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Forcipulatida

Asteroidea

Taxonomy
Forcipulatida was named by Perrier (1884) [Initial spelling "Forcipulatae" corrected by H.E.S. Clark (1963)]. It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Gale (1987) and Gale (2011) and Mah and Blake (2012).

It was reranked as the unranked clade Forcipulatida by Gale (2011).

It was assigned to Asteroidea by Spencer and Wright (1966); to Surculifera by Gale (1987); to Asteroidea by Perrier (1884) and Sepkoski (2002); to Tripedicellaria by Gale (2011); to Forcipulatacea by Blake (1989) and Mah and Blake (2012); to Neoasteroidea by Blake (2018); and to Neoasteroidea by Ewin and Gale (2020) and Gale and Jagt (2021).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1884Forcipulatida Perrier
1966Forcipulatida Spencer and Wright p. U71
1987Forcipulatida Gale p. 123
1989Forcipulatida Blake p. 213
2002Forcipulatida Sepkoski
2011Forcipulatida Gale p. 55
2012Forcipulatida Mah and Blake p. 3
2018Forcipulatida Blake p. 56
2020Forcipulatida Ewin and Gale p. 942
2021Forcipulatida Gale and Jagt

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
Ambulacraria
phylumEchinodermata
subphylumEleutherozoa
Asterozoa()
RankNameAuthor
classAsteroidea
subclassAmbuloasteroidea
infraclassNeoasteroidea()
superorderSurculifera
Tripedicellaria
Forcipulatida()
Forcipulatida()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. Forcipulatida Perrier 1884
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Fm. Asteriidae Gray 1840
+
Subfm. Asteriinae Gray 1840
+
G. Asterias Linnaeus 1758
+
Subg. †Asterias (Archaeasterias) Müller 1855
Asterias arenicola Goldfuss 1833
Asterias bituminosa Geinitz 1849
Asterias deslongchampsi Morière 1878
Asterias dubium Whitfield 1877
Asterias lincki Sears 1905
Asterias planci Linnaeus 1758
Asterias propinqua Münster 1835
Asterias punctulata Desmoulins 1832
Asterias ranvillensis Porte 1927
Asterias remondii Gabb 1866
Asterias rubens Linnaeus 1758
Asterias stellionura Sears 1905
Invalid names: Asteracanthion Müller and Troschel 1840 [synonym], Uraster Agassiz 1836 [objective synonym]
G. †Cretasterias Gale and Villier 2013
+
Cretasterias reticulatus Gale and Villier 2013
Subfm. †Dermasterinae Hess 1972
+
G. †Dermaster de Loriol 1899
+
Dermaster boehmi de Loriol 1899
G. †Germanasterias Blake 1990
+
G. †Hystrixasterias Blake 1990
+
G. †Pegaster Blake and Peterson 1993
+
Pegaster stichos Blake and Peterson 1993
Pegaster sticos Blake and Peterson 1993
G. †Polarasterias Rousseau et al. 2018
+
Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau et al. 2018
G. †Savignasterias Gale 2011
+
G. Sclerasterias Perrier 1891
+
Sclerasterias zinsmeisteri Blake and Aronson 1998
Unr. Brisingida Fisher 1928
+
Fm. Brisingidae Sars 1875
+
G. Brisingella Fisher 1917
Invalid names: Brisingasteridae Mah 1996 [empty], Freyellidae Downey 1986 [empty], Hymenodiscidae Mah 1996 [empty], Odinellidae Mah 1996 [empty]
Fm. Heliasteridae Viguier 1878
+
G. Heliaster Gray 1840
+
Fm. Neomorphasteridae Fisher 1923
+
G. †Argoviaster Hess 1972
+
Argoviaster occultus Hess 1972
Fm. Pedicellasteridae Perrier 1884
+
G. †Afraster Blake et al. 1996
+
Afraster scalariformis Blake et al. 1996
G. †Psammaster Fau et al. 2020
+
Psammaster davidsoni de Loriol and Pellat 1874
Fm. †Stichasteridae Perrier 1885
+
G. †Atalopegaster Blake and Guensburg 2016
+
Atalopegaster gundersoni Blake and Guensburg 2016
Fm. Zoroasteridae Sladen 1889
+
G. Doraster Downey 1970
+
Doraster mizunoi Kato and Oji 2013
G. Zoroaster Thomson 1873
+
Zoroaster fulgens Thomson 1873
Invalid names: Asteriadina Fisher 1928 [empty], Labidiasteridae Verrill 1914 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: high Mg calciteo
Ontogeny: accretion, addition of partsp
Grouping: solitaryo
Environment: marine, brackisho
Locomotion: slow-movingo
Life habit: low-level epifaunalo
Diet: carnivoreo
Vision: limitedc
Reproduction: oviparouso
Dispersal: watero
Dispersal 2: planktonico
Comments: ECOSPACE CODE: 325.o
Created: 2004-02-28 17:11:12
Modified: 2009-10-10 10:38:25
Source: o = order, c = class, p = phylum
References: Aberhan 1992, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Liasicus to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 201.30000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 196.5 Ma

