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Testudinidae
Taxonomy
Testudinidae was named by Batsch (1788) [plastron and carapace]. It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Joyce et al. (2004) and Vlachos (2018).
It was assigned to Testudinata by Gray (1869); to Cryptodira by Lydekker (1889); to Cryptodira by Hay (1902); to Cryptodira by Andrews (1906); to Cryptodiri by Jaekel (1911) and Perrier (1928); to Emydoidae by Hay (1930); to Chelonia by Owen (1842), Leidy (1873) and Stirton (1953); to Trionychoidea by Estes (1964); to Testudinata by Estes and Berberian (1970); to Testudines by Böhme (2008); to Pantestudinidae by Joyce et al. (2004) and Vlachos (2018); to Cryptodira by Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Gadow (1898), Lambe (1908), Kuhn (1946), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Meylan and Auffenberg (1986), Meylan and Sterrer (2000), Lapparent de Broin (2002), Hutchison et al. (2004), Staesche et al. (2007), Vlachos and Tsoukala (2014), Vlachos et al. (2014), Vlachos et al. (2015), Vlachos and Tsoukala (2016), Vlachos and Delfino (2016), Turvey et al. (2017) and de Lapparent de Broin et al. (2020); to Testudines by Frank and Ramus (1996), Manzano et al. (2009), Zacarias et al. (2013), Redkozubov et al. (2020), Villa et al. (2020) and Franz et al. (2020); and to Testudinoidea by Baur (1893), Kuhn (1966), Gaffney (1975), Antunes and de Broin (1977), Carroll (1988), Takahashi et al. (2003), Hervet (2003), Karl (2007), Pérez-García et al. (2013), van Dijk et al. (2014), Garcia et al. (2016), Pérez-García et al. (2017), de la Fuente et al. (2018), Vlachos (2021) and Perez-Garcia et al. (2021).
It was assigned to Testudinata by Gray (1869); to Cryptodira by Lydekker (1889); to Cryptodira by Hay (1902); to Cryptodira by Andrews (1906); to Cryptodiri by Jaekel (1911) and Perrier (1928); to Emydoidae by Hay (1930); to Chelonia by Owen (1842), Leidy (1873) and Stirton (1953); to Trionychoidea by Estes (1964); to Testudinata by Estes and Berberian (1970); to Testudines by Böhme (2008); to Pantestudinidae by Joyce et al. (2004) and Vlachos (2018); to Cryptodira by Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Gadow (1898), Lambe (1908), Kuhn (1946), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Meylan and Auffenberg (1986), Meylan and Sterrer (2000), Lapparent de Broin (2002), Hutchison et al. (2004), Staesche et al. (2007), Vlachos and Tsoukala (2014), Vlachos et al. (2014), Vlachos et al. (2015), Vlachos and Tsoukala (2016), Vlachos and Delfino (2016), Turvey et al. (2017) and de Lapparent de Broin et al. (2020); to Testudines by Frank and Ramus (1996), Manzano et al. (2009), Zacarias et al. (2013), Redkozubov et al. (2020), Villa et al. (2020) and Franz et al. (2020); and to Testudinoidea by Baur (1893), Kuhn (1966), Gaffney (1975), Antunes and de Broin (1977), Carroll (1988), Takahashi et al. (2003), Hervet (2003), Karl (2007), Pérez-García et al. (2013), van Dijk et al. (2014), Garcia et al. (2016), Pérez-García et al. (2017), de la Fuente et al. (2018), Vlachos (2021) and Perez-Garcia et al. (2021).
