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Eubrontes giganteus
Taxonomy
Ornithichnites giganteus was named by Hitchcock (1836). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type specimen is AC 45/8, 45/1, a footprint, and it is a trace fossil. Its type locality is Ashael Lyman's, Northampton tracksite, which is in a Hettangian/Sinemurian lacustrine - small sandstone/mudstone in the Portland Formation of Massachusetts.
It was recombined as Ornithoidichnites giganteus by Hitchcock (1837), Hitchcock (1841), Hitchcock (1843) and Hitchcock (1845); it was recombined as Eubrontes giganteus by Hitchcock (1845), Hitchcock (1865), Hay (1902), Lull (1904), Lull (1915), Lull (1917), Lull (1924), Hitchcock and Grier (1927), Thorpe (1929), Hay (1930), Bock (1952), Lull (1953), Bock (1959), Kuhn (1963), Haubold (1969), Haubold (1971), Haubold (1974), Demathieu and Haubold (1974), Sarjeant (1975), Eriksen (1979), Lockley (1986), Pannell (1986), Yang and Yang (1987), Weems (1987), Thulborn (1990), Weems (1992), Olsen et al. (1998), Gand et al. (2000), Demathieu (2003), Weems (2003), Milàn and Gierlinski (2004), Gand et al. (2005), Gand et al. (2005), Hunt and Lucas (2006), Gallagher and Hanczaryk (2006), Hunt and Lucas (2006), Lucas et al. (2006), Weishampel (2006), Weems (2006), Rainforth (2007), Gand et al. (2007), Klein and Haubold (2007), Hunt and Lucas (2007), Bessedik et al. (2008), Fujita et al. (2008), Milner et al. (2009), Lockley et al. (2011), Niedźwiedzki (2011), Moreau et al. (2012), Xing et al. (2014), Moreau et al. (2014), Abbassi and Madanipour (2014), Xing et al. (2015), Pienkowski et al. (2015), Salisbury et al. (2016), Moreau et al. (2017), Gand et al. (2018), Marty et al. (2018), Moreau et al. (2018), Moreau et al. (2019), Bessedik et al. (2020), Abrahams et al. (2020), Meyer et al. (2021), Xing et al. (2021) and Klein and Lucas (2021); it was recombined as Brontozoum giganteum by Hitchcock (1847), Hitchcock (1848), Beckles (1854), Warren (1854), Hitchcock (1858), Deane (1861), Hitchcock (1871), Miller (1879), Quenstedt (1882), Romanovsky (1882), Hitchcock (1889), Zittel (1890), Lyman (1894), Gadow (1897), Hitchcock (1898), Gadow (1901) and Baird (1957); it was recombined as Eubrontes (Grallator) giganteus by Olsen (1981); it was recombined as Grallator (Eubrontes) giganteus by Olsen and Galton (1984), Gierlinski (1991), Gierlinski and Ahlberg (1994) and Thulborn (2006).
It was recombined as Ornithoidichnites giganteus by Hitchcock (1837), Hitchcock (1841), Hitchcock (1843) and Hitchcock (1845); it was recombined as Eubrontes giganteus by Hitchcock (1845), Hitchcock (1865), Hay (1902), Lull (1904), Lull (1915), Lull (1917), Lull (1924), Hitchcock and Grier (1927), Thorpe (1929), Hay (1930), Bock (1952), Lull (1953), Bock (1959), Kuhn (1963), Haubold (1969), Haubold (1971), Haubold (1974), Demathieu and Haubold (1974), Sarjeant (1975), Eriksen (1979), Lockley (1986), Pannell (1986), Yang and Yang (1987), Weems (1987), Thulborn (1990), Weems (1992), Olsen et al. (1998), Gand et al. (2000), Demathieu (2003), Weems (2003), Milàn and Gierlinski (2004), Gand et al. (2005), Gand et