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Cidaroidea

Echinoidea

Taxonomy
Cidaroidea was named by Claus (1880). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Kroh and Smith (2010).

It was reranked as the order Cidaroidea by Smith (1991), Smith (2009) and Kroh and Smith (2010); it was reranked as the subclass Cidaroidea by Smith (1995) and Smith (2015).

It was assigned to Regularia by Clark and Twitchell (1915); and to Echinoidea by Grant and Hertlein (1938), Smith (1991), Smith (1995), Hagdorn (1995), Smith (2009), Kroh and Smith (2010) and Smith (2015).

Subtaxa

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1880Cidaroidea Claus
1915Cidaroidea Clark and Twitchell p. 23
1938Cidaroidea Grant and Hertlein p. 4
1991Cidaroidea Smith p. 15
1995Cidaroidea Hagdorn p. 248
1995Cidaroidea Smith p. 123
2009Cidaroidea Smith
2010Cidaroidea Kroh and Smith p. 169
2015Cidaroidea Smith p. 4

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
Ambulacraria
phylumEchinodermata
RankNameAuthor
subphylumEleutherozoa
Echinozoa()
classEchinoidea()
subclassCidaroidea(Claus 1880)
subclassCidaroidea(Claus 1880)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subcl. Cidaroidea Claus 1880
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Or. Cidaroida Claus 1880 [pencil urchin]
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Superfm. Cidaridea Gray 1825
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Fm. Cidaridae Gray 1825
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G. †Centrocidaris Agassiz 1904
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Centrocidaris doderleini Agassiz 1898
Unr. Cidarinae Gray 1825
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G. †Leiocidaris Desor 1855
G. Phyllacanthus Brandt
G. Cidaris Leske 1778
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Subg. †Cidaris (Bramus) de Gregorio 1930
Subg. Cidaris (Cidaris) Leske 1778
Subg. †Cidaris (Protocidaris) de Gregorio 1930
Subg. †Cidaris (Vernius) de Gregorio 1930
Cidaris admeto Braun 1841
Cidaris alabamensis Morton 1846
Cidaris alata Agassiz 1839
Cidaris alpis Winckler 1861
Cidaris baculifera Agassiz 1839
Cidaris bechei Broderip 1835
Cidaris blandis De Gregorio 1890
Cidaris bowerbankii Forbes 1850
Cidaris branneri Arnold 1908
Cidaris californicus Clark 1893
Cidaris catenifera Agassiz 1839
Cidaris cojimarensis Lambert and Sanchez Roig 1926
Cidaris cornaliae Stoppani 1857
Cidaris cubensis Lambert 1925
Cidaris curioni Stoppani 1857
Cidaris dilleri Clark and Twitchell 1915
Cidaris dixiensis Cragin 1893
Cidaris fasciculata Klipstein 1843
Cidaris flexuosa Münster 1841
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Invalid names: Cidaris brandis Klipstein 1843 [synonym], Cidaris mayeri Klipstein 1843 [synonym]
Cidaris fumagalli Stoppani 1865
Cidaris georgiana Clark and Twitchell 1915
Cidaris grandaeva Goldfuss 1874
Cidaris guembeli von Wöhrmann 1889
Cidaris klipsteini Desor 1848
Cidaris liagora Münster 1841
Cidaris lorenzanus Kew 1920
Cidaris loveni Cotteau 1922
Cidaris mazzettii Stefanini 1908
Cidaris merriami Arnold 1908
Cidaris modestus De Gregorio 1890
Cidaris moereus De Gregoria 1890
Cidaris mortoni Conrad 1850
Cidaris omboni Stoppani 1857
Cidaris ordinatus De Gregorio 1890
Cidaris parastadifera Schafhautl 1865
Cidaris perdubius De Gregorio 1890
Cidaris perornata Forbes 1850
Cidaris plumasensis Clark and Twitchell 1915
Cidaris pratti Clark and Twitchell 1915
Cidaris remiger Ponzi 1876
Cidaris roemeri Wissmann 1841
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Invalid names: Cidaris globifera Klipstein 1845 [synonym], Cidaris tyrolensis Desor 1855 [objective synonym]
Cidaris schlonbachi Moesch 1867
Cidaris serrifera Forbes 1850
Cidaris shastensis Clark and Twitchell 1915
Cidaris sinaiensis Fourtau 1921
Cidaris smithi Clark and Twitchell 1915
Cidaris splendens Morton 1841
Cidaris subnobilis Münster 1841
Cidaris subnodosa von Meyer 1851
Cidaris taylorensis Clark 1893
Cidaris tehamaensis Clark and Twitchell 1915
Cidaris texanus Clark 1891
Cidaris thouarsii Valencienncs 1846
Cidaris tribuloides Lamarck 1816
Cidaris tubuloides de Lamarck 1816
Cidaris vafellus de Loriol 1888
Cidaris wahalakensis de Loriol 1887
Invalid names: Calocidaris Clark 1907 [synonym], Cidarites Lamarck 1816 [synonym]
G. Dorocidaris Agassiz 1869
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Dorocidaris abyssicola Agassiz 1869
Dorocidaris rugosa Clark 1907
Subfm. Goniocidarinae Mortensen 1928
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G. Austrocidaris Clark 1907
G. Goniocidaris Desor, in Agassiz & Desor 1846
G. Ogmocidaris Mortensen 1921
G. Psilocidaris Mortensen 1927
G. Rhopalocidaris Mortensen 1927
G. Schizocidaris Mortensen 1903
G. †Hesperocidaris Mortensen 1928
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Hesperocidaris panamensis Agassiz 1898
G. Prionocidaris Agassiz 1863
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Prionocidaris avenionensis Des Moulins 1837
