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Terrapene (box turtle)
Taxonomy
Terrapene was named by Merrem (1820). It is extant. Its type is Testudo carolina.
It was assigned to Emydinae by Bickham (1975), Holman (1985), Holman (2002) and van Dijk et al. (2014); and to Emydidae by Hay (1902), Hay (1930), Carroll (1988), Parris and Daeschler (1995), Frank and Ramus (1996), Vlachos (2018) and May (2019).
It was assigned to Emydinae by Bickham (1975), Holman (1985), Holman (2002) and van Dijk et al. (2014); and to Emydidae by Hay (1902), Hay (1930), Carroll (1988), Parris and Daeschler (1995), Frank and Ramus (1996), Vlachos (2018) and May (2019).
Species
Cistudo eocaenica, Cistudo major, Cistudo marnochii, Cistudo mexicana, Cistudo triunguis, T. bulverda, T. carolina (syn. T. innoxia), T. coahuila, T. corneri, T. eurypygia (syn. Toxaspis anguillulatus), T. hibernaculum, T. impensa, T. impressa, T. klauberi, T. nelsoni, T. ornata (syn. T. longinsulae, T. whitneyi), T. parornata, T. putnami (syn. T. llanensis, T. canaliculata, T. formosa, T. antipex), T. singletoni
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1820 | Terrapene Merrem |
1835 | Cistudo Dumeril and Bibron |
1870 | Cistudo Cope p. 126 |
1875 | Cistudo Cope p. 53 |
1877 | Cistudo marnochii Cope p. 229 |
1889 | Toxaspis Cope |
1902 | Terrapene Hay p. 449 |
1902 | Terrapene marnochii Hay p. 449 |
1908 | Terrapene marnochi Hay |
1920 | Terrapene bulverda Hay p. 133 figs. Plate 10, fig. 1 |
1924 | Terrapene impressa Hay |
1930 | Terrapene Hay p. 98 |
1930 | Terrapene bulverda Hay p. 98 |
1930 | Terrapene impressa Hay p. 99 |
1930 | Terrapene marnochii Hay p. 99 |
1956 | Terrapene marnochi Milstead p. 167 |
1964 | Terrapene hibernaculum Kuhn |
1975 | Terrapene Bickham p. 203 |
1985 | Terrapene Holman |
1988 | Terrapene Carroll |
1995 | Terrapene Parris and Daeschler p. 564 |
1996 | Terrapene Frank and Ramus |
2002 | Terrapene Holman p. 440 |
2014 | Terrapene van Dijk et al. |
2018 | Terrapene Vlachos |
2019 | Terrapene May |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Terrapene Merrem 1820 [box turtle]
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Terrapene carolina Linnaeus 1758 [common box turtle]
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Testudo carolina bauri Taylor 1894 [Florida box turtle]
Testudo carolina carolina Linnaeus 1758 [Eastern box turtle]
†Testudo carolina longinsulae Hay 1908
Testudo carolina triunguis Agassiz 1857 [three-toed box turtle]
Invalid names: Terrapene innoxia Hay 1916 [synonym]
Terrapene coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944
†Terrapene corneri Holman and Fritz 2005
†Terrapene impensa Hay 1924
Terrapene klauberi Bogert 1943
Terrapene nelsoni Stejneger 1925
Terrapene ornata Agassiz 1857 [Western box turtle]
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Invalid names: Terrapene longinsulae Hay 1909 [synonym], Terrapene whitneyi Hay 1916 [synonym]
†Terrapene parornata Joyce et al. 2012
†Terrapene putnami Hay 1906 [box turtle]
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Invalid names: Terrapene antipex Hay 1916 [synonym], Terrapene canaliculata Hay 1907 [synonym], Terrapene llanensis Oelrich 1953 [synonym]
†Terrapene singletoni Gilmore 1927
Testudo carolina major Agassiz 1857 [Gulf Coast box turtle]
Invalid names: Cistudo Dumeril and Bibron 1835 [synonym], Cistudo marnochii Cope 1877 [nomen dubium], Terrapene bulverda Hay 1920 [nomen dubium], Terrapene hibernaculum Kuhn 1964 [nomen nudum], Terrapene impressa Hay 1924 [nomen dubium], Toxaspis Cope 1889 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
part | N | mean | |||||
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carapace height | 534 | 57.2 |