Collections (48 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Hettangian201.3 - 196.5Germany (Württemberg) Hystrixasterias hettangiurnus, Germanasterias amplipapularia (59868)
Liasicus201.3 - 196.5Belgium (Luxembourg) Asterias sp. (40087)
Late/Upper Bajocian171.6 - 167.7Switzerland Argoviaster occultus, Dermaster boehmi (32036)
Late/Upper Bathonian167.7 - 164.7France Asterias ranvillensis (58932)
Early/Lower Callovian164.7 - 161.2Switzerland Asteriidae indet. (61717)
Late/Upper Jurassic161.5 - 145.0USA (Montana) Atalopegaster gundersoni (216832)
Late/Upper Oxfordian161.2 - 155.7Switzerland Asteriidae indet. (61723)
Late/Upper Oxfordian161.2 - 155.7France Savignasterias villieri (61724)
Late/Upper Barremian130.0 - 125.45France (Drôme) Forcipulatida indet. (75576 177726)
Barremian129.4 - 125.0Morocco Zoroasteridae indet. (124947)
Late/Upper Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5France Asteriidae indet. (59792 59793 59794 59795)
Early/Lower Turonian93.5 - 89.3France Asteriidae indet. (59796)
Late/Upper Turonian93.5 - 89.3France Asteriidae indet. (59582)
Early/Lower Coniacian89.3 - 85.8France Asteriidae indet. (59798)
Late/Upper Coniacian89.3 - 85.8Angola Afraster scalariformis (59842)
Campanian83.6 - 72.1USA (California) Pegaster stichos (59865)
Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6Belgium (Liege) Asteriidae indet. (32147)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Asteriidae indet. (32022)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian70.6 - 66.0Morocco Cretasterias reticulatus (145471)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Antarctica Sclerasterias zinsmeisteri, Zoroaster fulgens (7296 81846) Zoroaster fulgens (42446 98515 99090 203480 203491 203500 203504)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3Antarctica Zoroaster fulgens (98416 203498 203499)
Lutetian - Priabonian47.8 - 33.9Antarctica Sclerasterias zinsmeisteri (203488) Zoroaster fulgens (203489 203495 203503)
Late/Upper Eocene37.2 - 33.9New Zealand (North Island) Zoroaster whangareiensis (204562)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Japan Brisingella sp. (109709)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Argentina (Entre Rios) Asterias dugratii (13626)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333USA (California) Asterias remondii (203557)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6USA (Florida) Heliaster microbrachius (35026)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.588USA (Florida) Heliaster microbrachius (32039)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117USA (Massachusetts) Asterias stellionura, Asterias lincki (203613)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Maryland) Asterias forbesi (48886 66720)