Subtaxa
Achilemys, Aldabrachelys (syn. Dipsochelys), Anhuichelys, Astrochelys, Barnesia, Cachuga, Caryoderma, Cautleya, Chelys patagonica, Chersina, Cylindraspis, Damonia, Emys sombrerensis, Eochersina, Eochersis, Floridemys (syn. Bystra), Fontainechelon, Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) equicomes, Geocheloninae, Geochelonini, Gopherinae, Gopherus (syn. Bysmachelys, Xerobates, Scaptochelys), Gopherus praecedens, Homopus, Juvemys, Kansuchelys, Malacochersus, Manouria, Megalochelys, Miotestudo, Nicoria, Palaeoemys, Pelorochelon, Platysterninae, Protestudo, Psammobates, Pyxis, Sinohadrianus, Solitudo, Stylemys calaverensis, Testudininae, Testudininei, Testudinites sellovii, Testudo annae, Testudo atascosae, Testudo castrensis, Testudo cultrata, Testudo exornata, Testudo formosa, Testudo francisi, Testudo hayi, Testudo klettiana, Testudo laticaudata, Testudo louisekressmani, Testudo luciae, Testudo ocalana, Testudo paranensis, Testudo peragrans, Testudo quadratus, Testudo semenensis, Testudo undata, Xerobatinae
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
---|---|
1788 | Testudinidae Batsch |
1830 | Testudinites sellovii Weiss p. 293 |
1835 | Testudo sellovii Fitzinger |
1842 | Testudinidae Owen p. 160 |
1868 | Emys sombrerensis Leidy p. 180 |
1869 | Testudinidae Gray p. 166 |
1871 | Testudinidae Cope p. 236 |
1873 | Testudinidae Leidy p. 339 |
1875 | Testudinidae Cope p. 16 |
1875 | Testudo undata Cope p. 994 |
1875 | Testudo klettiana Cope p. 995 |
1875 | Testudo undata Cope p. 995 |
1884 | Testudo quadratus Cope |
1886 | Caryoderma Cope |
1887 | Testudo paranensis Scalabrini |
1889 | Caryoderma Cope p. 662 |
1889 | Testudinidae Lydekker p. 71 |
1889 | Testudo formosa Moreno |
1889 | Testudo sellouwi Moreno p. 29 |
1892 | Testudo pertenius Cope |
1893 | Testudinidae Baur p. 675 |
1893 | Testudo laticaudata Cope |
1893 | Testudo pertenuis Cope |
1898 | Testudinidae Gadow p. 20 |
1898 | Xerobates undata Gilbert |
1902 | Gopherus atascosae Hay |
1902 | Testudo atascosae Hay |
1902 | Testudinidae Hay p. 449 |
1902 | Testudo klettiana Hay p. 451 |
1902 | Testudo laticaudata Hay p. 451 |
1902 | Testudo pertenuis Hay p. 451 |
1902 | Testudo quadrata Hay p. 451 |
1902 | Testudo undata Hay p. 452 |
1903 | Stylemys calaverensis Sinclair |
1906 | Testudinidae Andrews p. 277 |
1906 | Testudo peragrans Hay p. 15 |
1906 | Testudo exornata Lambe p. 187 figs. Pl. 3:1-3 |
1908 | Testudinidae Lambe |
1908 | Testudo exornata Lambe |
1911 | Testudinidae Jaekel p. 186 |
1916 | Gopherus praecedens Hay |
1916 | Testudo luciae Hay |
1916 | Testudo ocalana Hay |
1916 | Testudo hayi Sellards |
1917 | Testudo equicomes Hay p. 41 |
1923 | Testudo annae Hay p. 113 |
1923 | Testudo francisi Hay p. 116 |
1923 | Chelys patagonica Wieland |
1928 | Testudinidae Perrier p. 3113 |
1929 | Testudo louisekressmani Wark |
1930 | Testudinidae Hay p. 99 |
1930 | Gopherus atascosae Hay p. 101 |
1930 | Gopherus praecedens Hay p. 101 |
1930 | Stylemys calaverensis Hay p. 101 |
1930 | Testudo annae Hay p. 102 |
1930 | Testudo equicomes Hay p. 103 |
1930 | Testudo exornata Hay p. 103 |
1930 | Testudo francisi Hay p. 103 |
1930 | Testudo hayi Hay p. 103 |
1930 | Testudo klettiana Hay p. 103 |
1930 | Testudo laticaudata Hay p. 104 |
1930 | Testudo luciae Hay p. 104 |
1930 | Testudo ocalana Hay p. 104 |
1930 | Testudo peragrans Hay p. 104 |
1930 | Testudo pertenuis Hay p. 104 |
1930 | Testudo quadratus Hay p. 104 |
1930 | Testudo undata Hay p. 105 |
1935 | Testudo castrensis Bergounioux |
1946 | Testudo quadratus Gilmore p. 309 |
1946 | Testudinidae Kuhn p. 58 |
1950 | Gopherus hayi Williams |
1950 | Gopherus ocalana Williams p. 70 |
1953 | Testudinidae Stirton p. 612 |
1955 | Testudo semenensis Bergounioux |
1957 | Geochelone luciae Ray |
1957 | Geochelone ocalana Ray |
1957 | Gopherus hayi Ray |
1962 | Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) equicomes Auffenberg p. 630 |
