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Nesodontinae

Mammalia - Notoungulata - Toxodontidae

Taxonomy
Nesodontidae was named by Murray (1866). Its type is Nesodon. It was considered paraphyletic by Croft et al. (2004).

It was reranked as the subfamily Nesodontinae by Croft et al. (2004).

It was assigned to Toxodontia by Ameghino (1887), Ameghino (1894), Ameghino (1897), Ameghino (1907) and Gregory (1910); and to Toxodontidae by Croft et al. (2004).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1866Nesodontidae Murray pp. xiii, 168, 388
1887Nesodontidae Ameghino p. 59
1894Nesodontidae Ameghino p. 20
1897Nesodontidae Ameghino p. 466
1907Nesodontidae Ameghino p. 90
1910Nesodontidae Gregory p. 466
2004Nesodontinae Croft et al. p. 4

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Life
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
subclassSynapsida
Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
Mammaliamorpha
RankNameAuthor
Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
Theriiformes()
Trechnotheria
Cladotheria
Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
Eutheria()
Placentalia
AfrotheriaStanhope et al. 1998
Paenungulatomorpha
PaenungulataSimpson 1945
Sudamericungulata
orderNotoungulata
suborderToxodontiaAmeghino 1887
Eutoxodontia
familyToxodontidae
subfamilyNesodontinae(Murray 1866)
subfamilyNesodontinae(Murray 1866)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subfm. †Nesodontinae Murray 1866
show all | hide all
G. †Adinotherium Ameghino 1887
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Adinotherium corriguenense Ameghino 1907
Adinotherium haplodontoides Ameghino 1891
Adinotherium karaikense Ameghino 1891
Adinotherium nitidum Ameghino 1887
Adinotherium ovinum Owen 1846
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Invalid names: Acrotherium kobyi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Acrotherium mutabile Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adinotherium ferum Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adinotherium magister Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adinotherium proximum Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adinotherium robustum Ameghino 1891 [synonym]
Adinotherium splendidum Ameghino 1887
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Invalid names: Adinotherium antiquum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adinotherium koby Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adinotherium pulchrum Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
G. †Berroia Kraglievich 1931
G. †Gronotherium Ameghino 1887
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Invalid names: Protoxodon Ameghino 1887 [synonym]
G. †Nesodon Owen 1846
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Nesodon andium Ameghino 1891
Nesodon brachycephalus Ameghino 1894
Nesodon cavifrons Ameghino 1894
Nesodon imbricatus Owen 1846
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Invalid names: Acrotherium intermedium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Acrotherium variegatum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium ligatum Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adelphotherium lutarium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium pumilum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium repandum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium rothi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium trivium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Gronotherium decrepitum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesodon conspurcatus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Nesodon cornutus Scott 1912 [synonym], Nesodon marmoratus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Nesodon oweni Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesodon typicus Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium argentinum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium nehringi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium rufum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium studeri Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon clemens Fernández and Muñoz 2019 [synonym], Protoxodon henseli Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon obliteratus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Protoxodon speciosus Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon sullivani Owen 1846 [synonym], Scophotherium cyclops Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Toxodon patagonensis Ameghino 1887 [synonym]
Nesodon limitatum Mercerat 1891
Nesodon taweretus Forasiepi et al. 2015
Invalid names: Acrotherium Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adelphotherium Ameghino 1887 [synonym]
G. †Phobereotherium Ameghino 1887
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Phobereotherium silvaticum Mercerat 1891
G. †Probereotherium Ameghino 1887
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Probereotherium silvaticum Ameghino 1887
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Pronesodon cristatus Ameghino 1894
Pronesodon robustus Ameghino 1894
Pronesodon vates Ameghino 1902
G. †Rhadinotherium Ameghino 1887
G. †Senodon
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Senodon platyarthrus Ameghino 1894
G. †Xotoprodon Ameghino 1891
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Xotoprodon maximus Ameghino 1891
Xotoprodon solidus Ameghino 1891
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
D. A. Croft et al. 2004The Nesodontinae, as traditionally conceived (e.g., Nesodon, Adinotherium, Proadinotherium, etc.), is likely a paraphyletic group of toxodontids lacking derived character states present in other toxodontid subclades (Madden, 1990; Nasif et al., 2000). Specimens from Chucal are referred to the Toxodontidae based on large size; presence of very hypsodont cheek teeth; cheek teeth with protocone and hypocone united early in wear; upper molars with distinct and persistent first crista; lingual origin of the crochet in upper molars; triangular cross section of i1; hypselodont, procumbent, and tusklike i3; and reduced enamel along the lingual portions of the lower molars (Madden, 1990; Cifelli, 1993; Nasif et al., 2000). Nesodontines differ from other toxodontids in absence of derived mandibular symphysis morphology (Madden, 1990); unreduced sagittal crest (Nasif et al., 2000); lack of hypselodont molars (although M3 roots form only in old individuals; Madden, 1990); absence of simplified, straight ectoloph (i.e., lacking distinct parastyle, paracone, and metacone) on P2–4; presence of lingual folds on upper molars that become completely isolated as fossettes; and presence of two lingual folds plus an accessory fossettid in the lower molars.