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Alepisauroidei
Taxonomy
Alepisauroidei is a suborder. It is extant.
It was assigned to Myctophiformes by Prokofiev (2006); and to Aulopiformes by Nolf and Dockery (1990), Betancur et al. (2013), Nazarkin (2016), Holloway et al. (2017), Suzuki (2018) and Ebersole et al. (2022).
It was assigned to Myctophiformes by Prokofiev (2006); and to Aulopiformes by Nolf and Dockery (1990), Betancur et al. (2013), Nazarkin (2016), Holloway et al. (2017), Suzuki (2018) and Ebersole et al. (2022).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1990 | Alepisauroidei Nolf and Dockery III p. 6 |
| 2006 | Alepisauroidei Prokofiev p. S44 |
| 2013 | Alepisauroidei Betancur et al. |
| 2016 | Alepisauroidei Nazarkin p. 830 |
| 2017 | Alepisauroidei Holloway et al. p. 605 |
| 2018 | Alepisauroidei Suzuki |
| 2022 | Alepisauroidei Ebersole et al. p. 391 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subor. Alepisauroidei
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Superfm. †Alepisauroidea Davis 2010
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Fm. †Enchodontidae Woodward 1901
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G. †Enchodus Agassiz 1835
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†Cybium (Enchodus) bleekeri Storms 1892
†Enchodus amicrodus Stewart 1898
†Enchodus anceps Cope 1872
†Enchodus brevis Chalifa 1989
†Enchodus calliodon Cope 1872
†Enchodus carinatus Cope 1869
†Enchodus dirus Leidy 1857
†Enchodus dolichus Cope 1875
†Enchodus elegans Dartevelle and Casier 1949
†Enchodus faujasi Agassiz 1843
†Enchodus ferox Leidy 1855
†Enchodus gentryi Cope 1875
†Enchodus gladiolus Cope 1872
†Enchodus gracilis der Marck 1858
†Enchodus lamberti Arambourg and Joleaud 1943
†Enchodus lemonnieri Dello 1893
†Enchodus lewesiensis Mantell 1822
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Invalid names: Enchodus annectens Woodward 1901 [synonym], Enchodus halocyon Agassiz 1835 [synonym]
†Enchodus longidens Pictet 1850
†Enchodus longipectoralis Schaeffer 1947
†Enchodus major Davis 1887
†Enchodus marchesettii Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895
†Enchodus mecoanalis Forey et al. 2003
†Enchodus oliveirai Maury 1930
†Enchodus oxytomus Cope 1875
†Enchodus parvus Stewart 1898
†Enchodus petrosus Cope 1874
†Enchodus pressidens Cope 1889
†Enchodus recurvus Davis 1887
†Enchodus saevus Hay 1903
†Enchodus semistriatus Marsh 1869
†Enchodus shumardi Leidy 1856
†Enchodus subaequilateralis Cope 1885
†Enchodus tetraecus Cope 1875
†Enchodus tineidae Holloway et al. 2017
†Enchodus venator Arambourg 1954
†Enchodus zipapanensis Fielitz and González-Rodríguez 2010
Invalid names: Ischyrocephalus von der Marck 1858 [synonym], Tetheodus Cope 1874 [synonym]
Subfm. †Eurypholinae Fielitz 2004
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Fm. †Polymerichthyidae Uyeno 1967
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G. †Aspidopleurus Pictet and Humbert 1866
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†Aspidopleurus cataphractus Pictet and Humbert 1866
†Aspidopleurus kickapoo Alvarado-Ortega and Porras-Múzquiz 2012
Fm. Chlorophthalmidae Jordan 1923
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G. Bathypterois Günther 1868
G. Chlorophthalmus Bonaparte 1840
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Chlorophthalmus agassizi Bonaparte 1840
†Chlorophthalmus deflecticauda Schwarzhans 2007
†Chlorophthalmus fraserbrunneri Poll 1953
†Chlorophthalmus nigripinnis Guenther 1878
†Chlorophthalmus oligocenicus Schwarzhans 1980
†Chlorophthalmus postangulatus Nolf and Dockery 1993
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Invalid names: Argentinoideorum sculptissimus Nolf and Dockery 1993 [synonym]
†Chlorophthalmus tortus Schwarzhans 2003
†Chlorophthalmus udovichenkoi Schwarzhans and Bratischko 2011
Invalid names: Aspidopleuridae Alvarado-Ortega and Porras-Múzquiz 2012 [empty], Bathysauridae [empty], Giganturidae [empty], Ipnopidae [empty], Notosudidae [empty]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| A. M. Prokofiev 2006 | Fish of different size (from 15 cm to 2 m SL), usually with significantly elongated, sometimes snake-like body. Snout compressed laterally, mouth very large. Supramaxillaria 0–1, if present, small and narrow. Maxillare narrow, long, not broadened cau- dally, not supported by infraorbitalia. Teeth in jaws acicular or fanglike, in one row; several powerful fangs on the palatinum. No supraorbitale and antorbitale; infraorbital bones reduced in size. Posttemporal fossa absent. The reduction of the horizontal praeoperculum branch differs; interoperculum, operculum, and often suboperculum reduced. Branchiostegal rays 6–10. Gill rakers reduced. Cleithrum attached to the upper half or middle of supracleithrum. Vertebral number 50–ca 186. Caudal part of the vertebral column significantly larger than the abdominal part. Intermuscular bones are very well developed, hypertrophied. Caudal fin and its skel- eton may be reduced (Polymerichthyidae); the structure of the caudal skeleton varies widely in different fami- lies (Borodulina, 1985). Dorsal fin in most families either has very long base, significantly exceeding a half of the body length or shifted to the posterior part of the body or absent (except Omosudidae, Evermanellidae, and Scopelarchidae). There are 13–50 (in Polymerich- thyidae, probably more) rays in the anal fin. Pectoral fin forms an angle of more than 45° with the body, attaches to the body below or at its ventral margin. Pelvic fins sugnificantly shorter than pectoral, sometimes absent. Scale cover reduced to various degrees or absent com- pletely, no fulcral scales in the caudal fin base. Lumines- cent organs usually absent, except certain Paralepididae; however, their inner morphology in the latter significantly differs from that in Myctophoidei (Anderson et al., 1966). No swimbladder; there are discrete peritoneal sections (except Scopelarchidae). Eyes without afocal zone. Mostly meso- and bathypelagic fish inhabiting depths up to 2500 m; some species perform interzonal migrations. |