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Asteroidea (sea star)

Asteroidea

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1830Asteroidea de Blainville
1895Asteroidea von Zittel
1915Asteroidea Schuchert p. 51
1965Asteroidea Owen p. 559
1966Asteroidea Spencer and Wright p. U42
1989Asteroidea Blake p. 213
1998Asteroidea Barnes p. 309
2002Asteroidea Sepkoski
2005Asteroidea Dean Shackleton p. 91
2013Asteroidea Blake p. 355
2018Asteroidea Blake p. 29

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
Ambulacraria
RankNameAuthor
phylumEchinodermata
subphylumEleutherozoa
Asterozoa()
classAsteroidea
classAsteroidea

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Cl. Asteroidea de Blainville 1830 [sea star]
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Subcl. Ambuloasteroidea Blake and Hagdorn 2003
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Fm. †Calliasterellidae Schöndorf 1910
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G. †Calliasterella Schuchert 1914
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Calliasterella americana Kesling and Strimple 1966
Calliasterella mirus Trautschold 1879
Invalid names: Arthrasterinae Spencer 1918 [empty]
Fm. †Compsasteridae Schuchert 1915
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G. †Compsaster Worthen and Miller 1883
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Compsaster formosus Worthen and Miller 1883
Compsaster spiniger Wright 1880
G. †Schlueteraster Lehmann 1957
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Schlueteraster schlueteri Stürtz 1886
Infracl. Neoasteroidea Gale 1987
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Superor. Forcipulatacea Blake 1987
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Or. †Trichasteropsida Blake 1987
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Fm. †Trichasteropsiidae Blake and Hagdorn 2003
Or. Zorocallida Downey 1970
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G. †Protothyraster Hess 1970
G. †Terminaster Hess 1974
Fm. †Terminasteridae Gale 2011
G. †Viridisaster Fau and Villier 2023
Fm. †Migmasteridae Gale 2011
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G. †Migmaster Blake et al. 2006
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Migmaster angularis Blake et al. 2006
Superor. Surculifera Gale 1987
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Unr. Spinulosida Perrier 1884
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Unr. Chevronida Gale 2018
Fm. Echinasteridae Verrill 1870
Subor. †Eugnathina Spencer and Wright 1966
Subor. Leptognathina Spencer and Wright 1966
Invalid names: Plumasteridae Gale 2011 [empty]
Unr. Tripedicellaria Gale 2011
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Unr. Forcipulatida Perrier 1884
Superor. Valvatacea McKnight 1975
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G. †Carniaster Blake and Zonneveld 2004
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Carniaster orchardi Blake and Zonneveld 2004
Or. Paxillosida Perrier 1884
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Fm. Astropectinidae Gray 1840
Fm. Benthopectinidae Verrill 1899
Unr. Cribellina Fisher 1911
Fm. Luidiidae Sladen 1889
Fm. Pseudarchasteridae Sladen 1889
Invalid names: Ctenodiscidae Sladen 1889 [empty], Diplozonina Spencer and Wright 1966 [empty], Notomyotina Ludwig 1910 [empty]
Or. Valvatida Perrier 1884
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Fm. Acanthasteridae Sladen 1889
Fm. Archasteridae Viguier 1878
G. †Asteriaceros Valette 1932
Fm. Asterinidae Gray 1840
Fm. Asterodiscididae Rowe 1977
Fm. Chaetasteridae Sladen 1889
G. †Geinitzaster Zitt 2005
Fm. Goniasteridae Forbes 1841
Subor. Granulosina Perrier 1894
G. †Leptaster de Loriol 1880
Fm. Odontasteridae Verrill 1899
Fm. Ophidiasteridae Verrill 1870
Fm. Oreasteridae Fisher 1911
Fm. Poraniidae Perrier 1893
Fm. †Pycinasteridae Spencer and Wright 1966
Fm. †Sphaerasteridae Schöndorf 1906
Fm. †Stauranderasteridae Spencer 1913
Invalid names: Asteropseidae Hotchkiss and Clark 1976 [empty], Ganeriidae Sladen 1889 [empty], Goniasteroidea Blake 1987 [empty], Mithrodiidae Viguier 1878 [empty], Tumulosina Spencer and Wright 1966 [empty], Valvata Perrier 1884 [replaced]