al. (2005), Hunt and Lucas (2006), Gallagher and Hanczaryk (2006), Hunt and Lucas (2006), Lucas et al. (2006), Weishampel (2006), Weems (2006), Rainforth (2007), Gand et al. (2007), Klein and Haubold (2007), Hunt and Lucas (2007), Bessedik et al. (2008), Fujita et al. (2008), Milner et al. (2009), Lockley et al. (2011), Niedźwiedzki (2011), Moreau et al. (2012), Xing et al. (2014), Moreau et al. (2014), Abbassi and Madanipour (2014), Xing et al. (2015), Pienkowski et al. (2015), Salisbury et al. (2016), Moreau et al. (2017), Gand et al. (2018), Marty et al. (2018), Moreau et al. (2018), Moreau et al. (2019), Bessedik et al. (2020), Abrahams et al. (2020), Meyer et al. (2021), Xing et al. (2021) and Klein and Lucas (2021); it was recombined as Brontozoum giganteum by Hitchcock (1847), Hitchcock (1848), Beckles (1854), Warren (1854), Hitchcock (1858), Deane (1861), Hitchcock (1871), Miller (1879), Quenstedt (1882), Romanovsky (1882), Hitchcock (1889), Zittel (1890), Lyman (1894), Gadow (1897), Hitchcock (1898), Gadow (1901) and Baird (1957); it was recombined as Eubrontes (Grallator) giganteus by Olsen (1981); it was recombined as Grallator (Eubrontes) giganteus by Olsen and Galton (1984), Gierlinski (1991), Gierlinski and Ahlberg (1994) and Thulborn (2006).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1836 | Ornithichnites giganteus Buckland p. 41 |
1836 | Ornithichnites giganteus Hitchcock p. 317 figs. 1, 21 |
1837 | Ornithichnites giganteus Hitchcock p. 175 |
1837 | Ornithoidichnites giganteus Hitchcock p. 175 |
1841 | Ornithoidichnites giganteus Hitchcock p. 484 figs. Pl. 36:18 |
1843 | Ornithoidichnites giganteus Hitchcock p. 262 |
1843 | Ornithichnites giganteus Owen p. 186 |
1845 | Eubrontes giganteus Hitchcock p. 23 |
1845 | Ornithoidichnites giganteus Hitchcock p. 63 |
1846 | Ornithichnites giganteus Girard p. 15 |
1847 | Brontozoum giganteum Hitchcock p. 57 |
1848 | Brontozoum giganteum Hitchcock p. 169 |
1854 | Brontozoum giganteum Beckles p. 460–461 |
1854 | Brontozoum giganteum Warren p. 25 |
1858 | Brontozoum giganteum Hitchcock p. 64 |
1861 | Brontozoum giganteum Deane p. 42 |
1861 | Ornithichnites giganteus Owen p. 326 |
1865 | Brontozoum divaricatum Hitchcock p. 7 fig. 23 |
1865 | Eubrontes giganteus Hitchcock p. 23 figs. Pl. 10:1 |
1865 | Brontozoum approximatum Hitchcock p. 24 fig. 32 |
1871 | Brontozoum approximatum Hitchcock p. xxi |
1871 | Brontozoum divaricatum Hitchcock p. xxi |
1871 | Brontozoum giganteum Hitchcock p. xxi |
1879 | Brontozoum giganteum Miller p. 147 |
1882 | Brontozoum giganteum Quenstedt p. 130 |
1882 | Brontozoum giganteum Romanovsky p. 292 |
1889 | Brontozoum approximatum Hitchcock p. 118 |
1889 | Brontozoum giganteum Hitchcock p. 118 |
1889 | Brontozoum divaricatum Hitchcock p. 126 |
1890 | Brontozoum giganteum Zittel p. 768 |
1894 | Brontozoum approximatum Lyman p. 205 |
1894 | Brontozoum divaricatum Lyman p. 205 |
1894 | Brontozoum giganteum Lyman p. 205 |
1897 | Brontozoum giganteum Gadow p. 204 |
1898 | Brontozoum approximatum Hitchcock p. 401 |
1898 | Brontozoum divaricatum Hitchcock p. 401 |
1898 | Brontozoum giganteum Hitchcock p. 401 |