1963 | Geochelone (Caudochelys) hayi Auffenberg p. 78 |
1963 | Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) equicomes Auffenberg p. 91 |
1963 | Geochelone (Caudochelys) laticaudata Auffenberg p. 93 |
1963 | Stylemys calaverensis Auffenberg p. 95 |
1964 | Stylemys calaverensis Auffenberg p. 323 |
1964 | Testudinidae Estes p. 99 |
1966 | Testudinidae Kuhn p. 26 |
1967 | Geochelone sombrerensis Auffenberg |
1970 | Testudinidae Estes and Berberian p. 5 |
1974 | Chelonoidis sellowi Auffenberg |
1974 | Chelonoidis sombrerensis Auffenberg |
1975 | Testudinidae Gaffney p. 429 |
1977 | Testudinidae Antunes and de Broin |
1977 | Hadrianus castrensis de Broin |
1981 | Testudinidae Thurmond and Jones p. 123 |
1982 | Gopherus praecedens Bramble p. 854 |
1986 | Testudinidae Meylan and Auffenberg p. 280 |
1988 | Testudinidae Carroll |
1996 | Testudinidae Frank and Ramus |
2000 | Testudinidae Meylan and Sterrer |
2002 | Testudinidae Lapparent de Broin |
2003 | Testudinidae Hervet |
2003 | Testudinidae Takahashi et al. |
2004 | Testudinidae Hutchison et al. p. 42 |
2004 | Testudinidae Joyce et al. |
2007 | Testudinidae Karl p. 56 |
2007 | Testudinidae Staesche et al. |
2008 | Testudinidae Böhme p. 168 |
2009 | Testudinidae Manzano et al. |
2013 | Testudinidae Pérez-García et al. |
2013 | Testudinidae Zacarias et al. |
2014 | Testudinidae Vlachos et al. |
2014 | Testudinidae van Dijk et al. |
2015 | Chelonoidis sombrerensis Rhodin et al. |
2015 | Testudinidae Vlachos et al. |
2016 | Testudinidae Garcia et al. |
2016 | Testudinidae Vlachos and Delfino |
2016 | Testudinidae Vlachos and Tsoukala |
2017 | Testudinidae Pérez-García et al. |
2017 | Testudinidae Turvey et al. |
2018 | Testudinidae Vlachos |
2018 | Testudinidae de la Fuente et al. |
2020 | Testudinidae Franz et al. |
2020 | Testudinidae Redkozubov et al. |
2020 | Testudinidae Villa et al. |
2020 | Testudinidae de Lapparent de Broin et al. p. 412 |
2021 | Testudinidae Perez-Garcia et al. |
2021 | Testudinidae Vlachos |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. Testudinidae Batsch 1788
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G. †Achilemys Hay 1908
G. Aldabrachelys Loveridge and Williams 1957
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Aldabrachelys gigantea Schweigger 1812 [Aldabra giant tortoise]
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Invalid names: Testudo dussumieri Gray 1831 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dipsochelys Bour 1982 [synonym]
G. †Anhuichelys Yeh 1979
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†Anhuichelys doumuensis Tong et al. 2016
†Anhuichelys siaoshihensis Yeh 1979
G. Astrochelys Gray 1873
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Astrochelys radiata Shaw 1802 [Radiated tortoise]
†Astrochelys rogerbouri Kehlmaier et al. 2023
Astrochelys yniphora Vaillant 1885 [Ploughshare tortoise]
G. †Barnesia Karl 2018
G. †Cautleya Lydekker 1885
G. †Cylindraspis Fitzinger 1835
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Cylindraspis indica Schneider 1783
Cylindraspis inepta Gunther 1873
Cylindraspis peltastes Dumeril and Bibron 1835
Cylindraspis triserrata Gunther 1873
Cylindraspis vosmaeri Suckow 1798
G. †Eochersina Karl 2018
G. †Floridemys Williams 1950
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†Floridemys hurdi Weems and George 2013
†Floridemys nana Hay 1916
†Floridemys nancei Weems 2023
Invalid names: Bystra Hay 1916 [replaced]
Tr. Geochelonini Swingland and Klemens 1989
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G. Chelonoidis Fitzinger 1835
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†Chelonoidis abingdonii Gunther 1877 [Pinta giant tortoise]
†Chelonoidis alburyorum Franz and Franz 2009
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†Chelonoidis alburyorum alburyorum Franz and Franz 2009
†Chelonoidis alburyorum keegani Franz et al. 2020
†Chelonoidis alburyorum sementis Franz et al. 2020