Invalid names: Notomyotida Ludwig 1910 [empty]
Invalid names: Henricia venturana Durham and Roberts 1948 [nomen dubium], Pentasteria (Archastropecten) hastingiae Forbes 1848 [nomen dubium]
Or. Cryptozonia Sladen 1889
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Superfm. †Palaeosolasteracea Schuchert 1915
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Invalid names: Palaeosolasteridae Schuchert 1915 [empty]
Superfm. †Schuchertiacea Schuchert 1915
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Fm. †Schoenasteridae Schuchert 1915
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G. †Schoenaster Meek and Worthen 1860
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Schoenaster fimbriatus Meek and Worthen 1860
Schoenaster legrandensis Miller and Gurley 1890
Schoenaster wachsmuthi Meek and Worthen 1866
Invalid names: Stenasteracea Schuchert 1915 [empty], Urasterellacea Schuchert 1915 [empty]
Or. †Euaxosida Blake 2018
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Fm. †Cnemidactinidae Spencer 1918
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G. †Cnemidactis Spencer 1918
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Cnemidactis girvanensis Schuchert 1914
Cnemidactis macroadambulacralatas Blake and Guensburg 1993
Cnemidactis osloensis Hansen et al. 2005
G. †Devonistella Spencer 1927
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Devonistella filiciformis Woodward 1874
G. †Eoactis Spencer 1914
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Eoactis simplex Spencer 1914
Fm. †Helianthasteridae Owen 1965
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G. †Arkonaster Kesling 1982
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Arkonaster topororum Kesling 1982
G. †Helianthaster Roemer 1864
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Helianthaster rhenanus Roemer 1864
Invalid names: Helianthasterinae Gregory 1899 [empty]
Fm. †Lacertasteridae Blake 2018
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G. †Lacertasterias Blake and Guensburg 1989
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Lacertasterias elegans Blake and Guensburg 1989
Fm. †Lepidasteridae Gregory 1899
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G. †Lepidactis Spencer 1918
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Lepidactis wenlocki Spencer 1918
G. †Lepidaster Forbes 1850
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Lepidaster grayi Forbes 1850
G. †Michiganaster Kesling 1971
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G. †Lepidasterina Ruedemann 1916
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Lepidasterina gracilis Ruedemann 1916
G. †Lepyriactis Spencer 1927
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Lepyriactis nudus Spencer 1927
Fm. †Mesopalaeasteridae Schuchert 1915
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G. †Coccaster Spencer 1916
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Coccaster bulbiferus Spencer 1916
G. †Macroporaster Raymond 1921
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G. †Medinaster Eckert 1984
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Medinaster orbiculus Eckert 1984
G. †Mesopalaeaster Schuchert 1914
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Mesopalaeaster antiquus Troost 1835
Mesopalaeaster bellulus Billings 1865
Mesopalaeaster cataractensis Schuchert 1915
Mesopalaeaster clarki Clarke and Swartz 1913
Mesopalaeaster dubius Miller and Dyer 1878
Mesopalaeaster finei Ulrich 1879
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Invalid names: Promopalaeaster proavitus Schuchert 1915 [synonym]
Mesopalaeaster granti Spencer 1884
Mesopalaeaster intermedius Schuchert 1915
Mesopalaeaster lanceolatus Schuchert 1915
Mesopalaeaster parviusculus Billings 1860
Mesopalaeaster primus Spencer 1916
Mesopalaeaster wilberanus Meek and Worthen 1862
Subfm. †Mesopalaeasterinae Schuchert 1915
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G. †Arisaigaster Spencer and Wright 1966
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Invalid names: Lepidactininae Spencer 1918 [empty]
Fm. †Omanasteridae Blake et al. 2014