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Invalid names: Cidaris verticillum Mazzetti and Pantanelli 1885 [synonym]
Prionocidaris baculosa Lamarck 1816
Prionocidaris bispinosa Lamarck 1816
Prionocidaris emiratus Smith 1995
Prionocidaris morgani Gauthier 1902
Subfm. Rhabdocidarinae Lambert 1900
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Subfm. Stereocidarinae Lambert 1900
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G. †Desoricidaris Geys 1992
G. †Finnacidaris Lambert 1937
G. Goniocidarina Mortensen 1928
G. †Phalacrocidaris Lambert 1902
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Invalid names: Anomocidaris Agassiz and Clark 1907 [synonym]
G. †Sinaecidaris Fourtau 1921
G. Temnocidaris Cotteau 1863
Subfm. Stylocidarinae Mortensen 1928
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G. †Triassicidaris Smith 1994
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Triassicidaris ampezzana Zardini 1978
Invalid names: Cidarini Gray 1825 [empty], Phyllacanthina Smith and Wright 1989 [empty]
Fm. Ctenocidaridae Mortensen 1928
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G. Ctenocidaris Mortensen 1910
G. †Paurocidaris Kier 1977
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Paurocidaris rinbianchi Zardini 1973
G. †Plegiocidaris Pomel 1883
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Plegiocidaris coronata Schlotheim 1820
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Invalid names: Cidarites moniliferus Goldfuss 1826 [synonym]
Plegiocidaris coronatus Schlotheim 1820
Plegiocidaris crucifera Agassiz 1840
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Invalid names: Cidaris cervicalis Agassiz 1840 [synonym]
Plegiocidaris platyspina Gauthier 1873
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Invalid names: Cidaris acrolineata Gauthier 1873 [synonym]
Plegiocidaris saemanni Cotteau 1857
Invalid names: Abelleicidaris Vadet 1991 [synonym]
Fm. Psychocidaridae Ikeda 1936
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Merocidaris propinqua Muenster 1826
G. Roseicidaris Vadet 1991
G. †Tylocidaris Pomel 1883
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Subg. †Tylocidaris (Sardocidaris) Lambert 1907
Subg. †Tylocidaris (Tylocidaris) Pomel 1883
Tylocidaris clavigera Mantell 1822
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Invalid names: Cidaris heberti Desor 1855 [synonym]
Tylocidaris gosae Schluter 1892
Tylocidaris salina Cooke 1959
Tylocidaris vexilifera Schlüter 1982
Tylocidaris walcotti Clark 1891
Tylocidaris windi Brotzen 1959
Invalid names: Roseicidaridae Vadet 1991 [invalid subgroup]
Fm. †Diplocidaridae Gregory 1900
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Diplocidaris bernasconii Bischof et al. 2018
Diplocidaris crausiensis Lambert 1900
Diplocidaris gigantea Agassiz 1840
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Invalid names: Cidaris cladifera Agassiz 1840 [synonym], Cidaris pustulifera Agassiz 1840 [synonym]
Diplocidaris undulata Agassiz 1840
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Invalid names: Diplocidaris etalloni Desor 1869 [synonym]
Invalid names: Diplocidaris desori Wright 1857 [nomen dubium], Diplocidaris wrightii Desor 1855 [nomen dubium], Rolliericidaris Vadet 1991 [synonym]
G. †Fellius
Fm. †Heterocidaridae Mortensen 1934
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Heterocidaris wickensis Wright 1861
Invalid names: Heteroechinus Quenstedt 1874 [objective synonym]
Superfm. Histocidaridea Kroh and Smith 2010
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Fm. Histocidaridae Mortensen 1928
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G. †Leurocidaris Kier 1977
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Leurocidaris montanaro Zardini 1973
G. †Mesodiadema Neumayr 1889
G. †Mikrocidari Döderlein 1887
Fm. †Miocidaridae Durham and Melville 1957
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G. †Aplocidaris Lambert and Thiéry 1909
G. †Couvelardicidaris Vadet 1991
G. †Dicyclocidaris Fell 1950
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G. †Eotiaris Lambert 1900
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Eotiaris connorsi Kier 1965
Eotiaris guadalupensis Thompson 2017
Eotiaris keyserlingi Geinitz 1848
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Invalid names: Archaeocidaris verneuiliana King 1848 [synonym], Cidaris verneuiliana King 1848 [synonym]
G. †Miocidaris Döderlein 1887
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Subg. †Miocidaris (Serpianotiaris) Jeannet 1933
Miocidaris adrianae Zardini 1975
Miocidaris amalthei Quenstedt 1875
Miocidaris platyacantha Nisiyama 1966
Miocidaris spinulifera Nisiyama 1966
G. †Panniericidaris Vadet 1991
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Panniericidaris moraldina Cotteau 1849
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Invalid names: Cidaris martini Cotteau 1860 [synonym]
