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Ctenostomata

Gymnolaemata - Ctenostomata

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1852Ctenostomata Busk
1953Ctenostomata Bassler p. G32
1983Ctenostomata Boardman et al. p. 11
1987Ctenostomata Boardman and Cheetham p. 536
1999Ctenostomata Gordon and Taylor
2002Ctenostomata Sepkoski
2015Ctenostomata Gordon and Taylor

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
RankNameAuthor
—Lophophorata
phylumBryozoaEhrenberg 1831
classGymnolaemataAllman 1856
orderCtenostomataBusk 1852
orderCtenostomataBusk 1852

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Ctenostomata Busk 1852
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Fm. Arachnidiidae Hincks 1880
+
G. Arachnidium Hincks 1859
+
G. †Simplicidium Todd et al. 1997
+
†Simplicidium brandesi Voigt 1968
†Simplicidium smithii Phillips 1829
Fm. †Ascodictyidae Miller 1889
+
G. †Bascomella Morningstar 1922
+
Invalid names: Bascomella Morningstar 1922 [synonym]
+
†Cardiarachnidium bantai Taylor 1990
Subor. Carnosa Gray 1841
+
Fm. Alcyonidiidae Johnston 1849
+
G. Alcyonidium Lamarck 1821
Fm. Flustrellidridae Bassler 1953
+
G. Flustrellidra Bassler 1953
Invalid names: Halcyonella Hincks 1880 [synonym]
+
†Cookobryozoon cretacea Taylor and Gordon 2007
Subor. Euctenostomata Jebram 1973
+
Fm. Terebriporidae d'Orbigny 1847
+
G. †Haimeina
Fm. †Ropalonariidae Nickles and Bassler 1900
+
G. †Ropalonaria Ulrich 1879
Subor. Stolonifera Ehlers 1876
+
Fm. Buskiidae Hincks 1880
+
Fm. Immergentiidae Silén 1946
+
Fm. Penetrantiidae Silen 1946
+
Subor. Vesicularina Johnson 1847
+
Fm. Vesiculariidae Hincks 1880
+
+
Amathia rissoana Roux 1830
G. Vesicularia Thompson 1830
Fm. †Vinellidae Ulrich and Bassler 1904
+
G. †Condranema Bassler 1952
+
†Condranema magna Condra and Elias 1944
†Condranema parvula Condra and Elias 1944
Invalid names: Condranema Bassler 1952 [synonym]
G. †Heteronema Ulrich and Bassler 1904
+
†Heteronema capillare Ulrich and Bassler 1904
G. †Marcusodictyon Bassler 1952
+
†Marcusodictyon priscum Bassler 1911
†Marcusodictyon rete Eisenack 1968
Invalid names: Marcusodictyon Bassler 1952 [synonym]
G. †Vinella Ulrich 1890
+
†Vinella cretacea Voigt 1924
†Vinella repens Ulrich 1890
G. †Vinelloidea Canu 1913
G. †Voigtella
Invalid names: Paludicellea Allman 1856 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: low Mg calcitec
Composition 2: aragonitec
Environment: marineuc
Locomotion: stationaryp
Attached: yesp
Life habit: epifaunalp
Diet: suspension feederp
Vision: blindc
Created: 2007-09-18 02:38:08
Modified: 2010-02-11 02:11:32
Source: c = class, p = phylum, uc = unranked clade
References: Smith et al. 2006, Kiessling 2004, Nesnidal et al. 2013

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Pakerort to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 485.40000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 484.5 Ma

