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Sphenodontia

Reptilia

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1910Sphenodonti Jaekel p. 332
1910Homoeosauri Jaekel p. 333
1911Sphenodonti Jaekel p. 145
1937Sphenodontia Roxo p. 44
1946Sphenodontina Kuhn p. 62
1966Sphenodontia Kuhn p. 36
1985Sphenodontia Benton p. 157
1988Sphenodonta Carroll
1996Sphenodontia Reynoso
2000Sphenodontia Reynoso
2002Spheodontia Sepkoski
2003Sphenodonta Meyer and Zardoya
2003Sphenodontia Simon and Kellner p. 1
2004Sphenodontia Martinelli and Forasiepi p. 260
2005Sphenodontia Apesteguía
2007Sphenodontia Apesteguía and Rougier p. 3
2012Sphenodontia Apesteguia et al. p. 345 fig. 5
2018Sphenodontia Herrera-Flores et al.
2021Sphenodontia Sues and Schoch
2021Sphenodontia Villa et al.
2022Sphenodontia Simões et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
RankNameAuthor
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
Romeriida
Diapsida()
Eosuchia()
Neodiapsida
SauriaGauthier 1984
Lepidosauromorpha(Benton 1983)
superorderLepidosauria()
Sphenodontia()
Sphenodontia()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. Sphenodontia Jaekel 1910
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G. †Diphydontosaurus Whiteside 1986
+
Diphydontosaurus avonis Whiteside 1986
Infraor. †Eusphenodontia Herrera-Flores et al. 2018
+
Fm. †Clevosauridae Fraser 1993
+
G. †Brachyrhinodon Huene 1910
+
Brachyrhinodon taylori Huene 1910
G. †Clevosaurus Swinton 1939
+
Clevosaurus bairdi Sues et al. 1994
Clevosaurus brasiliensis Bonaparte and Sues 2006
Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble et al. 2018
Clevosaurus convallis Saila 2005
Clevosaurus hadroprodon Hsiou et al. 2019
Clevosaurus hudsoni Swinton 1939
Clevosaurus minor Fraser 1988
Clevosaurus sectumsemper Klein et al. 2015
Invalid names: Clevosaurus mcgilli Wu 1994 [nomen dubium], Clevosaurus wangi Wu 1994 [nomen dubium], Dianosaurus Young 1982 [synonym], Dianosaurus petilus Young 1982 [nomen dubium]
G. †Lanceirosphenodon de Vivar et al. 2020
+
Lanceirosphenodon ferigoloi de Vivar et al. 2020
G. †Microsphenodon Chambi-Trowell et al. 2021
+
Microsphenodon bonapartei Chambi-Trowell et al. 2021
Unr. †Neosphenodontia Herrera-Flores et al. 2018
+
Fm. Homoeosauridae Gervais 1852
+
G. †Homoeosaurus Meyer 1850
+
Homoeosaurus maximiliani von Meyer 1847
+
Invalid names: Homoeosaurus jourdani Lortet 1892 [synonym]
Homoeosaurus parvipes Cocude-Michel 1963
Homoeosaurus rhodani Lortet 1892
Homoeosaurus solnhofensis Cocude-Michel 1963
Homoeosaurus struckmanni Broili 1925
Invalid names: Stelliosaurus Jourdan 1862 [synonym]
G. †Ischnosaurus Thiollière 1856
+
Ischnosaurus gervaisii Thiollière 1856
G. †Pamizinsaurus Reynoso 1997
+
Fm. †Pleurosauridae Lydekker 1888
+
G. †Acrosaurus Meyer 1854
+
Acrosaurus frischmanni Meyer 1854
G. †Palaeopleurosaurus Carroll 1985
+
G. †Pleurosaurus Meyer
+
Pleurosaurus ginsburgi Fabre 1974
Pleurosaurus goldfussi von Meyer 1831
+
Invalid names: Anguisaurus bipes Münster 1839 [synonym], Anguisaurus minor Wagner 1860 [synonym], Anguisaurus munsteri Wagner 1858 [synonym]
Invalid names: Anguisaurus Münster 1839 [synonym], Saurophidium Jourdan 1862 [synonym]
Invalid names: Acrosauridae Meyer 1861 [synonym]
Fm. †Saphaeosauridae Nopcsa 1923
+
G. †Kallimodon Cocude-Michel 1963
+
Kallimodon cerinensis Cocude-Michel 1963
Kallimodon pulchellus Zittel 1887
G. †Sapheosaurus von Meyer 1850
+
Sapheosaurus thiollierei von Meyer 1851
+
Invalid names: Sauranodon incisivus Jourdan 1862 [synonym]
Invalid names: Sauranodon Jourdan 1862 [synonym]
Invalid names: Sauranodontidae Lortet 1892 [synonym]
G. †Opisthiamimus DrMar Jr. et al. 2022
+
Opisthiamimus gregori DrMar Jr. et al. 2022
G. †Polysphenodon Jaeckel 1911
+
Polysphenodon muelleri Jaeckel 1911
G. †Godavarisaurus Evans et al. 2001
+
Godavarisaurus lateefi Evans et al. 2001
G. †Lamarquesaurus Apesteguía and Rougier 2007
+
Lamarquesaurus cabazai Apesteguía and Rougier 2007
G. †Micromenodon Sues and Schoch 2021
+
Micromenodon pitti Sues and Schoch 2021
G. †Opisthias Gilmore 1909