1901 | Brontozoum giganteum Gadow p. 420 |
1902 | Eubrontes approximatus Hay p. 543 |
1902 | Eubrontes divaricatus Hay p. 543 |
1902 | Eubrontes giganteus Hay p. 543 |
1904 | Eubrontes approximatus Lull pp. 510-511 fig. 32 |
1904 | Eubrontes giganteus Lull pp. 510-511 fig. 31 |
1904 | Eubrontes divaricatus Lull p. 512 fig. 23 |
1915 | Eubrontes giganteus Lull p. 195 |
1915 | Eubrontes approximatus Lull p. 197 fig. 49 |
1915 | Eubrontes divaricatus Lull p. 198 fig. 50 |
1917 | Eubrontes giganteus Lull p. 115 |
1917 | Eubrontes approximatus Lull p. 116 |
1917 | Eubrontes divaricatus Lull p. 116 |
1924 | Eubrontes approximatus Lull p. 268 |
1924 | Eubrontes giganteus Lull p. 268 |
1927 | Eubrontes divaricatus Hitchcock and Grier p. 187 |
1927 | Eubrontes giganteus Hitchcock and Grier p. 187 |
1927 | Eubrontes approximatus Hitchcock and Grier p. 191 |
1929 | Eubrontes giganteus Thorpe p. 297 |
1930 | Eubrontes approximatus Hay p. 11 |
1930 | Eubrontes divaricatus Hay p. 11 |
1930 | Eubrontes giganteus Hay p. 11 |
1945 | Eubrontes divaricatus Laudermilk p. 20 |
1952 | Eubrontes giganteus Bock p. 405 |
1953 | Eubrontes giganteus Lull p. 179 |
1953 | Eubrontes approximatus Lull pp. 180-181 |
1953 | Eubrontes divaricatus Lull pp. 182-183 |
1957 | Brontozoum giganteum Baird p. 511 |
1959 | Eubrontes giganteus Bock p. 132 |
1963 | Eubrontes approximatus Kuhn p. 83 |
1963 | Eubrontes giganteus Kuhn p. 83 |
1963 | Eubrontes divaricatus Kuhn p. 84 |
1969 | Eubrontes giganteus Haubold p. 102 fig. 9 |
1971 | Eubrontes approximatus Haubold p. 75 |
1971 | Eubrontes divaricatus Haubold p. 75 |
1971 | Eubrontes giganteus Haubold p. 75 |
1972 | Eubrontes divaricatus Ellenberger p. 56 |
1974 | Eubrontes giganteus Demathieu and Haubold p. 62 |
1974 | Eubrontes giganteus Haubold p. 132 |
1975 | Eubrontes giganteus Sarjeant p. 295 |
1975 | Eubrontes approximatus Sarjeant p. 296 |
1975 | Eubrontes divaricatus Sarjeant p. 296 |
1979 | Eubrontes giganteus Eriksen p. 6 |
1981 | Eubrontes (Grallator) giganteus Olsen p. 558 |
1984 | Grallator (Eubrontes) divaricatus Olsen and Galton p. 96 fig. 3 |
1984 | Grallator (Eubrontes) giganteus Olsen and Galton p. 99 |
1986 | Eubrontes giganteus Lockley p. 22 |
1986 | Eubrontes approximus Pannell p. 22 |
1986 | Eubrontes giganteus Pannell p. 22 |
1987 | Eubrontes giganteus Weems p. 17 |
1987 | Eubrontes giganteus Yang and Yang p. 20 |
1990 | Eubrontes approximatus Thulborn p. 149 |
1990 | Eubrontes giganteus Thulborn p. 149 |
1991 | Grallator (Eubrontes) giganteus Gierlinski |
1992 | Eubrontes giganteus Weems p. 124 |
1994 | Grallator (Eubrontes) giganteus Gierlinski and Ahlberg p. 101 |
1998 | Eubrontes giganteus Olsen et al. p. 590 fig. 4 |
2000 | Eubrontes giganteus Gand et al. p. 616 |
2002 | Eubrontes divaricatus Demathieu et al. p. 12 |
2003 | Eubrontes giganteus Demathieu p. 59 |
2003 | Eubrontes giganteus Weems p. 293 |
2004 | Eubrontes giganteus Milàn and Gierlinski p. 71 |
2005 | Eubrontes giganteus Gand et al. p. 32 |
2006 | Eubrontes giganteus Gallagher and Hanczaryk p. 239 |
2006 | Eubrontes giganteus Hunt and Lucas p. 165 |
2006 | Eubrontes giganteus Lucas et al. p. 91 |