Collections (97 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Tremadoc486.5 - 477.7USA (Vermont) Heteronema sp. (277)
Tremadoc486.5 - 477.7Czech Republic Marcusodictyon exspectans (192830)
Pakerort485.4 - 484.5Estonia (Harju) Marcusodictyon priscum (191667)
Pakerort485.4 - 484.5Estonia Heteronema priscum (167470)
Varangu485.4 - 484.5Sweden (Västerbotten) Marcusodictyon priscum (191675)
Tremadocian485.4 - 477.7Estonia (Harju) Marcusodictyon priscum (191186)
Oretanian468.0 - 459.0Spain (Toledo) Condranema sp. (20898)
Johvi453.0 - 449.9Estonia (Ida-Viru) Vinella repens (167473)
Rakvere451.8 - 450.5Estonia (Lääne-Virumaa) Vinella repens (155682)
Edenian451.0 - 450.2USA (Pennsylvania) Vinella sp. (34895)
Maysvillian - Ashgill450.2 - 443.7USA (Ohio) Vinella sp., Heteronema sp. (390)
Richmondian449.6 - 445.5USA (Ohio) Ropalonaria sp. (368 72804 72870 72873 72874 73038 73121)
Richmondian449.6 - 445.5USA (Indiana) Ropalonaria sp. (72428)
Richmondian - Ashgill449.6 - 443.7USA (Ohio) Ropalonaria sp. (392 393)
Llandovery443.4 - 433.4USA (New York) Ropalonaria sp. (462)
Telychian438.5 - 433.4Canada (Anticosti) Vinella multiradiata (229057)
Wenlock433.4 - 427.4USA (New York) Ropalonaria sp. (541)
Ludlow427.4 - 423.0United Kingdom (Wales) Ropalonaria sp. (74805)
Pragian410.8 - 407.6Australia (Victoria) Bascomella panis (75698)
Emsian407.6 - 393.3China (Guangxi) Ascodictyon sp., Eliasopora sp. (27420)
Eifelian - Givetian393.3 - 382.7Morocco Ascodictyon sp., Ascodictyon sparsiforme, Ascodictyon vinelloforme, Vinella sp. (226635)
Givetian387.7 - 382.7USA (Michigan) Ascodictyon fusiforme, Eliasopora stellatum (38475 38476)
Givetian387.7 - 382.7Poland (Swietokrzyskie) Ascodictyon sparsiforme, Ascodictyon vinelliforme, Ascodictyon venustum, Eliasopora devoniana, Eliasopora siluriensis, Eliasopora stellata, Ropalonaria givetiana, Vinella sp. (161475)
Givetian387.7 - 382.7USA (Ohio) Ascodictyon fusiforme, Ascodictyon sp., Eliasopora stellatum (38460) Ascodictyon fusiforme, Eliasopora stellatum (38457 38459)
Chadian346.7 - 340.0USA (Indiana) Ascodictyon sp. (2207) Ascodictyon sp., Ropalonaria sp. (2185 2187 2191 2202 2204 2208)
Chadian - Arundian346.7 - 340.0USA (Indiana) Ascodictyon sp., Ropalonaria sp. (557)
Brigantian336.0 - 330.9USA (Alabama) Eliasopora sp. (6757)
Serpukhovian330.9 - 323.2USA (Oklahoma) Bascomella gigantea, Vinella bilineata, Condranema magna (5611)
Sakmarian293.52 - 290.1USA (New Mexico) Condranema magna (39154 39155)
Sakmarian293.52 - 290.1USA (Kansas) Condranema magna (50973 50996 50999 51035 51036 51037 51040 51041 51044 51049 51055 51056 51063 51065 51066 51071 51072 51075 51116 51117 51119 51124 51128 51129 51133 51141 51142 51145 51146 51148 51149 95593 106982) Condranema magna, Condranema parvula (51122)
Bajocian - Early/Lower Bathonian170.3 - 164.7USA (Wyoming) Ropalonaria arachne (90519)
Bathonian168.3 - 166.1USA (Utah) Simplicidium sp. (214139)
Tithonian152.1 - 145.0United Kingdom Stolonicella sp. (68088)
Late/Upper Berriasian145.0 - 140.2Ukraine Simplicidium brandesi (214153)
Albian113.0 - 100.5USA (New Mexico) Vinella sp. (37561)
Late/Upper Albian105.3 - 99.6USA (Texas) Vinella sp. (65719)
Middle Santonian85.8 - 83.5Germany Vinella cretacea (220869)
Thanetian - Ypresian59.2 - 47.8New Zealand (Chatham Island) Immergentia sp. (7221)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6New Zealand (Chatham Island) Ctenostomata indet. (172944)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Trinidad and Tobago Terebripora sp. (74955)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6USA (South Carolina) Ctenostomata indet. (60940)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Belgium Penetrantia concharum, Terebripora ramosa (80674)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588Jamaica Terebripora elongata, Terebripora sinefilum (58522)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781USA (North Carolina) Spathipora sp. (60988 60989) Terebripora sp. (60987)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (California) Spathipora sp. (96901)