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G. †Omanaster Blake et al. 2014
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Omanaster imbricatus Blake et al. 2014
Fm. †Palasterinidae Gregory 1899
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G. †Aerliceaster Blake et al. 2020
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Aerliceaster nexosus Blake et al. 2020
G. †Estoniaster Blake and Rozhnov 2007
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Estoniaster maennili Blake and Rozhnov 2007
G. †Eukrinaster Blake et al. 2007
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Eukrinaster ibexensis Blake et al. 2007
G. †Jugiaster Blake 2007
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Jugiaster speciosus Miller and Dyer 1878
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Invalid names: Palaeasterina approximata Miller and Dyer 1878 [synonym]
G. †Kolataster Blake et al. 2020
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Kolataster perplexus Blake et al. 2020
G. †Palaeosolaster Stürtz 1899
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Palaeosolaster gregoryi Stürtz 1899
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Invalid names: Echinasterias spinosus Stürtz 1899 [synonym], Echinodiscus multidactylus Stürtz 1899 [synonym], Echinostella traquairi Stürtz 1899 [synonym], Helianthaster roemeri Clarke 1908 [synonym]
Palaeosolaster gyalum Clarke 1908
Invalid names: Echinasterias Stürtz 1899 [synonym], Echinodiscus Stürtz 1899 [synonym], Echinostella Stürtz 1899 [synonym]
G. †Palasterina McCoy 1851
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Palasterina antiqua Hisinger 1837
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Invalid names: Palasterina bonneyi Gregory 1899 [synonym], Palasterina primaeva Forbes 1848 [synonym]
Palasterina flemingtonensis Withers and Keble 1934
Palasterina follmanni Stürtz 1890
Palasterina marginata Lehmann 1957
Palasterina maucheri Lehmann 1957
Palasterina orchilocalia Herringshaw et al. 2007
Palasterina stachi Withers and Keble 1934
Palasterina tilmanni Lehmann 1957
Palasterina umbonata Withers and Keble 1934
Invalid names: Hisingeraster Stürtz 1899 [synonym], Lindstromaster Gregory 1899 [synonym], Pseudopalasterina Stürtz 1890 [synonym]
G. †Petraster Billings 1858
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Petraster americanus d'Orbigny 1850
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Invalid names: Asterias anthonii Dana 1863 [synonym], Palasterina jamesi Dana 1863 [synonym]
Petraster angustior Withers and Keble 1934
Petraster crozonensis Blake et al. 2016
Petraster kinahani Baily 1878
Petraster richi Withers and Keble 1934
Petraster rigidus Billings 1857
Petraster smythi McCoy 1874
Invalid names: Uranaster Gregory 1899 [synonym]
G. †Schuchertia Gregory 1899
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Schuchertia junori Withers and Keble 1934
Schuchertia laxata Schuchert 1915
Schuchertia macrarta Withers and Keble 1934
Schuchertia ordinaria Schuchert 1915
Schuchertia sprinklei Blake et al. 2016
Schuchertia stellata Billings 1857
Schuchertia wenlocki Spencer 1922
Invalid names: Trentonaster Stürtz 1899 [synonym]
G. †Siluraster Jaekel 1903
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Siluraster caemorensis Botting et al. 2011
Siluraster ketleyi Spencer 1916
Siluraster perfectus Jaekel 1903
Invalid names: Caractacaster Spencer 1916 [synonym]
G. †Stibaraster Blake and Guensburg 1993
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Stibaraster ratcliffei Blake and Guensburg 1993
Fm. †Platanasteridae Spencer 1919
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G. †Lanthanaster Branstrator 1972
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Lanthanaster cruciformis Branstrator 1972
G. †Phyrtosaster Blake 2007
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Phyrtosaster casteri Blake 2007
G. †Platanaster Spencer 1919
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Platanaster ordovicus Spencer 1919
Invalid names: Palasteriscidae Gregory 1900 [synonym]
G. †Schondorfia Blake and Guensburg 1989
