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Hemichordata (acorn worm)
Taxonomy
Hemichordata was named by Bateson (1885). It is extant.
It was assigned to Ambulacralia by Zrzavy et al. (1998); to Metazoa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Ambulacraria by Edgecombe et al. (2011) and Nielsen (2012).
It was assigned to Ambulacralia by Zrzavy et al. (1998); to Metazoa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Ambulacraria by Edgecombe et al. (2011) and Nielsen (2012).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1885 | Hemichordata Bateson |
| 1998 | Hemichordata Zrzavy et al. |
| 2002 | Hemichordata Sepkoski |
| 2011 | Hemichordata Edgecombe et al. p. 153 figs. Fig. 1 |
| 2012 | Hemichordata Nielsen p. 335 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Ph. Hemichordata Bateson 1885 [acorn worm]
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Cl. Pterobranchia Lankester 1877 [pterobranch]
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Or. Cephalodiscida
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Fm. †Cephalodiscidae Harmer 1905
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G. †Melanostrophus
G. †Pterobranchites
Invalid names: Eocephalodiscidae Kozłowski 1949 [synonym]
Subcl. Graptolithina Bronn 1849 [graptolite]
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G. †Ascograptus
Or. †Camaroidea
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Fm. †Cysticamaridae Bulman 1955
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G. †Cysticamara
G. †Flexicollicamara
G. †Graptocamara
G. †Tubicamara
G. †Syringotaenia
G. †Ceramograptus
G. †Crinocaulis
Or. †Crustoidea Bulman 1970
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G. †Ruedemannicrusta Kozlowski 1962
G. †Urbanekicrusta
G. †Xenocyathus
Invalid names: Hormograptidae Bulman 1970 [empty]
Fm. †Cyclograptidae Bulman 1938
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G. †Calycotubus
G. †Camarotubus Mierzejewski 2001
G. †Conitubus
G. †Cyclograptus
G. †Discograptus
G. †Galeograptus
G. †Kozlowskitubus
G. †Marsipograptus Ruedemann 1936
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†Marsipograptus bullatus Ruedemann 1936
†Marsipograptus percensis Ruedemann 1936
G. †Parvitubus
G. †Reticulograptus
G. †Rhipidodendrum
G. †Tubidendrum
Or. †Dendroidea Nicholson 1872
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Fm. †Acanthograptidae Bulman 1938
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G. †Acanthograptus
G. †Coremagraptus
G. †Dictyonema Hall 1851
G. †Palaeodictyota Whtifield 1902
G. †Ptiograptus
G. †Thallograptus Ruedemann 1925
G. †Aretograptus Obut and Sobolevskaya 1962
G. †Cactograptus
G. †Chaunograptus
G. †Coelograptus
Fm. †Dendrograptidae Roemer 1897
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G. †Airograptus Ruedemann 1916
G. †Calyxdendrum
G. †Dendrograptus Hall 1858
G. †Graptolodendrum
G. †Licnograptus
G. †Ophigraptus
G. †Polygonograptus Boucek 1957
G. †Ptilograptus
Invalid names: Chaunograptidae Bulman 1955 [empty]
Fm. †Dithecodendridae Obut 1964
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G. †Archaeolafoea Chapman 1919
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†Archaeolafoea longicornis Chapman 1919
†Archaeolafoea monegettae Chapman 1919
G. †Bulmanidendrum Obut 1974
G. †Dalyia Walcott 1919
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†Dalyia annularoides Resser and Howell 1938
†Dalyia pennsylvanica Resser and Howell 1938
†Dalyia racemata Walcott 1919
G. †Karasidendrum Sennikov 1998
G. †Ovetograptus Sdzuy 1974
G. †Protodendrum Sennikov 1998
G. †Siberiodendrum Obut 1964
G. †Sibiriograptus Obut 1964
G. †Sotograptus Sdzuy 1974
G. †Tarnagraptus Sdzuy 1974
G. †Dithecodendrum
Unr. †Graptoloida Maletz et al. 2009 [graptoloid]
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Invalid names: Panreclinata Maletz et al. 2009 [empty]
Or. †Graptoloidea Lapworth 1875
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G. †Apiograptus
G. †Arienigraptus
G. †Arnheimograptus
Subor. †Axonophora Frech 1897
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Infraor. †Diplograptina Lapworth 1880
Infraor. †Neograptina Storch et al. 2011
G. †Crinitograptus Rickards 1995
Subor. †Dichograptina Lapworth 1873
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Fm. †Dichograptidae Lapworth 1873
Fm. †Phyllograptidae Kiessling 2009
Fm. †Pterograptidae Mu 1950
Fm. †Tetragraptidae Frech 1897
Fm. †Didymograptidae Mu 1950
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G. †Aulograptus
G. †Baltograptus Maletz 1994
G. †Cymatograptus
G. †Expansograptus Bouček and Přibyl 1953
Subor. †Didymograptina Lapworth 1875
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Fm. †Abrograptidae Mu 1958
Fm. †Corynoididae Bulman 1944
Fm. †Nemagraptidae Lapworth 1873
G. †Eisenackograptus
G. †Eoglyptograptus
G. †Euclimacograptus