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Source: g = genus, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Ernst and Barbour 1989, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Lutetian to the top of the Holocene or 47.80000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 41.3 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 41.3 Ma
Collections (72 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Lutetian | France (Herault) | Cistudo eocaenica (177493) | |
Miocene - Pleistocene | USA (Nebraska) | Terrapene longinsulae (125719) | |
Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Terrapene ornata (18412) Terrapene sp. (18141 18275) | |
Clarendonian | USA (Kansas) | Terrapene carolina (18450) | |
Clarendonian | USA (Texas) | Terrapene sp. (18610) | |
Early/Lower Clarendonian | USA (Florida) | Terrapene sp. (161374) | |
Late/Upper Clarendonian | USA (Florida) | Terrapene sp. (18554) | |
Hemphillian | USA (Florida) | Terrapene sp. (18601) | |
Hemphillian | USA (Oklahoma) | Terrapene sp. (170191) | |
Late/Upper Hemphillian | USA (Oklahoma) | Terrapene parornata (125717) | |
Late/Upper Hemphillian | USA (Nebraska) | Terrapene sp. (18126) | |
Late/Upper Hemphillian - Blancan | USA (Tennessee) | Terrapene sp. (26574) | |
Blancan | USA (New Mexico) | Terrapene ornata (19982) | |
Blancan | USA (Florida) | Terrapene carolina (19764) | |
Blancan | USA (Arizona) | Terrapene ornata (19634) | |
Pleistocene | USA (Texas) | Cistudo sp. (156789) Terrapene impressa (85137) Terrapene whitneyi (196055) | |
Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Terrapene carolina (206227 227368) Terrapene formosa (195410) | |
Pleistocene | USA (South Carolina) | Terrapene carolina (65405) | |
Pleistocene | USA (Maryland) | Cistudo eurypygia (127111) | |
Irvingtonian | USA (Florida) | Terrapene carolina (20400 58089) | |
Irvingtonian | USA (Texas) | Terrapene carolina (20337 20530) | |
Irvingtonian | USA (Pennsylvania) | Toxaspis anguillulatus, Terrapene carolina (20479) | |
Irvingtonian | USA (Kansas) | Terrapene carolina (20422 20423) | |
Irvingtonian | USA (Maryland) | Terrapene carolina (20302) | |
Middle Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Mississippi) | Terrapene sp., Terrapene carolina (164395) | |
Middle Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (Florida) | Terrapene carolina (75974) | |
Rancholabrean | USA (Florida) | Terrapene canaliculata, Terrapene singletoni (180339) Terrapene carolina (20440 20491) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Kansas) | Terrapene ilanensis (37788) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Florida) | Terrapene carolina (154722) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Texas) | Cistudo sp. (85142) Terrapene bulverda, Terrapene canaliculata (79632) Terrapene canaliculata (93527) Terrapene sp. (230753) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (Texas) | Terrapene carolina (93103) Terrapene sp. (74470) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Virginia) | Terrapene carolina (82258) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | Terrapene carolina (20573 20580 20593 20616 20650 79667) Terrapene putnami, Terrapene carolina (20594) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (Florida) | Terrapene carolina (154771 154921) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Georgia) | Terrapene carolina (20604 20613) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Georgia) | Terrapene canaliculata (80231) Terrapene carolina (13066) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Terrapene carolina (20638 74292 154773 154804 154805) Terrapene innoxia, Terrapene canaliculata, Terrapene antipex (34269) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (Texas) | Terrapene ornata (76101) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Arizona) | Terrapene ornata (76068) | |
Holocene | USA (Ohio) | Terrapene sp. (195062 195065 195066) | |
Holocene | USA (Florida) | Terrapene carolina (227371) |