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Schondorfia fungosa Blake and Guensburg 1989
G. †Taeniactis Spencer 1927
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Taeniactis wenlocki Spencer 1922
Or. †Hadrosida Blake 2018
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G. †Aulacolatiaster Jell and Theron 1999
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Aulacolatiaster breviramus Jell and Theron 1999
Fm. †Fandasteridae Blake and Elliott 2003
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G. †Fandasterias Blake 1995
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Fandasterias facetus Blake 1995
Fm. †Hudsonasteridae Schuchert 1914
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G. †Arceoaster Blake and Sprinkle 2021
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Arceoaster hintei Blake and Sprinkle 2021
G. †Doliaster Herringshaw et al. 2007
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Doliaster brachyactis Herringshaw et al. 2007
G. †Girvanaster Spencer 1916
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Girvanaster sculptus Spencer 1916
G. †Hudsonaster Stürtz 1899
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Hudsonaster australis Withers and Keble 1934
Hudsonaster carectum Herringshaw et al. 2007
Hudsonaster incomptus Meek 1872
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Invalid names: Palaeaster clarkei Miller 1878 [synonym], Palaeaster simplex Miller and Dyer 1878 [synonym]
Hudsonaster milleri Schuchert 1915
Hudsonaster narrawayi Hudson 1912
Hudsonaster ordovicus Spencer 1916
Hudsonaster rugosus Billings 1857
Invalid names: Belaster Spencer 1916 [synonym], Protopalaeaster Hudson 1912 [synonym]
Invalid names: Coccasterinae Spencer and Wright 1966 [empty], Hudsonasterinae Schuchert 1914 [empty], Protopalaeasteridae Kesling 1962 [synonym], Silurasterinae Spencer and Wright 1966 [empty]
G. †Miomaster Schöndorf 1909
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Miomaster drevermanni Schöndorf 1909
Fm. †Palaeasteridae Miller 1889
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G. †Archasterina Lehmann 1957
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Archasterina cornuta Lehmann 1957
G. †Argaster Hall 1868
G. †Australaster Schuchert 1914
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Australaster giganteus Etheridge Jr. 1892
Australaster stutchburii Etheridge Jr. 1892
G. †Baliactis Spencer 1922
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Baliactis devonicus Spencer 1927
Baliactis ordovicus Spencer 1922
Baliactis scutatus Lehmann 1957
Baliactis tuberatus Lehmann 1957
G. †Eostella Lehmann 1957
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Eostella hunsrueckiana Lehmann 1957
G. †Eriaster Blake and Guensburg 2005
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Eriaster ibexensis Blake and Guensburg 2005
G. †Gordonaster Blake and Ettensohn 2009
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Gordonaster brassfieldensis Blake and Ettensohn 2009
G. †Kyraster Lehmann 1957
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Kyraster inermis Lehmann 1957
G. †Leioactis Lehmann 1957
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Leioactis hunsrueckianus Lehmann 1957
G. †Neopalaeaster Schuchert 1914
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G. †Palaeactis Lehmann 1957
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Palaeactis lanceolatus Lehmann 1957
G. †Palaeaster Hall 1852
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Invalid names: Palaeaster exculptus Miller 1881 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Sertulaster Blake and Koniecki 2019
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Sertulaster keslingi Blake and Koniecki 2019
G. †Pleiadeaster Webster et al. 1999
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Pleiadeaster inceptus Webster et al. 1999
Fm. †Promopalaeasteridae Schuchert 1915
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G. †Promopalaeaster Schuchert 1914
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Promopalaeaster bellulus Schuchert 1915
Promopalaeaster dyeri Meek 1872
Promopalaeaster elizae Spencer 1914
Promopalaeaster meridionalis Etheridge 1891
