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Forcipulatida
Taxonomy
Forcipulatida was named by Perrier (1884) [Initial spelling "Forcipulatae" corrected by H.E.S. Clark (1963)]. It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Gale (1987) and Gale (2011) and Mah and Blake (2012).
It was reranked as the unranked clade Forcipulatida by Gale (2011).
It was assigned to Asteroidea by Spencer and Wright (1966); to Surculifera by Gale (1987); to Asteroidea by Perrier (1884) and Sepkoski (2002); to Tripedicellaria by Gale (2011); to Forcipulatacea by Blake (1989) and Mah and Blake (2012); to Neoasteroidea by Blake (2018); and to Neoasteroidea by Ewin and Gale (2020) and Gale and Jagt (2021).
It was reranked as the unranked clade Forcipulatida by Gale (2011).
It was assigned to Asteroidea by Spencer and Wright (1966); to Surculifera by Gale (1987); to Asteroidea by Perrier (1884) and Sepkoski (2002); to Tripedicellaria by Gale (2011); to Forcipulatacea by Blake (1989) and Mah and Blake (2012); to Neoasteroidea by Blake (2018); and to Neoasteroidea by Ewin and Gale (2020) and Gale and Jagt (2021).
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1884 | Forcipulatida Perrier |
1966 | Forcipulatida Spencer and Wright p. U71 |
1987 | Forcipulatida Gale p. 123 |
1989 | Forcipulatida Blake p. 213 |
2002 | Forcipulatida Sepkoski |
2011 | Forcipulatida Gale p. 55 |
2012 | Forcipulatida Mah and Blake p. 3 |
2018 | Forcipulatida Blake p. 56 |
2020 | Forcipulatida Ewin and Gale p. 942 |
2021 | Forcipulatida Gale and Jagt |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. Forcipulatida Perrier 1884
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Fm. Asteriidae Gray 1840
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Subfm. Asteriinae Gray 1840
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G. Asterias Linnaeus 1758
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Subg. †Asterias (Archaeasterias) Müller 1855
†Asterias arenicola Goldfuss 1833
†Asterias bituminosa Geinitz 1849
†Asterias deslongchampsi Morière 1878
†Asterias dubium Whitfield 1877
†Asterias lincki Sears 1905
Asterias planci Linnaeus 1758
†Asterias propinqua Münster 1835
†Asterias punctulata Desmoulins 1832
†Asterias ranvillensis Porte 1927
†Asterias remondii Gabb 1866
Asterias rubens Linnaeus 1758
†Asterias stellionura Sears 1905
Invalid names: Asteracanthion Müller and Troschel 1840 [synonym], Uraster Agassiz 1836 [objective synonym]
G. †Pegaster Blake and Peterson 1993
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†Pegaster stichos Blake and Peterson 1993
†Pegaster sticos Blake and Peterson 1993
Unr. Brisingida Fisher 1928
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Invalid names: Brisingasteridae Mah 1996 [empty], Freyellidae Downey 1986 [empty], Hymenodiscidae Mah 1996 [empty], Odinellidae Mah 1996 [empty]
Fm. Pedicellasteridae Perrier 1884
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Fm. †Stichasteridae Perrier 1885
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Fm. Zoroasteridae Sladen 1889
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Invalid names: Asteriadina Fisher 1928 [empty], Labidiasteridae Verrill 1914 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: o = order, c = class, p = phylum | |||||
References: Aberhan 1992, Aberhan et al. 2004 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Liasicus to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 201.30000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 196.5 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 196.5 Ma
Collections (48 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Late/Upper Hettangian | Germany (Württemberg) | Hystrixasterias hettangiurnus, Germanasterias amplipapularia (59868) | |
Liasicus | Belgium (Luxembourg) | Asterias sp. (40087) | |
Late/Upper Bajocian | Switzerland | Argoviaster occultus, Dermaster boehmi (32036) | |
Late/Upper Bathonian | France | Asterias ranvillensis (58932) | |
Early/Lower Callovian | Switzerland | Asteriidae indet. (61717) | |
Late/Upper Jurassic | USA (Montana) | Atalopegaster gundersoni (216832) | |
Late/Upper Oxfordian | Switzerland | Asteriidae indet. (61723) | |
Late/Upper Oxfordian | France | Savignasterias villieri (61724) | |
Late/Upper Barremian | France (Drôme) | Forcipulatida indet. (75576 177726) | |
Barremian | Morocco | Zoroasteridae indet. (124947) | |
Late/Upper Cenomanian | France | Asteriidae indet. (59792 59793 59794 59795) | |
Early/Lower Turonian | France | Asteriidae indet. (59796) | |
Late/Upper Turonian | France | Asteriidae indet. (59582) | |
Early/Lower Coniacian | France | Asteriidae indet. (59798) | |
Late/Upper Coniacian | Angola | Afraster scalariformis (59842) | |
Campanian | USA (California) | Pegaster stichos (59865) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Belgium (Liege) | Asteriidae indet. (32147) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) | Asteriidae indet. (32022) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Morocco | Cretasterias reticulatus (145471) | |
Ypresian | Antarctica | Sclerasterias zinsmeisteri, Zoroaster fulgens (7296 81846) Zoroaster fulgens (42446 98515 99090 203480 203491 203500 203504) | |
Lutetian | Antarctica | Zoroaster fulgens (98416 203498 203499) | |
Lutetian - Priabonian | Antarctica | Sclerasterias zinsmeisteri (203488) Zoroaster fulgens (203489 203495 203503) | |
Late/Upper Eocene | New Zealand (North Island) | Zoroaster whangareiensis (204562) | |
Burdigalian | Japan | Brisingella sp. (109709) | |
Tortonian | Argentina (Entre Rios) | Asterias dugratii (13626) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | USA (California) | Asterias remondii (203557) | |
Early/Lower Pliocene | USA (Florida) | Heliaster microbrachius (35026) | |
Piacenzian | USA (Florida) | Heliaster microbrachius (32039) | |
Pleistocene | USA (Massachusetts) | Asterias stellionura, Asterias lincki (203613) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Maryland) | Asterias forbesi (48886 66720) |