+
Opisthias rarus Gilmore 1909
G. †Pelecymala Fraser 1986
+
Pelecymala robustus Fraser 1986
G. †Planocephalosaurus Fraser 1982
+
Planocephalosaurus lucasi Heckert 2004
G. †Rebbanasaurus Evans et al. 2001
+
Rebbanasaurus jaini Evans et al. 2001
G. †Sphenocondor Apesteguia et al. 2012
+
Sphenocondor gracilis Apesteguia et al. 2012
G. †Tingitana Evans and Sigogneau-Russell 1997
+
Tingitana anoualae Evans and Sigogneau-Russell 1997
G. †Whitakersaurus Heckert et al. 2008
+
Whitakersaurus bermani Heckert et al. 2008
Invalid names: Homoeosauria Jaekel 1910 [synonym], Sauranodonti Marsh 1879 [empty], Sphenodonta [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Created: 2017-04-17 15:16:03
Modified: 2017-04-17 15:16:03
Source: subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Tuvalian to the top of the Early/Lower Maastrichtian or 232.00000 to 66.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 228.0 Ma

Collections (120 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Carnian237.0 - 228.0Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) Clevosaurus hadroprodon (203745)
Carnian237.0 - 228.0United Kingdom (England) Clevosaurus hudsoni, Sphenodontia indet. (13173) Diphydontosaurus avonis, Clevosaurus sectumsemper (176263 176266) Diphydontosaurus sp., Planocephalosaurus sp. (13182) Pelecymala robustus, Sphenodontia indet., Planocephalosaurus sp., Clevosaurus hudsoni (13175 13176) Pelecymala robustus, Sphenodontia indet., Planocephalosaurus sp., Clevosaurus sp. (13183) Planocephalosaurus robinsonae, Pelecymala robustus (13177) Planocephalosaurus sp., Clevosaurus sp. (13179 13181) Planocephalosaurus sp., Clevosaurus sp., Sphenodontia indet. (13178 13180) Planocephalosaurus sp., Diphydontosaurus avonis, Clevosaurus sp., Sphenodontia indet. (46889) Sphenodontia indet., Planocephalosaurus sp. (13174)
Carnian237.0 - 228.0United Kingdom (Wales) Diphydontosaurus sp., Clevosaurus sp., Clevosaurus cambrica (27012)
Carnian237.0 - 228.0USA (Virginia) Sphenodonta indet. (39159)
Carnian237.0 - 228.0India (Madhya Pradesh) Sphenodontia indet. (105292)
Carnian - Norian237.0 - 208.5Germany (Niedersachsen) Polysphenodon muelleri (98627)
Carnian - Norian237.0 - 208.5United Kingdom (Scotland) Brachyrhinodon taylori (57948)
Late/Upper Triassic - Early/Lower Jurassic237.0 - 174.1USA (Utah) Sphenodontia indet. A, Sphenodontia indet. B (183201)
Tuvalian232.0 - 221.5USA (Virginia) Micromenodon pitti (220419)
Norian228.0 - 208.5Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) Clevosaurus brasiliensis, Lanceirosphenodon ferigoloi, Microsphenodon bonapartei (55446) Sphenodontia indet. (105530)
Norian228.0 - 208.5Switzerland (Aargau) Clevosaurus sp. (203217)
Norian228.0 - 208.5USA (Texas) Diphydontosaurus sp., Planocephalosaurus lucasi, Sphenodontidae indet. (13266) Sphenodontia indet. (218126) Sphenodontia indet., Clevosaurus sp. (13273) Sphenodontidae indet. (48424)
Norian228.0 - 208.5Switzerland (Schaffhausen) Diphydontosaurus sp., Sphenodontia indet. (194662)
Alaunian215.56 - 212.0Greenland Sphenodontia indet. (27006)
Alaunian215.56 - 212.0Luxembourg (Diekirch) Clevosaurus sp. (56047)
Alaunian215.56 - 212.0Italy (Lombardia) Diphydontosaurus sp. (59639)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3USA (New Mexico) Sphenodontidae indet. (48422)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3United Kingdom (England) Planocephalosaurus sp., Diphydontosaurus avonis, Clevosaurus sp., Clevosaurus sp. (51970) Sphenodontidae indet. (12858)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3Switzerland (Schaffhausen) Sphenodontia indet. (51235)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3Greenland Sphenodontia indet. (27007)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3United Kingdom (Wales) Diphydontosaurus sp., Planocephalosaurus sp. (46077)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3Belgium (Gaume) Clevosaurus sp. (68882) Diphydontosaurus sp. (114131)
Hettangian201.3 - 199.3China (Yunnan) Dianosaurus petilus (49503)