G. †Exigraptus
Subor. †Glossograptina Jaanuson 1960
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Fm. †Cyrtograptidae Boucek 1933
Fm. †Glossograptidae Lapworth 1873
Invalid names: Bireclinata Maletz et al. 2009 [synonym]
G. †Hirsutograptus
G. †Joamgsjamotes
G. †Metabrograptus
G. †Neocolonograptus Urbanek 1997
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†Neocolonograptus lochkovensis Přibyl 1940
†Neocolonograptus parultimus Jaeger 1975
†Neocolonograptus ultimus Perner 1899
G. †Neolobograptus
G. †Parapetalolithis Koren' and Rickards 1996
G. †Pararetiograptus
G. †Pseudoisograptus
G. †Rivagraptus
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†Rivagraptus bellulus Törnquist 1890
†Rivagraptus kayi Churkin and Carter 1970
†Rivagraptus supernus Fu and Song 1986
G. †Sinoreteograptus
G. †Stromatograptus
G. †Urbanekograptus
Invalid names: Bryograptidae Obut 1957 [empty], Dichograptacea Lapworth 1873 [empty], Virgellina Fortey and Cooper 1986 [empty]
G. †Leveillites
G. †Pilograptus
Fm. †Rhabdopleuridae Harmer 1905
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G. †Calyxhydra Kozlowski 1959
G. †Chitinodendron Eisenack 1938
G. Cylindrotheca Rabenhorst 1848
G. †Epigraptus
G. †Fasciculitubus
G. †Graptovermis
G. †Kystodendron
G. †Rhabdopleurites
G. †Rhabdopleuroides
G. †Rhabdotubus
G. Rhapdopleura Allman 1869
G. †Stolonodendrum
G. †Siryngotaenia
Fm. †Wimanicrustidae Bulman 1970
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G. †Bulmanicrusta Kozlowski 1962
G. †Ellesicrusta
G. †Holmicrusta
G. †Hormograptus
G. †Lapworthicrusta
G. †Wimanicrusta
Invalid names: Diplograptoidea Lapworth 1880 [empty], Dithecoidea Obut 1964 [empty], Graptolithus Linnaeus 1768 [invalid subgroup], Graptovermida Kozlowski 1949 [empty], Limpidograptus [nomen vanum], Stolonoidea Kozlowski 1938 [empty], Thamnograptus [nomen vanum], Trigonograptus Lapworth 1873 [nomen vanum], Tuboidea Kozlowski 1938 [empty]
G. †Mastograptus LoDuca and Kramer 2014
G. †Webbyites Kraft et al. 2001
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†Webbyites felix Muir and Gutiérrez-Marco 2023
†Webbyites rokycanensis Boucek 1956
Invalid names: Rhabdopleurida Fowler 1892 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: p = phylum | |||||
| Reference: Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Atdabanian to the top of the Bucklandi or 521.00000 to 189.60000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 516.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 516.0 Ma
Collections (2263 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cambrian | USA (Montana) | Acanthograptus sp., Dendrograptus sp. (258) | |
| Cambrian | USA (Alaska) | Callograptus sp., Dictyonema sp. (114979) Dendrograptus sp. (114981) | |
| Atdabanian | China (Guizhou) | Rhabdopleurida indet. (96641) | |
| Dyeran | USA (Pennsylvania) | Dalyia pennsylvanica, Dalyia annularoides (192 226194) | |
| Delamaran | Canada (British Columbia) | Chaunograptus scandens (84430 84431) Chaunograptus scandens, Dalyia sp. (84426) Dalyia sp. (84423) Hemichordata indet. A, Chaunograptus scandens, Dalyia sp. (84428) Hemichordata indet. A, Dalyia sp. (84424 84425 84427) Spartobranchus tenuis (121962) | |
| Solvan | Sweden (Norrbotten) | Rhabdotubus johanssoni (9782) | |
| Middle Cambrian | USA (Utah) | Archaeolafoea monegettae (204499 204524) | |
| St Davids | Canada (British Columbia) | Chaunograptus sp. (215) Graptolithina indet. (122072) Hemichordata indet., Graptolithina indet. (122017) | |
| Drumian | USA (Utah) | Mastograptus sp. (230679) | |
| Mayan | Russian Federation (Gorniy Altay) | Aspidograptus sp. (10174) | |
| Menevian | Russian Federation (Siberia) | Rhabdopleura obuti (8096 8097) | |
| Marjumian | USA (Utah) | Tarnagraptus sp., Spartobranchus sp. (230682) | |
| Guzhangian | Canada (Newfoundland) | Dendrograptus kindlei (198257) | |
| Idamean | Australia (Tasmania) | Mastigograptus serialis, Thallograptus sp., Callograptus praesalteri, Palaeodictyota sp., Dictyonema ramosissimum, Aspidograptus smithtonensis, Desmograptus quiltyi, Polygonograptus mellaensis, Dendrograptus hallianus, Archaeolafoea longicornis, Archaeolafoea monegettae, Aellograptus savitskyi (204525) | |
| Sakian - Aksaian | Russian Federation (Yaroslavl Oblast) | Dictyonema sp. (235442) | |
| Furongian | China (Guangxi) | Callograptus sp., Dictyonema sp., Dendrograptus sp. (116360) | |
| Furongian | Argentina | Rhabdinopora eurycephala (235392) | |
| Merioneth | Canada (Northwest Territories) | Callograptus sp., Dictyonema sp., Dendrograptus sp. (25606) Dendrograptus sp. (25629 25630) Desmograptus sp., Dendrograptus sp. (25755) Dictyonema sp. (25595) | |
| Furongian - Tremadoc | Poland | Dictyonema sp. (72274) | |
| Trempealeauan | USA (Wisconsin) | Dendrograptus sp. (256) Haplograptus wisconsinensis, Mastigograptus sp., Dendrograptus hallianus (232904) | |