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Gymnophiona (caecilian)
Taxonomy
Gymnophiona was named by Rafinesque (1814) [spelt by Rafinesque as "Gymnophina" but emended by Müller 1831 and later authors as Gymnophiona: see Dundee 1989]. It is extant.
It was reranked as the suborder Gymnophiona by Huene (1954).
It was assigned to Pseudocentrophori by Huene (1954); to Lepospondyli by Carroll (1988); to Lissamphibia by Gauthier et al. (1989) and Meyer and Zardoya (2003); to Amphibia by Jaekel (1911), Frank and Ramus (1996), Hecht and LaDuke (1997) and Frost et al. (2006); to Lissamphibia by McGowan and Evans (1995), Gardner (2001), Zardoya and Meyer (2001), Evans and Sigogneau-Russell (2001) and Maddin et al. (2012); and to Gymnophionomorpha by Kligman et al. (2023).
It was reranked as the suborder Gymnophiona by Huene (1954).
It was assigned to Pseudocentrophori by Huene (1954); to Lepospondyli by Carroll (1988); to Lissamphibia by Gauthier et al. (1989) and Meyer and Zardoya (2003); to Amphibia by Jaekel (1911), Frank and Ramus (1996), Hecht and LaDuke (1997) and Frost et al. (2006); to Lissamphibia by McGowan and Evans (1995), Gardner (2001), Zardoya and Meyer (2001), Evans and Sigogneau-Russell (2001) and Maddin et al. (2012); and to Gymnophionomorpha by Kligman et al. (2023).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1814 | Gymnophiona Rafinesque |
| 1911 | Gymnophiona Jaekel p. 128 |
| 1954 | Gymnophiona Huene p. 8 |
| 1988 | Gymnophiona Carroll |
| 1989 | Gymnophiona Gauthier et al. p. 349 |
| 1995 | Gymnophiona McGowan and Evans |
| 1996 | Gymnophiona Frank and Ramus |
| 1997 | Gymnophiona Hecht and LaDuke p. 96 |
| 2001 | Gymnophiona Evans and Sigogneau-Russell p. 260 |
| 2001 | Gymnophiona Gardner p. 334 fig. 8 |
| 2001 | Gymnophiona Zardoya and Meyer p. 7380 |
| 2003 | Gymnophiona Meyer and Zardoya |
| 2006 | Gymnophiona Frost et al. |
| 2012 | Gymnophiona Maddin et al. |
| 2023 | Gymnophiona Kligman et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Gymnophiona Rafinesque 1814 [caecilian]
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Unr. Apoda Oppel 1810
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Fm. Caeciliidae Gray 1825 [common caecilian]
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Fm. Ichthyophiidae
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G. Ichthyophis Fitzinger 1826 [Asian caecilian]
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Ichthyophis bannanicus Yang 1984 [Mangla county caecilian]
Ichthyophis glutinosus Linnaeus 1758 [Ceylon caecilian]
Fm. Rhinatrematidae
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G. Epicrionops Boulenger 1883 [Beaked caecilians]
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Epicrionops bicolor Boulenger 1883 [Two-colored caecilian]
Epicrionops petersi Taylor 1968 [Peters caecilian]
G. Rhinatrema Dumeril and Bibron 1841 [Two-lined caecilians]
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Rhinatrema bivittatum Guerin-Meneville 1838 [Two-lined caecilian]
Invalid names: Dermophiidae Taylor 1969 [empty], Herpelidae Laurent 1984 [empty], Indotyphlidae Lescure et al. 1986 [empty], Scolecomorphidae [empty], Siphonopidae Bonaparte 1850 [empty], Typhlonectidae [empty]
Fm. Caeciliaidae Frank and Ramus 1996
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G. Afrocaecilia Barbour and Loveridge 1928
G. Boulengerula Tornier 1897
G. Brasilotyphlus Dunn 1945
G. Caecilia Linnaeus 1758
G. Dermophis Dumeril and Bibron 1841
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Dermophis mexicanus Dumeril and Bibron 1841 [Mexican caecilian]
G. Gegeneophis Beddome 1870
G. Geotrypetes Dumeril 1859
G. Grandisonia Stejneger 1893
G. Gymnopis Cope 1866
G. Herpele Peyers 1880 [Congo caecilians]
Invalid names: Eocaeciliaidae Jenkins and Walsh 1993 [empty], Uraeotyphlidae Frank and Ramus 1996 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Uhen 2004, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian to the top of the Laventan or 70.60000 to 11.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Collections (8 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Campanian - Maastrichtian | Sudan (Ash Shamaliyah) | Gymnophiona indet. (38682) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Bolivia (Cochabamba) | Gymnophiona indet. (12855) | |
| Danian | Bolivia (Mizque) | Gymnophiona indet. (13501) | |
| Late/Upper Paleocene - Early/Lower Eocene | Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) | Apodops pricei (77193) | |
| Ypresian - Lutetian | Algeria (Bechar region) | Apoda indet. (77014) | |
| Laventan | Colombia (Huila) | Gymnophiona indet. (186668 186789 188248) |