p. 763
1886	Dinosauria Günther p. 442
1887	Dinosauria Baur p. 101
1888	Dinosauria Lydekker p. 131
1889	Dinosauria Cope p. 15
1890	Dinosauria Zittel p. 450
1891	Dinosauria Cope p. 35
1896	Dinosauria Marsh p. 238
1898	Dinosauria Cope p. 68
1898	Dinosauria Gadow p. 22
1898	Dinosauria Woodward p. 141
1901	Dinosauria Gadow p. 412
1902	Dinosauria Hay p. 481
1903	Dinosauria Hatcher p. 54
1903	Dinosauria Osborn p. 276
1904	Dinosauria Osborn p. 113
1905	Dinosauria Lambe p. 48
1909	Dinosauria Broom p. 289
1910	Dinosauri Jaekel p. 338
1911	Dinosauria von Zittel p. 273
1913	Dinosauria Broom p. 364
1913	Dinosauria Tornier p. 366
1915	Dinosauria Lull p. 117
1917	Dinosauria Lull p. 114
1923	Dinosauria Nopcsa p. 125
1928	Dinosauria Nopcsa p. 182
1934	Dinosauria Swinton p. 29
1957	Astrodon pusillus Lapparent and Zbyszewski p. 44
1958	Sinoichnites Kuhn p. 24
1958	Sinoichnites youngi Kuhn p. 24
1960	Sinoichnites youngi Young p. 53
1960	Sinoichnites Young p. 65
1962	Astrodon pusillus Kingham p. 40
1963	Sinoichnites Kuhn p. 101
1963	Sinoichnites youngi Kuhn p. 101
1968	Iguanodonichnus Casamiquela and Fasola p. 14
1968	Iguanodonichnus frenkii Casamiquela and Fasola p. 14 figs. Pl. 1-2, 4-8
1970	Sinoichnites youngi Sarjeant p. 277
1970	Astrodon pusillus Steel p. 67
1971	Sinoichnites Haubold p. 86
1971	Sinoichnites youngi Haubold p. 86
1974	Dinosauria Bakker and Galton p. 171
1974	Elephantopoides Kaever and Lapparent p. 524
1974	Elephantopoides barkhausensis Kaever and Lapparent p. 524
1976	Neosauropus Antunes p. 20
1976	Neosauropus lagosteirensis Antunes p. 20
1976	Iguanodonichnus frenkii Chong Diaz and Gasparini p. 52
1980	Iguanodonichnus Bonaparte p. 85
1981	Iguanodonichnus Bonaparte p. 681
1981	Iguanodonichnus frenki Bonaparte p. 681
1981	Dinosauria Cooper p. 694
1981	Iguanodonichnus Leonardi p. 934
1981	Iguanodonichnus frenkii Leonardi p. 934
1982	Dinosauria Gardiner p. 229
1984	Gigantosauropus Mensink and Mertmann
1984	Gigantosauropus asturiensis Mensink and Mertmann
1985	Dinosauria Gauthier and Padian pp. 187-189 fig. 1
1986	Dinosauria Bakker p. 472
1986	Dinosauria Gauthier p. 54 fig. 8
1986	Elephantopoides barkhausensis Lockley et al. p. 1170
1986	Neosauropus lagosteirensis Lockley et al. p. 1170
1986	Sinoichnites youngi Zhen p. 27
1987	Dinosauria Brinkman and Sues p. 494
1987	Huanglongpus shengouensis Yang and Yang p. 23 fig. 19
1987	Huanlongpus Yang and Yang p. 23
1989	Dinosauria Gauthier et al. p. 346
1989	Iguanodonichnus Leonardi p. 167
1989	Iguanodonichnus frenkii Leonardi p. 167
1989	Sinoichnites Zhen et al. p. 194
1989	Sinoichnites youngi Zhen et al. p. 194
1990	Dinosauria Benton p. 13
1991	Sauropodichnus Calvo p. 249
1991	Iguanodonichnus frenkii Salinas et al. p. 311
1991	Dinosauria Sereno p. 23
1992	Eudinosauria Novas pp. 59-60 fig. 6
1992	Dinosauria Novas p. 134
1993	Yunnanpus Chen and Huang
1993	Mirsosauropus Dzhailov and Novikov p. 55 fig. 3.6
1993	Mirsosauropus tursunzadei Dzhailov and Novikov p. 55–56 fig. 3.6
1995	Dinosauria Long and Murry p. 171
1996	Dinosauria Novas p. 737 fig. 10
1998	Camposaurus arizonensis Hunt et al. pp. 515, 530-1 fig. 2
1998	Sinoichnites youngi Lockley and Matsukawa p. 136
1998	Iguanodonichnus frenkii Sarjeant et al. p. 189
1998	Iguanodonichnus Sarjeant et al. p. 190
2001	Dinosauria Peng et al. p. 33
2002	Dinosauria Fraser et al. p. 92 fig. 9
2004	Sauropodichnus Calvo and Mazzetta p. 546
2004	Camposaurus arizonensis Tykoski and Rowe p. 48
2005	Dinosauria Irmis p. 81
2005	Iguanodonichnus Moreno and Benton p. 254
2005	Iguanodonichnus frenkii Moreno and Benton p. 254
2006	Dinosauria Ezcurra p. 657 fig. 3
2006	Iguanodonichnus frenkii Rubilar-Rogers p. 120
2007	Sauropodichnus Calvo p. 328
2007	Sauropodichnus González Riga and Calvo p. 177
2007	Iguanodonichnus frenkii Hadri et al. p. 153
2007	Dinosauria Irmis et al. p. 361 fig. 3
2007	Camposaurus arizonensis Spielmann et al. p. 385
2009	Gigantosauropus asturiensis Santos et al. p. 414
2009	Sinoichnites Xing et al. p. 831
2009	Sinoichnites youngi Xing et al. p. 831
2010	Iguanodonichnus frenki Xing et al. p. 455
2011	Elephantopoides Diedrich p. 136
2011	Elephantopoides barkhausenensis Diedrich p. 136
2011	Sauropodichnus González Riga p. 279
2011	Dinosauria Nesbitt p. 210 fig. 52
2012	Sinoichnites youngi Li et al. pp. 5-6
2015	Camposaurus arizonensis Nesbitt and Ezcurra p. 514
2016	Camposaurus arizonensis Martill et al. p. 10
2016	Iguanodonichnus frenki Salisbury et al. p. 50
2017	Camposaurus arizonensis Martinez and Apaldetti p. 501
2019	Dinosauria Martz and Small p. 54 fig. 23

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Triploblastica
—	Nephrozoa
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
—	Sarcopterygii
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda	()
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
—	Batrachosauria	()
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida

Rank	Name	Author
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Eosuchia	()
—	Neodiapsida
—	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Dinosauria	()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
R. Owen 1855	Cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae with parapophyses and diapophyses; dorsal vertebrae with a neural platform; sacral vertebrae exceeding two in number; body supported on four well-developed unguiculate limbs.