Chelonoidis becki Rothschild 1901 [Volcan wolf giant tortoise]
Chelonoidis carbonarius Spix 1824 [Red-footed tortoise]
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Invalid names: Geochelone atlantica López-Jurado et al. 1998 [synonym]
Chelonoidis chathamensis Van Denburgh 1907 [San Cristobal giant tortoise]
Chelonoidis chilensis Gray 1870 [Chaco tortoise]
†Chelonoidis cubensis Leidy 1868
Chelonoidis darwini Van Denburgh 1907 [Santiago giant tortoise]
Chelonoidis denticulata Linnaeus 1766 [Yellow-footed tortoise]
†Chelonoidis dominicensis Albury et al. 2018
Chelonoidis donosobarrosi Freiberg 1973
Chelonoidis duncanensis Garman 1996 [Pinzon giant tortoise]
†Chelonoidis gallardoi Rovereto 1914
†Chelonoidis gersoni Viñola-López and Almonte 2022
†Chelonoidis gringorum Simpson 1942
†Chelonoidis hesterna Auffenberg 1971
Chelonoidis hoodensis Van Denburgh 1907 [Espanola giant tortoise]
†Chelonoidis lutzae Zacarias et al. 2013
†Chelonoidis marcanoi Turvey et al. 2017
†Chelonoidis meridiana Vlachos et al. 2022
†Chelonoidis monensis Williams 1952
Chelonoidis nigra Quoy and Gaimard 1824 [Floreana giant tortoise]
Chelonoidis petersi Freiberg 1973
†Chelonoidis petrocellii Agnolin 2021
†Chelonoidis phantastica Van Denburgh 1907 [Fernandina giant tortoise]
Chelonoidis porteri Rothschild 1903 [Santa Cruz giant tortoise]
Chelonoidis vicina Gunther 1875 [Southern Isabela giant tortoise]
G. †Titanochelon Pérez-García and Vlachos 2014
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†Titanochelon bacharidisi Vlachos et al. 2014
†Titanochelon bolivari Hernandez-Pacheco 1917
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Invalid names: Testudo richardi Bergounioux 1938 [synonym]
†Titanochelon ginsburgi Broin 1977
†Titanochelon kayadibiensis Karl et al. 2021
†Titanochelon perpiniana Depéret 1885
†Titanochelon schafferi Szalai 1931
†Titanochelon schleichi Pappa et al. 2023
Subfm. Gopherinae Swingland and Klemens 1989
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Invalid names: Gopherinii Swingland and Klemens 1989 [empty], Manourinii Swingland and Klemens 1989 [empty]
G. Gopherus Rafinesque 1832 [gopher tortoise]
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Subg. †Gopherus (Gopherus) Rafinesque 1832
Gopherus agassizii Cooper 1863 [Mojave desert tortoise]
Gopherus berlandieri Agassiz 1857
†Gopherus brevisternus Loomis 1909
†Gopherus donlaloi Reynoso and Montellano-Ballesteros 2004
†Gopherus edae Hay 1906
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Invalid names: Testudo hollandi Hay 1906 [synonym], Testudo pansa Hay 1908 [synonym], Testudo vaga Hay 1908 [synonym]
Gopherus flavomarginatus Legler 1959
†Gopherus hexagonatus Cope 1893
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Invalid names: Bysmachelys canyonensis Johnston 1937 [synonym], Gopherus huecoensis Strain 1966 [synonym], Testudo campester Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Gopherus laticuneus Cope 1873
†Gopherus mohavensis Merriam 1919
Gopherus morafkai Murphy et al. 2011 [Sonoran desert tortoise]
Gopherus polyphemus Daudin 1802 [Florida gopher tortoise]
Invalid names: Bysmachelys Johnston 1937 [synonym], Gopherus (Oligopherus) Hutchison 1996 [invalid subgroup], Scaptochelys Bramble 1982 [synonym], Testudo milleri Brattstrom 1961 [nomen dubium], Xerobates Agassiz 1857 [synonym]
G. Homopus Duméril and Bibron 1834 [cape tortoise]
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Homopus areolatus Thunberg 1787 [Parrot-beaked tortoise]
Homopus boulengeri Duerden 1906 [Karoo dwarf tortoise]
†Homopus comptoni Owen and Bell 1849
Homopus femoralis Boulenger 1888 [Greater dwarf tortoise]
†Homopus fenestratus Cooper and Broadley 1990
†Homopus scutella Meyer 1845
Homopus signatus Gmelin 1789 [Speckled tortoise]
Homopus solus Branch 2007 [Nama tortoise]
G. †Kansuchelys Yeh 1963
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†Kansuchelys chiayukuanensis Yeh 1963
†Kansuchelys ovalis Yeh 1963
†Kansuchelys tsiyuanensis Yeh 1979