G. †Permocidaris Lambert 1900
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Permocidaris forbesiana de Koninck 1863
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Procidaris edwardsii Wright 1854
Procidaris lobatum Wright 1861
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Invalid names: Cidaris crossei Cotteau 1875 [synonym], Miocidaris tenuispina Mortensen 1934 [synonym]
G. †Palmerius
Fm. †Paracidaridae Smith 2015
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Invalid names: Cidaris yeovilensis Wright 1858 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Polycidaridae Vadet 1988
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G. †Nudicidaris Vadet 1988
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Nudicidaris elegans Muenster 1829
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Invalid names: Cidaris mathei Desor and de Loriol 1868 [synonym]
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Anisocidaris bajociensis Cotteau 1875
Anisocidaris bathonica Cotteau 1875
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Invalid names: Cidaris trouvillensis Cotteau 1876 [synonym]
Anisocidaris bouchardii Wright 1851
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Invalid names: Cidaris caumonti Cotteau 1875 [synonym]
Anisocidaris smithii Wright 1857
Anisocidaris zschokkei Cotteau 1875
Paracidaris (Anisocidaris) eluveitie Hostettler and Menkveld-Gfeller 2015
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Invalid names: Cidaris aspera Agassiz 1840 [synonym]
Invalid names: Nenoticidaris Vadet 1988 [synonym]
Paracidaris blumenbachi Muenster 1826
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Invalid names: Cidaris abichi Moesch 1867 [synonym]
Paracidaris florigemma Phillips 1829
Paracidaris jeanneti Lambert 1924
Paracidaris laeviuscula Agassiz 1840
Paracidaris toucasi Cotteau 1875
Paracidaris wrightii Desor 1855
Invalid names: Chesniericidaris Vadet 2004 [synonym]
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Polycidaris escheri de Loriol 1868
Polycidaris gygii Hostettler and Menkveld-Gfeller 2015
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Invalid names: Cidaris moorei Wright 1858 [synonym]
Polycidaris legayi Sauvage and Rigaux 1873
Polycidaris regularis Münster 1841
Polycidaris spinosa Agassiz 1840
Polycidaris spinulosa Roemer 1836
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Invalid names: Cidaris confluens Forbes 1856 [synonym]
G. †Romanocidaris Vadet 1991
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Romanocidaris filograna Agassiz 1840
Romanocidaris laeviuscula Agassiz 1840
Invalid names: Anisocidaridae Vadet 1999 [synonym], Nenoticidaridae Vadet 1988 [synonym]
Fm. †Rhabdocidaridae Lambert 1900
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G. Histocidaris Mortensen 1903
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Histocidaris cobosi Agassiz 1898
Histocidaris elegans Agassiz 1879
Histocidaris rosaria Bronn 1831
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Invalid names: Cidarites hirta Sismonda 1842 [synonym], Cidarites serraria Bronn 1831 [synonym], Cidarites signata Sismonda 1842 [synonym]
G. †Laurenticidaris Vadet 1991
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Laurenticidaris copeoides Agassiz 1846
Invalid names: Rhabdocidaris thurmanni regens Whidborne 1883 [synonym]
G. †Rhabdocidaris Desor 1855
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Rhabdocidaris copeoides Agassiz and Desor 1847
Rhabdocidaris deubelbeissi Hostettler and Menkveld-Gfeller 2015
Rhabdocidaris fowleri Wright 1851
Rhabdocidaris horrida Agassiz 1840
Rhabdocidaris orbignyana Agassiz 1840
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Invalid names: Rhabdocidaris caprimontana Desor 1861 [synonym]
Rhabdocidaris rauraca Jeannet 1929
Rhabdocidaris sanchezi Lambert 1925
Rhabdocidaris subcoronata Münster 1841
Rhabdocidaris thurmanni de Loriol 1872
Rhabdocidaris zitteli de Loriol 1883
Invalid names: Callaudicidaris Vadet 1991 [synonym], Dickesicidaris Vadet 1988 [synonym]
Fm. †Serpianotiaridae Hagdorn 1995
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G. †Serpianotiaris Jeannet 1933
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Serpianotiaris hescheleri Jeannet 1933
Fm. †Triadotiaridae Hagdorn 1995
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G. †Lenticidaris Kier 1968
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G. †Triadotiaris Hagdorn 1995
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: high Mg calcitec
Ontogeny: accretion, addition of partsp
Environment: marinep
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: epifaunalc
Diet: grazerc
Diet 2: deposit feederc
Vision: limitedc
Dispersal: waterp
Dispersal 2: planktonicp
Created: 2004-02-28 12:05:24
Modified: 2010-02-12 04:00:29
Source: c = class, p = phylum
References: Kiessling 2004, Aberhan 1992