Early/Lower Hettangian201.3 - 196.5Canada (Nova Scotia) Clevosaurus sp. (74207 74213) Glevosaurus sp. (74208 74209 74212 74216)
Hettangian - Sinemurian201.3 - 190.8United Kingdom (Wales) Sphenodontia indet. (137123) Sphenodontia indet., Clevosaurus sp. (46137)
Hettangian - Sinemurian201.3 - 190.8South Africa (Free State) Clevosaurus sp. (137301)
Sinemurian199.3 - 190.8China (Yunnan) Clevosaurus wangi, Clevosaurus mcgilli (101067)
Sinemurian - Pliensbachian199.3 - 182.7USA (Arizona) Sphenodontia indet. (27716)
Pliensbachian190.8 - 182.7Mexico (Tamaulipas) Clevosaurus sp. (226356 226358) Opisthias sp. (136970 226359 226360 226361) Opisthias sp., Clevosaurus sp. (136969 226357)
Early/Lower Toarcian183.0 - 182.0Germany (Bayern) Palaeopleurosaurus posidoniae (137135)
Early/Lower Toarcian183.0 - 182.0Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Palaeopleurosaurus posidoniae (114111 114112)
Toarcian182.7 - 174.1Germany (Oberpfalz) Palaeopleurosaurus posidoniae (192404)
Toarcian - Aalenian182.7 - 170.3India (Andhra Pradesh) Rebbanasaurus jaini, Godavarisaurus lateefi (39673)
Middle Toarcian - Late/Upper Toarcian182.0 - 175.6Argentina (Chubut) Sphenocondor gracilis (67434)
Early/Lower Bathonian167.7 - 164.7United Kingdom (England) Sphenodontidae indet. (31054)
Late/Upper Bathonian167.7 - 164.7United Kingdom (England) Sphenodontia indet. (39075 57124 57125)
Kimmeridgian157.3 - 152.1France (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) Pleurosaurus goldfussi (92110) Sapheosaurus thiollierei, Ischnosaurus gervaisii (191086)
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian157.3 - 145.0USA (Utah) Opisthias rarus (220417)
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian157.3 - 145.0USA (Colorado) Opisthias sp. (11611 231533) Sphenodontia indet. (192456)
Kimmeridgian - Tithonian157.3 - 145.0USA (Wyoming) Opisthias rarus (12816 39431) Opisthias sp. (39370 49627 49636 230770 231548) Sphenodontia indet., Opisthiamimus gregori (55333)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8France Homoeosaurus maximiliani, Homoeosaurus jourdani, Homoeosaurus rhodani, Pleurosaurus goldfussi, Kallimodon cerinensis (24426)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8Germany (Bayern) Homoeosaurus maximiliani (57682)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian155.7 - 145.0Portugal (Centro) Sphenodontia indet. (38680)
Tithonian152.1 - 145.0USA (Colorado) Opisthias sp. (48161 48162 55329) Opisthias sp., Sphenodontia indet. (53040 58811)
Tithonian152.1 - 145.0USA (Utah) Opisthias sp. (22711 57913)
Tithonian - Valanginian152.1 - 132.9South Africa (Eastern Cape) Opisthias sp. (62550) Sphenodontia indet. (88876)
Early/Lower Tithonian150.8 - 145.0France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) Pleurosaurus goldfussi, Pleurosaurus ginsburgi, Homoeosaurus solnhofensis (35262)
Early/Lower Tithonian150.8 - 145.0Germany (Bayern) Acrosaurus frischmanni (53034) Anguisaurus bipes (123906) Homoeosaurus maximiliani (105798) Homoeosaurus maximiliani, Pleurosaurus goldfussi (144679) Homoeosaurus solnhofensis (131959) Pleurosaurus goldfussi (102300 105797 106543 132062 212953)
Early/Lower Tithonian150.8 - 145.0USA (Utah) Opisthias sp. (21852)
Early/Lower Tithonian150.8 - 145.0USA (Wyoming) Sphenodontia indet. (56654)
Early/Lower Tithonian150.8 - 145.0USA (Colorado) Sphenodontidae indet. (71476)
Late/Upper Tithonian - Early/Lower Berriasian150.8 - 140.2Morocco (Oriental) Tingitana anoualae, Sphenodontia indet. (45726)
Late/Upper Tithonian - Early/Lower Berriasian150.8 - 140.2Morocco (Figuig) Sphenodontia indet. (204918 204936)
Early/Lower Berriasian - Middle Berriasian145.0 - 140.2United Kingdom (England) Sphenodonta indet. (28401 28995)
Middle Berriasian145.0 - 140.2United Kingdom (England) Opisthias sp. (176070)
Berriasian145.0 - 139.8France (Poitou-Charentes) Opisthias sp. (142093)
Late/Upper Albian105.3 - 99.6Mexico (Puebla) Pamizinsaurus tlayuanensis (133991)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian83.5 - 66.0Argentina (Río Negro) Lamarquesaurus cabazai (232506)