2006 | Grallator (Eubrontes) giganteus Thulborn p. 291 fig. 8 |
2006 | Eubrontes giganteus Weems p. 372 fig. 4 |
2006 | Eubrontes approximatus Weishampel p. 137 |
2006 | Eubrontes giganteus Weishampel p. 137 |
2007 | Eubrontes giganteus Gand et al. p. 74 |
2007 | Eubrontes giganteus Hunt and Lucas p. 221 |
2007 | Eubrontes giganteus Klein and Haubold p. 126 |
2007 | Eubrontes giganteus Rainforth p. 50 |
2008 | Eubrontes giganteus Bessedik et al. p. 18 |
2008 | Eubrontes divaricantus Fujita et al. p. 42 |
2008 | Eubrontes giganteus Fujita et al. p. 42 |
2009 | Eubrontes giganteus Milner et al. p. 4 |
2011 | Eubrontes giganteus Lockley et al. p. 334 |
2011 | Eubrontes giganteus Niedźwiedzki p. 296 |
2012 | Eubrontes giganteus Moreau et al. p. 234 |
2014 | Eubrontes giganteus Abbassi and Madanipour p. 113 |
2014 | Eubrontes giganteus Moreau et al. p. 365 |
2014 | Eubrontes giganteus Xing et al. p. 308 |
2015 | Eubrontes giganteus Pienkowski et al. p. 24 |
2015 | Eubrontes giganteus Xing et al. p. 1010 |
2016 | Eubrontes giganteus Salisbury et al. p. 36 |
2017 | Eubrontes giganteus Moreau et al. p. 784 |
2018 | Eubrontes approximatus Gand et al. p. 199 |
2018 | Eubrontes divaricatus Gand et al. p. 199 |
2018 | Eubrontes giganteus Gand et al. p. 199 |
2018 | Eubrontes giganteus Marty et al. p. 943 |
2018 | Eubrontes giganteus Moreau et al. p. 38 |
2019 | Eubrontes giganteus Moreau et al. p. 348 |
2020 | Eubrontes giganteus Abrahams et al. |
2020 | Eubrontes giganteus Bessedik et al. p. 34 |
2021 | Eubrontes giganteus Klein and Lucas p. 10 |
2021 | Eubrontes divaricatus Leonardi and Carvalho p. 121 |
2021 | Eubrontes giganteus Meyer et al. p. 553 |
2021 | Eubrontes giganteus Xing et al. p. 178 |
2023 | Eubrontes giganeteus Abrahams et al. p. 6 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Eubrontes giganteus Hitchcock 1836
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Invalid names: Eubrontes approximatus Hitchcock 1865 [synonym], Eubrontes divaricatus Hitchcock 1865 [synonym]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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R. S. Lull 1915 | Pes: length of digit II, 200 mm.; III, 260 mm.; IV, 285 mm.; entire foot, 370 mm. Distance between lateral claws, 225 mm. Divarication of digits II and III, 18°; II and IV, 20°.
Length of step, 1,090 to 1,170 mm. | |
R. S. Lull 1915 (Eubrontes approximatus) | Pes: Length of digit II, 192 to 153 mm.; III, 274 to 230 mm.; IV, 308 to 295 mm.; entire foot, 408 to 381 mm. Divarication of digits II and III, 15° to 30°; III and IV, 13° to 24°.
...Length of step (from Cat. No. 8/1, Amherst Collection), 910 to 1,080 mm. | |
R. S. Lull 1915 (Eubrontes divaricatus) | Pes: Length of digit II, 193 mm.; III, 243 mm.; IV, 262 mm.; entire foot, 340 to 360 mm. Divarication of digits II and III, 20°; III and IV, 35° to 50°.
Length of step, 1,040 to 1,190 mm. This species is readily distinguished, apart from size, by the decided divarication of the outer toe. | |
A. R. C. Milner et al. 2009 | Eubrontes giganteus has broad pes tracks >25 cm long, functionally tridactyl with short digit III, and divarication angles between 25°–40°. |