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Animalia
Taxonomy
Animalia was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant.
It was synonymized subjectively with Eukarya by Margulis (1996); it was reranked as the subkingdom Animalia by Blackwell (2004); it was reranked as the kingdom Animalia by Ruggiero et al. (2015).
It was assigned to Eucarya by Woese et al. (1990); to Eukaryota by Blackwell (2004); to Metazoa by Adl et al. (2005); and to Opisthokonta by Ruggiero et al. (2015).
It was synonymized subjectively with Eukarya by Margulis (1996); it was reranked as the subkingdom Animalia by Blackwell (2004); it was reranked as the kingdom Animalia by Ruggiero et al. (2015).
It was assigned to Eucarya by Woese et al. (1990); to Eukaryota by Blackwell (2004); to Metazoa by Adl et al. (2005); and to Opisthokonta by Ruggiero et al. (2015).
Subtaxa
Agmata, Arboreomorpha, Atalotaenia, Bilateria, Bilaterialomorpha, Bomakellia, Broccoliforma, Bronicella, Chenmengella, Chondroplon, Cnidaria, Convolutubus, Deuteronectanebos, Dictyorhabdus (syn. Palaechimaera), Diploblastica, Eodiorygma, Epitheliozoa, Erniettomorpha, Eumetazoa, Euradiculata, Evmiaksia, Gaojiashania, Gephyrea, Goettingenia, Hadrynichorde, Hadryniscala, Helanoichnus, Homoblastica, Hyolithelminthida, Khasaktidae, Kimberellomorpha, Kinzeriidae, Kuckaraukia, Lazaichnus, Lidaconus, Limacites, Lomosovis, Macrocypris kayi, Megathrix, Mesozoa, Muricassis, Nectocarididae, Odontogriphidae, Oligoopilionus, Palaeacmaea, Parazoa, Pentaradialomorpha, Persimedusites, Petalonamae, Porifera, Proarticulata, Problematica, Protolyellia, Rhizostomites, Scenellopsis, Sentularia, Silicea, Silicispongea, Siphonoconcha, Somatohelix, Spygoria, Subtilicyathus, Tentaculitoidea, Tetraradialomorpha, Trichoplax, Triradialomorpha (syn. Trilobozoa), Ventogyrus, Vertebrosa, Westgardia, Xidazoon, Yangtziramulus, Yelovichnus, Yunnanomedusa
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Animalia Linnaeus p. 6 |
| 1758 | Sentularia Unknown |
| 1874 | Metazoa Haeckel p. 572 |
| 1939 | Macrocypris kayi Spivey pp. 174 - 175 figs. pl. 21 f. 11-13 |
| 1977 | Oligoopilionus Ciobanu p. 40 |
| 1984 | Evmiaksia Fedonkin |
| 1989 | Metazoa Shoshani et al. p. 435 |
| 1990 | Animalia Woese et al. p. 4578 |
| 1998 | Metazoa Zrzavy et al. |
| 2002 | Metazoa Lang et al. p. 1776 |
| 2002 | Eviaksia Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Metazoa Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Muricassis Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Sentularia Sepkoski |
| 2002 | Subtilicyathus Sepkoski |
| 2004 | Animalia Blackwell p. 274 |
| 2005 | Animalia Adl et al. p. 401 figs. Table 1 |
| 2005 | Metazoa Adl et al. p. 401 figs. Table 1 |
| 2015 | Animalia Ruggiero et al. p. 17 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. Animalia Linnaeus 1758
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Unr. †Bilateria
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Unr. †Dickinsoniomorpha Erwin et al. 2011
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G. †Dickinsonia Sprigg 1947
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†Dickinsonia costata Sprigg 1947
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Invalid names: Dickinsonia minima Sprigg 1949 [synonym], Dickinsonia spriggi Harrington and Moore 1955 [synonym], Papilionata eyrei Sprigg 1947 [synonym]
†Dickinsonia elongata Glaessner and Wade 1966
†Dickinsonia menneri Keller and Fedonkin 1977
†Dickinsonia tenuis Glaessner and Wade 1966
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Invalid names: Dickinsonia brachina Wade 1972 [synonym], Dickinsonia lissa Wade 1972 [synonym], Dickinsonia rex Jenkins 1992 [synonym]
Invalid names: Papilionata Sprigg 1947 [synonym], Vendomia [synonym]
Unr. Eubilateria Ax 1987
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Unr. Deuterostomia Grobben 1908
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Unr. †Ambulacraria
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Unr. †Cambroernids Caron et al. 2010
Ph. Echinodermata Klein 1754
Ph. Hemichordata Bateson 1885 [acorn worm]
Unr. †Vetulocystida Shu et al. 2002
Ph. Chordata Haeckel 1874
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Subph. Cephalochordata Haeckel 1866 [lancelet]
Subph. †Conodontophorida Eichenberg 1930
Subph. Craniata Linnaeus 1758
G. †Metaspriggina Simonetta and Insom 1993
G. †Undichna Anderson 1976
Subph. Vertebrata Lamarck 1801 [vertebrate]
Invalid names: Olfactores Jefferies 1991 [empty]
Ph. †Vetulicolia Shu 2001
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Cl. †Banffozoa Caron 2006
G. †Shenzianyuloma McMenamin 2019
Cl. †Vetulicolida Chen and Zhou 1997
Invalid names: Neorenalia [synonym], Xenacoelomorpha Philippe et al. 2011 [empty]
Unr. Protostomia Grobben 1908
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Unr. †Ecdysozoa