G. Manouria Gray 1852
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Manouria emys Schlegel and Muller 1844 [Asian brown tortoise]
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Invalid names: Geochelone emys Schlegel and Muller 1840 [synonym]
Manouria impressa Gunther 1882 [Impressed tortoise]
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Invalid names: Geochelone impressa Gunther 1822 [synonym]
†Manouria oyamai Takahashi et al. 2003
†Manouria yushensis Yeh 1963
G. †Megalochelys Falconer and Cautley 1837
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†Megalochelys sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1837
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Invalid names: Cautleya annuliger Lydekker 1885 [synonym], Colossochelys atlas Falconer and Cautley 1844 [objective synonym], Testudo punjabiensis Lydekker 1889 [synonym]
G. †Pelorochelon Pérez-García et al. 2016
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†Pelorochelon eocaenica Hummel 1935
†Pelorochelon soriana Pérez-García et al. 2016
Invalid names: Asturichelys multicostatus Bergounioux 1957 [nomen dubium], Cheirogaster steinbacheri Karl 1996 [nomen dubium]
Subfm. Platysterninae Gray 1869
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G. Psammobates Fitzinger 1835
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†Psammobates antiquorum Broadley 1997
Psammobates geometricus Linneaus 1758 [Geometric tortoise]
Psammobates oculifer Kuhl 1820 [Serrated tortoise]
Psammobates tentorius Bell 1828 [Tent tortoise]
G. Pyxis Bell 1827
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Pyxis arachnoides Bell 1827 [Common spider tortoise]
Pyxis planicauda Grandidier 1867 [Flat-shelled spider tortoise]
G. †Sinohadrianus Ping 1929
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†Sinohadrianus ezoensis Shikama 1953
†Sinohadrianus sichuanensis Ping 1929
G. †Solitudo Valenti et al. 2022
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†Solitudo gymnesica Bate 1914
†Solitudo robusta Leith-Adams 1877
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Invalid names: Testudo robustissima Tagliaferro 1913 [synonym], Testudo spratti Leith-Adams 1877 [synonym]
†Solitudo sicula Valenti et al. 2022
Subfm. Testudininae Gray 1825
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G. Agrionemys Khosatzky and Mlynarsky 1966
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Agrionemys horsfieldii Gray 1844 [Central Asia tortoise]
G. Centrochelys Gray 1872 [spurred tortoise]
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†Centrochelys burchardi Ahl 1925
†Centrochelys marocana Gmira et al. 2013
†Centrochelys punica Arambourg 1979
Centrochelys sulcata Miller 1779 [African spurred tortoise]
†Centrochelys vulcanica Lopez-Jurado and Mateo 1993
G. †Cheirogaster Bergounioux 1935
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†Cheirogaster gigas Bravard 1844
†Cheirogaster maurini Bergounioux 1935
Invalid names: Taraschelon Pérez-García 2016 [synonym]
G. †Ergilemys Ckhikvadze 1972
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†Ergilemys bruneti Broin 1977
†Ergilemys insolitus Matthew and Granger 1923
†Ergilemys saikanensis Ckhikvadze 1972
Unr. †Geochelona Vlachos and Rabi 2018
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G. Geochelone Fitzinger 1835
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Subg. Geochelone (Chelonoidis) Fitzinger 1835
Geochelone carbonaria Spix 1824 [red-footed tortoise]
Geochelone chilensis Gray 1870 [Chaco tortoise]
†Geochelone costaricensis Segura 1944
†Geochelone demissa Gilmore 1931
Geochelone elegans Schoepff 1794 [Indian star tortoise]
Geochelone elephantopus Harlan 1827 [Galapagos giant tortoise]
Geochelone gigantea Schweigger 1812 [Aldabra tortoise]
†Geochelone kalganensis Gilmore 1931
†Geochelone laetoliensis Meylan and Auffenberg 1987
Geochelone nigra Quoy and Gaimard 1824 [Galapagos tortoise]