Promopalaeaster prenuntius Schuchert 1915
Promopalaeaster spinulosus Miller and Dyer 1878
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Invalid names: Palaeaster longibrachiatus Miller 1878 [synonym]
Promopalaeaster wykoffi Miller and Gurley 1897
Invalid names: Anorthaster Schuchert 1915 [synonym]
Invalid names: Anorthasterinae Schuchert 1915 [empty], Promopalaeasterinae Schuchert 1915 [empty]
G. †Spaniaster Schöndorf 1907
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Spaniaster latiscutatus Sandberger and Sandberger 1855
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Invalid names: Xenaster simplex Simonovitsch 1871 [synonym]
Fm. †Urasterellidae Schuchert 1914
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G. †Anthroosasterias Blake 2017
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Anthroosasterias huxleyi Billings 1865
G. †Bohemaster Jaekel 1923
G. †Meturaster Blake et al. 2016
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Meturaster belli Blake et al. 2016
G. †Pegoasterella Blake and Koniecki 2020
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Pegoasterella pompom Blake and Koniecki 2020
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Invalid names: Promopalaeaster wilsoni Raymond 1912 [synonym]
G. †Salteraster Stürtz 1893
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Salteraster acuminatus Simonovitsch 1871
Salteraster asperrimus Salter 1857
Salteraster biradialis Withers and Keble 1934
Salteraster coronella Salter 1857
Salteraster grandis Meek 1872
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Invalid names: Palaeaster harrisi Miller 1879 [synonym]
Salteraster imbricatus Salter 1865
Salteraster selwyni McCoy 1874
G. †Staurasterias Blake 2017
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Staurasterias elegans Blake 2017
G. †Ulrichaster Spencer 1950
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Ulrichaster macrodentatus Jell and Theron 1999
Ulrichaster ulrichi Schuchert 1915
G. †Urasterella McCoy 1851
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Urasterella biradialis Withers and Keble 1934
Urasterella constellata Thorent 1839
Urasterella creswelli Withers and Keble 1934
Urasterella inyoensis Stauffer 1930
Urasterella montana Shchurovskiy 1874
Urasterella pulchella Billings 1857
Urasterella ruthveni Forbes 1848
Urasterella thraivensis Spencer 1918
Urasterella verruculosa Lehmann 1957
Invalid names: Palasteracanthion Stürtz 1886 [synonym], Phillipaster Spencer 1950 [synonym], Protasteracanthion Stürtz 1886 [synonym], Roemeraster Stürtz 1886 [synonym]
Fm. †Xenasteridae Gregory 1899
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G. †Agalmaster Schöndorf 1909
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Agalmaster grandis Schöndorf 1909
Agalmaster intermedius Schöndorf 1909
Agalmaster miellensis Schöndorf 1909
G. †Devonaster Schuchert 1914
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Devonaster chemungensis Schuchert 1915
Devonaster eucharis Hall 1868
Devonaster southworthi Kesling and Wright 1965
Devonaster triradiatus Kesling and Wright 1965
G. †Eifelaster Schöndorf 1909
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Eifelaster follmanni Schöndorf 1909
G. †Palaenectria Stürtz 1893
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Palaenectria devonica Stürtz 1893
G. †Palaeostella Stürtz 1890
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Palaeostella solida Stürtz 1890
G. †Rhenaster Schöndorf 1909
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Rhenaster schwerdi Schöndorf 1909
G. †Trimeraster Schöndorf 1909
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Trimeraster parvulus Schöndorf 1909
G. †Xenaster Simonovitsch 1871
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Xenaster dispar Schöndorf 1909
Xenaster elegans Schöndorf 1909
Xenaster margaritatus Simonovitsch 1871
Xenaster rhenanus Müller 1855
Or. †Hemizonida Spencer 1951
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Fm. †Taeniactinidae Spencer 1927
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Subfm. †Protactininae Spencer 1927
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G. †Protactis Spencer 1927