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Ph. Cephalorhyncha
Unr. Cycloneuralia Ahlrichs 1995
Ph. Onychophora Grube 1853 [velvet worm]
Unr. †Panarthropoda
Unr. †Scalidophora
G. †Uncus Hughes et al. 2024
Invalid names: Nematozoa Zrzavy et al. 1998 [empty]
Unr. Spiralia
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Unr. Chaetognathifera Park et al. 2024
Ph. Gastrotricha
Unr. Gnathifera
Unr. Lophotrochozoa
Unr. †Platyzoa Cavalier-Smith 1998
Unr. Schizocoela
Unr. †Trochozoa
Invalid names: Brachiozoa Cavalier-Smith 1998 [empty]
Fm. †Siphusauctidae O’Brien and Caron 2012
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G. †Siphusauctum O’Brien and Caron 2012
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†Siphusauctum gregarium O’Brien and Caron 2012
†Siphusauctum lloydguntheri Kimmig et al. 2017
G. †Yunnanozoon Hou et al. 1991
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†Yunnanozoon lividum Hou et al. 1991
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Invalid names: Haikouella jianshanensis Shu et al. 2003 [synonym], Haikouella lanceolata Chen et al. 1999 [synonym]
Invalid names: Haikouella Chen et al. 1999 [synonym]
Or. †Hyolithelminthida Fischer 1962
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G. †Beklemishevites
G. †Byronia
Fm. †Hyolithellidae Walcott 1886
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G. †Barella Herdström 1930
G. †Hyolithellus Billings 1872
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†Hyolithellus decorus Chen 1984
†Hyolithellus filiformis Bengtson et al. 1990
†Hyolithellus grandis Rozanov et al. 1969
†Hyolithellus insolitus Voronin et al. 1982
†Hyolithellus isiticus Rozanov et al. 1969
†Hyolithellus micans Billings 1871
†Hyolithellus papillatus Walcott 1912
†Hyolithellus rectus Missarzhevsky and Mambetov 1981
†Hyolithellus sinuosus Cobbold 1921
†Hyolithellus tenuis Rozanov and Missarzhevsky 1966
†Hyolithellus vitricus Missarzhevsky and Mambetov 1981
†Hyolithellus vladimirovae Rozanov and Missarzhevsky 1966
Invalid names: Rhabdochites [synonym]
G. †Pseudorthotheca Cobbold 1935
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†Pseudorthotheca bistriata Qian 1978
†Pseudorthotheca costata Missarzhevsky and Mambetov 1981
†Pseudorthotheca filosa Cobbold 1935
†Pseudorthotheca rara Vasil’yeva 1994
†Pseudorthotheca yichangensis Qian et al. 1979
G. †Ivanovites
G. †Phosphannulus
G. †Thorslundella
Fm. †Torellellidae Holm 1893
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G. †Annelitellus Qian 1989
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†Annelitellus yangtzensis Qian 1989
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Invalid names: Annelitellus rotundapiculus Qian 1989 [synonym]
G. †Rushtonia Cobbold and Pocock 1934
G. †Torellella Holm 1893
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†Torellella biconvexa Rozanov et al. 1969
†Torellella curva Rozanov and Missarzhevsky 1966
†Torellella explicata Missarzhevsky and Mambetov 1981
†Torellella guizhouensis Qian and Yin 1984
†Torellella laevigata Linnarsson 1871
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Invalid names: Torellella latiuscula Vasil’yeva 1998 [synonym]
†Torellella lentiformis Syssoiev 1962
G. †Torellelloides
Invalid names: Diploblastica Lankester 1877 [empty], Homoblastica Lankester 1877 [empty], Metazoa Haeckel 1874 [synonym], Vertebrosa Gray 1821 [empty]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| S. M. Adl et al. 2005 | Reproduction through an egg cell, usually fertilized by a monociliated sperm cell with acrosome; embryonic development with blastula and gastrulation, with dif- ferentiation into endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm, and neuroderm; tissues organized into organs that share tasks for the individual, unless secondarily lost; some sec- ondarily reduced to small number of cells (e.g. Myxozoa Grasse ́, 1970); coordina- tion of cells and tissues by membrane receptors that respond to ligands through elaborate signal transduction; characteristic cell–cell junctions with belt desmo- somes (zonulae adherentes); basal lamina and extracellular matrix with collagen and other fibrous proteins (laminin, nidogen, and perlecan); heterotrophic nutrition with secretion of digestive enzymes and osmotrophy through a digestive tract; without cell wall; ectoderm completely surrounding body, and endoderm surround- ing a digestive tract; sensory cells in epithelium; nervous tissue in organized network; epithelial contractile cells between endoderm–ectoderm use actin-myosin. Subdivisions not shown. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
No ecological data are available
Collections (2 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pridoli | China (Xinjiang) | Sciadophyton pristinum (10931) | |
| Sakmarian - Kungurian | USA (Kansas) | Eukaryota indet. (32659) |