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Sakmarian to the top of the Holocene or 293.52000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 290.1 Ma

Collections (1019 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Permian298.9 - 251.902Japan (Gifu) Miocidaris spinulifera, Miocidaris platyacantha (204371)
Sakmarian293.52 - 290.1Australia (Western Australia) Cidaroida indet. (120566)
Kungurian279.3 - 272.3USA (Texas) Cidaroida indet. (43589)
Kungurian279.3 - 272.3Venezuela (Merida) Cidaroida indet. (41514)
Roadian272.3 - 268.8USA (Texas) Cidaroida indet. (43551 43563) Miocidaris sp. (105742)
Wordian266.9 - 264.28Italy Cidaris bencontestus, Cidaris pirillus, Cidaris elaboratus, Cidaris simplex (233340)
Wordian266.9 - 264.28USA (Texas) Cidaroida indet. (43550)
Capitanian264.28 - 259.51USA (Texas) Eotiaris guadalupensis (101798 102618 105893) Miocidaris connorsi (106127)
Wuchiapingian259.9 - 254.17United Kingdom Cidaris sp. (130834 130870 130871) Miocidaris keyserlingi (161465)
Wuchiapingian259.9 - 254.17United Kingdom (England) Archaeocidaris verneuiliana (130765 130766) Miocidaris keyserlingi (24085 109717)
Wuchiapingian259.9 - 254.17Pakistan Eocidaris forbesiana (82633 119544 119545 119546)
Wuchiapingian259.9 - 254.17Germany Miocidaris keyserlingi (94445 161466)
Lopingian259.9 - 252.17Bosnia and Herzegovina Archaeocidaris keyserlingi (206739 206740)
Changhsingian254.17 - 252.17Italy Miocidaris sp. (44450)
Griesbachian251.902 - 250.5Pakistan Cidaroida indet. (110945 110951) Miocidaris pakistanensis (110936)
Triassic251.902 - 201.4Hungary (Bakony) Miocidaris sp., Plegiocidaris sp., Cidaris alata, Cidaris fasciculata (56068)
Smithian251.3 - 247.2USA (Utah) Lenticidaris utahensis (116017)
Spathian251.3 - 247.2USA (Idaho) Miocidaris sp. (32977)
Spathian251.3 - 247.2USA (Montana) Miocidaris sp. (32975)
Spathian251.3 - 247.2USA (Nevada) Miocidaris sp. (32943 32945)