†Geochelone oskarkuhni Mlynarski 1969
Geochelone pardalis Bell 1828 [Leopard tortoise]
Geochelone platynota Blyth 1863 [Burmese star tortoise]
Geochelone radiata Shaw 1802 [Radiated tortoise]
†Geochelone stromeri Meylan and Auffenberg 1986
Geochelone sulcata Miller 1779 [African spurred tortoise]
Geochelone travancorica Boulenger 1907
Geochelone yniphora Vaillant 1885 [angonoka]
Invalid names: Geochelone (Asterochelys) Gray 1873 [invalid subgroup], Geochelone (Geochelone) Fitzinger 1835 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Gigantochersina Chkhikvadze 1989
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G. †Impregnochelys Meylan and Auffenberg 1986
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†Impregnochelys pachytectis Meylan and Auffenberg 1986
G. Indotestudo Lindholm 1929
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Indotestudo elongata Blyth 1853 [Elongate tortoise]
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Invalid names: Geochelone elongata Blyth 1853 [synonym]
Indotestudo forstenii Schlegel and Muller 1844 [Travancore tortoise]
†Indotestudo kaiseni Gilmore 1931
†Indotestudo takasago Matsumoto 1929
Indotestudo travancorica Boulenger 1907
G. Kinixys Bell 1827 [hingeback tortoise]
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Kinixys belliana Gray 1830 [Bells hinge-back tortoise]
Kinixys erosa Schweigger 1812 [forest hingeback tortoise]
Kinixys homeana Bell 1827 [Home's hingeback tortoise]
Kinixys lobatsiana Power 1927 [Lobatse hinge-back tortoise]
Kinixys natalensis Hewitt 1935 [Natal hinge-back tortoise]
Kinixys nogueyi Lataste 1886 [Western hinge-back tortoise]
Kinixys zombensis Hewitt 1931 [Southeastern hinge-back tortoise]
G. †Paleotestudo Lartet 1851
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†Paleotestudo canetotiana Lartet 1851
†Paleotestudo mellingi Peters 1868
Invalid names: Cheirogaster arrahonensis Bergounioux 1958 [nomen dubium], Paralichelys catalaunicus Bergounioux 1951 [nomen dubium]
G. Stigmochelys Gray 1873
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†Stigmochelys brachygularis Meylan and Auffenberg 1987
†Stigmochelys crassa Andrews 1914
Stigmochelys pardalis Bell 1828 [Leopard tortoise]
G. †Stylemys Leidy 1851
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†Stylemys bottii de Stefano 1902
†Stylemys frizaciana Lartet 1851
†Stylemys gisellae Carbot-Chanona et al. 2022
†Stylemys inusitata Hay 1906
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Invalid names: Stylemys copei Koerner 1940 [synonym], Testudo primaeva Oelrich 1950 [synonym]
†Stylemys karakolensis Riabinin 1927
†Stylemys nebrascensis Leidy 1851
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Invalid names: Emys culbertsonii Leidy 1852 [synonym], Emys hemispherica Leidy 1851 [synonym], Emys oweni Leidy 1851 [synonym], Gopherus neglectus Brattstrom 1961 [synonym], Testudo amphithorax Cope 1873 [synonym], Testudo emiliae Hay 1908 [synonym], Testudo lata Leidy 1851 [synonym], Testudo ligonius Cope 1873 [synonym]
†Stylemys pygmea Lartet 1851
Invalid names: Stylemys oregonensis Leidy 1872 [nomen dubium], Testudo niobrarensis Leidy 1858 [nomen dubium]
Tr. Testudinini Batsch 1788
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G. Acinixys Siebenrock 1902
G. Chersine Merrem 1820
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†Chersine khosatzkyi Redkozubov et al. 2020
†Chersine lunellensis Almera and Bofill 1903
Invalid names: Eurotestudo Lapparent de Broin et al. 2006 [objective synonym]
G. Testudo Linnaeus 1758
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Subg. Testudo (Chersine) Merrem 1820
Subg. †Testudo (Stylemys) Leidy 1851
†Testudo amberiacensis Deperet 1894
†Testudo amiatae Pantanelli 1893
Testudo antakyensis Perala 1996
†Testudo antiqua Bronn 1831
†Testudo atlas Falconer and Cautley 1844
†Testudo bosporica Riabinin 1946
†Testudo brevitesta Vlachos and Tsoukala 2016
†Testudo brontops Marsh 1890
Testudo carinata Linnaeus 1758