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Protactis wenlockensis Spencer 1922
Invalid names: Calyptactininae Spencer 1930 [empty], Taeniactininae Spencer 1927 [empty]
Invalid names: Gnathasterina Spencer 1951 [synonym], Lepyriactinidae Spencer and Wright 1966 [empty]
G. †Hunsrueckaster Lehmann 1957
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Hunsrueckaster peregrinus Lehmann 1957
Or. †Kermasida Blake 2018
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Fm. †Clarkeasteridae Blake 2018
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G. †Clarkeaster Ruedemann 1916
Fm. †Illusioluididae Blake 2018
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G. †Illusioluidia Blake and Guensburg 1989
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Illusioluidia teneryi Blake and Guensburg 1989
Fm. †Monasteridae Schuchert 1915
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G. †Monaster Etheridge Jr. 1892
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Monaster clarkei de Koninck 1877
Invalid names: Etheridgaster Gregory 1899 [synonym]
Fm. †Permasteridae Blake 2018
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G. †Ambigaster Blake and Elliott 2003
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Ambigaster carnarvonensis Kesling 1969
Ambigaster coleyi Webster and Jell 1992
Ambigaster wandageensis Kesling 1969
G. †Delicaster Blake and Elliott 2003
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Delicaster enigmaticus Kesling 1967
Delicaster hotchkissi Blake and Koniecki 2019
G. †Emphereaster Blake and Elliott 2003
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Emphereaster missouriensis Blake and Elliott 2003
G. †Permaster Kesling 1969
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Permaster grandis Kesling 1969
G. †Lepidasterella Schuchert 1914
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Lepidasterella babcocki Schuchert 1915
Fm. †Petrasteridae Spencer 1951
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Invalid names: Uranasteridae Spencer 1916 [synonym]
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Invalid names: Atheneidae [empty], Pentacerotidae [empty], Pentagonasteridae [empty]
Or. Phanerozonida Sladen 1889
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Invalid names: Lepidasteracea Schuchert 1915 [empty], Palasterinacea Schuchert 1915 [empty]
Or. †Platyasterida Spencer 1951
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Subor. †Uractinina Spencer 1951
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Invalid names: Protarthrasteridae Spencer 1918 [empty]
Invalid names: Eukrinasteridae Blake et al. 2007 [empty]
G. Pleuraster Agassiz 1836
G. †Proactis Spencer 1914
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Proactis wenlockensis Spencer 1914
G. †Protarthraster Spencer 1918
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Protarthraster longimanus Whidborne 1896
Or. †Pustulosida Spencer 1951
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Superfm. †Promopalaeasteraceae Schuchert 1914
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Invalid names: Eoactinidae Spencer 1919 [empty]
Invalid names: Bimarginalina Kesling 1969 [empty], Palaeasteraceae Miller 1889 [empty]
G. †Silicaster Kesling 1969
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Silicaster esseri Kesling 1969
G. †Trichotaster Wright 1880
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Trichotaster plumiformis Wright 1880
G. †Yarravaster Spencer 1950
Invalid names: Arthrasteridae Spencer 1918 [empty], Euasteroidea Sladen 1889 [empty], Neopalaeasteridae Schuchert 1915 [empty], Schuchertiidae Schuchert 1915 [empty], Spinulosacea Blake 1987 [empty]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
J. Dean Shackleton 2005Ambulacrals in direct opposition; adambularals positioned orally to ambulacrals; adambulacrals blocky; longitudinally adjacent adambulacral abut; inferomarginal spines present; madreporite dorsal to inferomarginals; aboral plating arranged in regular lngitudinal rows; aboral plates tall blocky (carinals); aboral plate spines; body shape stellate; mouth angle plates L-shaped.