R. Owen 1861	Cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae with par- and di-apophyses, articulating with bifurcate ribs; dorsal vertebrae with a neural platform, sacral vertebrae exceeding two in number; body supported on four strong unguiculate limbs.
T. H. Huxley 1870	1. The dorsal vertebræ have amphicœlous or opisthocœlous centra. They are provided with capitular and tubercular transverse processes, the latter being much the longer. 2. The number of the vertebræ which enter into the sacrum does not fall below two, and may be as many as six. 3. The chevron bones are attached intervertebrally, and their rami are united at their vertebral ends by a bar of bone. 4. The anterior vertebral ribs have distinct capitula and tubercula. 5. The skull is modelled upon the Lacertilian, not on the Crocodilian type. There is a bony sclerotic ring. 6. The teeth are not ankylosed to the jaws, and may be lodged in distinct sockets. They appear to be present only in the præmaxillæ, maxillæ, and dentary portions of the mandible. 7. The scapula is vertically elongated; the coracoid is short, and has a rounded and undivided margin. There is no clavicle. 8. The crest of the ilium is prolonged both in front of and behind the acetabulum; and the part which roofs over the latter cavity forms a wide arch, the inner wall of the acetabulum having been formed by membrane, as in birds. 9. The ischium and pubis are much elongated. 10. The femur has a strong inner trochanter; and there is a crest on the ventral face of the outer condyle, which passes between the tibia and the fibula, as in birds. 11. The tibia is shorter than the femur. Its proximal end is produced anteriorly into a strong crest, which is bent outwardly, or towards the fibular side. 12. The astragalus is like that of a bird; and the digits of the pes are terminated by strong and curved ungual phalanges.
E. D. Cope 1870	Limbs ambulatory or prehensile. Ilium horizontal,supporting a long sacrum of five or six vertebrae the anterior derived from the lumbar series. The acetabulum thrown forwards, and not complete,but perforate. Ischium long longitudinal, posterior, supporting the pubis in front on a process. Ribs free, double headed. Neural arches united by suture; chevron bones present.
K. A. v. Zittel 1890	Körper eidechsenartig oder vogelähnlich, lang geschwänzt, meist von ansehnlicher, zuweilen sogar von gigantischer Grösse. Wirbel cavernös, hohl oder massiv; opisthocöl, platycöl oder amphicöl. Sacrum in der Regel aus drei bis sechs (ausnahmsweise aus zwei oder mehr als sechs) Wirbeln bestehend. Rumpfrippen zweiköpfig. Bauchrippen zuweilen vorhanden. Zwischenkiefer getrennt. Quadratbein unbeweglich , stark vorragend. Obere und seitliche Schläfengruben knöchern umgrenzt. Zähne mit zusammengedrückter, vorn und hinten mehr oder weniger zugeschärfter Krone, in Alveolen oder Alveolarrinnen eingefügt. Brustbein unvollständig verknöchert. Scapula sehr gross, Coracoid klein, scheibenförmig, ohne Procoracoid. Ileum nach vorn und hinten verlängert. Sitzbeine lang, schlank, in der Symphyse verbunden. Pubis nach vorn gerichtet, zuweilen mit einem dünnen, nach hinten gewendetem, dem Ischium parallelen Postpubis. Vorderbeine kürzer als Hinterbeine. Zehen mit Krallen oder Hufen. Die langen Knochen solid oder hohl. Haut nackt oder mit einem aus knöchernen Platten oder Stacheln bestehenden Panzer.
H. Gadow 1898	Stereospondylous. Quadrate fixed. Ribs with capitulum and tuberculum. Limbs terrestrial. With distal ischiadic syndesmosis. Ilium horizontally elongated. With sternum.
H. Gadow 1901	Mesozoic, long-tailed, toothed reptiles, with distal ischiadic symphysis, terrestrial limbs, large fixed quadrate bones and bifurcated ribs.
B. F. Nopcsa 1928	Long necked, originally bipedal Archosauria with numerous cervicals, with thecodont teeth, with prelacrymal fossa, reduced scapular arch and without humeral foramina; upper part of ilium expanded at both ends, ventral pelvic elements more or less elongated; acetabulum perforated; pineal foramen never present.
S. J. Nesbitt 2011	The least inclusive clade containing Triceratops horridus (Marsh, 1889) and Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758