†Testudo cautleyi Lydekker 1889
†Testudo cernovi Khosatzky 1948
†Testudo changshanensis Wei et al. 1975
†Testudo chienfutungensis Yeh 1963
Testudo costarricensis Segura Paguaga 1944
†Testudo craverii Portis 1879
†Testudo denizoti Bergounioux 1935
†Testudo despotti Szalai 1937
Testudo emys Schlegel and Müller 1840
†Testudo escheri Pictet and Humbert 1856
†Testudo eurysternum Gervais 1848
Testudo floweri Bodenheimer 1935
Testudo geometrica Linnaeus 1758
Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 [common tortoise]
†Testudo hellenica Garcia et al. 2020
Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789 [Hermann's tortoise]
†Testudo hexagonata Cope 1893
†Testudo hipparionum Wiman 1930
†Testudo honanensis Wiman 1930
†Testudo houzei Dollo 1909
†Testudo hypercostata Wiman 1930
Testudo hypselonota Bourret 1941
Testudo ibera Pallas 1814 [Asia Minor spur-thighed tortoise]
Testudo indica Schneider 1783
†Testudo kalksburgensis Toula 1896
†Testudo kenitrensis Gmira 1993
Testudo kleinmanni Lortet 1883 [Egyptian tortoise]
†Testudo lamanonii Gray 1831
†Testudo larteti Pictet 1853
†Testudo lohanica Perez-Garcia et al. 2022
†Testudo lunanensis Yeh 1963
Testudo lutaria Linnaeus 1758
†Testudo margae Hooijer 1948
Testudo marginata Schoepff 1792 [Marginated tortoise]
†Testudo marmorum Gaudry 1862
†Testudo nanus Gilmore 1931
†Testudo neraudii Gray 1831
†Testudo oughlamensis Gmira et al. 2013
†Testudo pecorinii Abbazzi et al. 2008
†Testudo phosphoritarum Rage 1988
†Testudo promarginata Reinach 1900
Testudo pusilla Linnaeus 1758
Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758
†Testudo shansiensis Wiman 1930
†Testudo sharanensis Yeh 1965
†Testudo shensiensis Wiman 1930
†Testudo shilouensis Hsu et al. 1973
†Testudo sloanei Lydekker 1889
†Testudo sphaerica Wiman 1930
†Testudo steinheimensis Staesche 1931
†Testudo tarakliensis Riabinin 1918
Testudo terrestris Forsskal 1775 [Middle Eastern spur-thighed tortoise]
†Testudo tunhuanensis Yeh 1963
†Testudo ulanensis Gilmore 1931
Testudo weissingeri Bour 1996
†Testudo yunnanensis Yeh 1963
Invalid names: Pseudotestudo Loveridge and Williams 1957 [synonym], Testudo marginata cretensis Bachmayer et al. 1975 [synonym]
Invalid names: Geoemydinei Theobald 1868 [empty]
Subfm. †Xerobatinae Agassiz 1857
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G. †Hesperotestudo Williams 1950
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†Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) angusticeps Matthew 1924
†Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) orthopygia Cope 1878
†Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) wilsoni Milstead 1956
†Hesperotestudo bermudae Meylan and Sterrer 2000
†Hesperotestudo ducateli Collins and Lynn 1936
†Hesperotestudo gilbertii Hay 1899
†Hesperotestudo harrisi Lichtig and Lucas 2022
†Hesperotestudo orthopygia Cope 1878
+
Invalid names: Geochelone nordensis Holman 1973 [synonym], Testudo rexroadensis Oelrich 1952 [synonym], Xerobates cyclopygius Cope 1878 [synonym]
†Hesperotestudo osborniana Hay 1904
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Invalid names: Caryoderma snovianum Cope 1886 [synonym], Testudo arenivaga Hay 1906 [synonym], Testudo farri Hay 1908 [synonym], Testudo impensa Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Hesperotestudo turgida Cope 1892
+
Invalid names: Geochelone alleni Auffenberg 1966 [synonym], Geochelone johnstoni Auffenberg 1962 [synonym], Geochelone mlynarskii Auffenberg 1988 [synonym], Geochelone oelrichi Holman 1972 [synonym], Testudo incisa Hay 1916 [synonym], Testudo riggsi Hibbard 1944 [synonym], Testudo wilsoni Milstead 1956 [synonym]
†Hesperotestudo williamsi Auffenberg 1964
Invalid names: Caudochelys Auffenberg 1963 [synonym], Eupachemys Leidy 1877 [nomen dubium], Testudo tedwhitei Williams 1953 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Caryoderma Cope 1886 [nomen dubium], Chelys patagonica Wieland 1923 [nomen dubium], Emys sombrerensis Leidy 1868 [nomen dubium], Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) equicomes Hay 1917 [nomen dubium], Geocheloninae Swingland and Klemens 1989 [empty], Gopherus pertenius Cope 1892 [nomen dubium], Gopherus praecedens Hay 1916 [nomen dubium], Stylemys calaverensis Sinclair 1903 [nomen dubium], Testudininei de Broin and de la Fuente 1993 [empty], Testudinites sellovii Weiss 1830 [nomen dubium], Testudo annae Hay 1923 [nomen dubium], Testudo atascosae Hay 1902 [nomen dubium], Testudo castrensis Bergounioux 1935 [nomen dubium], Testudo cultrata Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Testudo exornata Lambe 1906 [nomen dubium], Testudo formosa Moreno 1889 [nomen dubium], Testudo francisi Hay 1923 [nomen dubium], Testudo hayi Sellards 1916 [nomen dubium], Testudo klettiana Cope 1875 [nomen dubium], Testudo laticaudata Cope 1893 [nomen dubium], Testudo louisekressmani Wark 1929 [nomen dubium], Testudo luciae Hay 1916 [nomen dubium], Testudo ocalana Hay 1916 [nomen dubium], Testudo paranensis Scalabrini 1887 [nomen nudum], Testudo peragrans Hay 1906 [nomen dubium], Testudo quadratus Cope 1884 [nomen dubium], Testudo semenensis Bergounioux 1955 [nomen dubium], Testudo undata Cope 1875 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
---|---|---|
E. Perrier 1928 | Tète complètement rétractile. Carapace recouverte par les plaques cornées typiques; 12 (rarement 11, par coalescence des gulaires) plaques cornées, en contact avec les marginales; pas de plaque intergulaire. Plastron formé par 9 plaques osseuses (un entoplastron) et recouvert par 12 plaques cornées; doigts distincts, articulés, 4 ou 5 ongles. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: f = family, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Ernst and Barbour 1989 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Albian to the top of the Holocene or 113.00000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 100.5 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 100.5 Ma
Collections (1196 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
---|---|---|---|
Albian | Tunisia (Tataouine) | Testudinidae indet. (116299) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | Morocco (Drâa-Tafilalet) | Testudinidae indet. (164948) | |
Early/Lower Paleocene | China (Anhui) | Anhuichelys siaoshihensis (132946 140377 179035) | |
Paleogene | Argentina (Chubut) | Testudinidae indet. (208489) | |
Tertiary | China (Hubei) | Testudo kalganensis (192670) | |
Cenozoic | Brazil (Acre) | Testudinidae indet. (217645) | |
Middle Paleocene | China (Anhui) | Anhuichelys doumuensis (179041 179042) Anhuichelys sp. (132945 179044) Anhuichelys sp., Anhuichelys tsienshanensis (179025 179038) Anhuichelys tsienshanensis (132942 179036 179037 179039 179040) Anhuichelys tsienshanensis, Anhuichelys doumuensis (132939) | |
Middle Paleocene | China (Hubei) | Anhuichelys xinzhouensis (178873) | |
Ypresian | France (Champagne-Ardenne) | Palaeoemys sp., Hadrianus sp. (73387) | |
Ypresian | France (Aude) | Palaeoemys sp., Achilemys cassouleti (182641) Testudininei indet., Palaeoemys testudiniformis, Palaeoemys occitana, Juvemys labarrerei, Achilemys cassouleti (78236) | |
Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Homopus comptoni (167274) | |
Ypresian | France (Marne) | Hadrianus sp. (35539 35540 181653) | |
Ypresian - Lutetian | France (Occitanie) | Testudinidae indet. (195457) | |
Eocene | Spain (Aragon) | Testudo sp. (39017) | |
Eocene | Spain (Catalonia) | Testudo sp. (38980 39015 39016) | |
Wasatchian | Canada (Northwest Territories) | Geochelone sp. (15583) | |
MP 10 | France (Picardie) | Hadrianus sp. (68440) | |
MP 11 | Germany (Hessen) | Juvemys sp. (120036) Juvemys sp., Testudo sp. (22701) | |
MP 13 | Germany (Eifel) | Palaeoemys hessiaca, Barnesia eocaenica, Eochersis eiflaensis, Eochersina steinbacherae (24201) | |
Irdinmanhan | China (Nei Mongol) | Testudo sp. (182111) |