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Testudo
Taxonomy
Testudo was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant. Its type is Testudo graeca. It is the type genus of Pantestudinoidea, Pantestudinidae.
It was assigned to Chelonia by Leidy (1860); to Terrestria by Quenstedt (1882); to Testudininae by Vlachos and Rabi (2018); to Testudinidae by Leidy (1873), Cope (1875), Cope (1884), Lydekker (1889), Hay (1902), Andrews (1906), Lambe (1908), Gilmore (1915), Hay (1930), Gilmore (1931), Gilmore (1934), Galbreath (1953), Yeh (1963), Chkhikvadze (1973), Kotsakis (1977), Carroll (1988), Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi (1995), Frank and Ramus (1996), Staesche et al. (2007), Brinkman et al. (2008), Böhme (2008), de la Fuente et al. (2014), Vlachos and Tsoukala (2014), van Dijk et al. (2014), Vlachos et al. (2015), Vlachos and Tsoukala (2016), Vlachos and Delfino (2016), Garcia et al. (2016), Vlachos (2018) and Vlachos et al. (2019); and to Testudinini by Swingland and Klemens (1989), Vlachos (2021) and Perez-Garcia et al. (2022).
It was assigned to Chelonia by Leidy (1860); to Terrestria by Quenstedt (1882); to Testudininae by Vlachos and Rabi (2018); to Testudinidae by Leidy (1873), Cope (1875), Cope (1884), Lydekker (1889), Hay (1902), Andrews (1906), Lambe (1908), Gilmore (1915), Hay (1930), Gilmore (1931), Gilmore (1934), Galbreath (1953), Yeh (1963), Chkhikvadze (1973), Kotsakis (1977), Carroll (1988), Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi (1995), Frank and Ramus (1996), Staesche et al. (2007), Brinkman et al. (2008), Böhme (2008), de la Fuente et al. (2014), Vlachos and Tsoukala (2014), van Dijk et al. (2014), Vlachos et al. (2015), Vlachos and Tsoukala (2016), Vlachos and Delfino (2016), Garcia et al. (2016), Vlachos (2018) and Vlachos et al. (2019); and to Testudinini by Swingland and Klemens (1989), Vlachos (2021) and Perez-Garcia et al. (2022).
Species
T. (Chersine), T. (Stylemys), T. amberiacensis, T. amiatae, T. antakyensis, T. antiqua, T. atlas, T. bosporica, T. brevitesta, T. brontops, T. carinata, T. cautleyi, T. cernovi, T. changshanensis, T. chienfutungensis, T. costarricensis, T. craverii, T. denizoti, T. despotti, T. emys, T. escheri, T. eurysternum, T. floweri, T. geometrica, T. globosa (syn. T. szalaii), T. graeca (type species), T. hellenica, T. hermanni, T. hexagonata, T. hipparionum, T. honanensis, T. houzei, T. hypercostata, T. hypselonota, T. ibera, T. indica, T. kalksburgensis, T. kenitrensis, T. kleinmanni, T. lamanonii, T. larteti, T. lohanica, T. lunanensis, T. lutaria, T. margae, T. marginata (syn. T. marginata cretensis), T. marmorum, T. nanus, T. neraudii, T. oughlamensis, T. pecorinii, T. phosphoritarum, T. promarginata, T. pusilla, T. scabra, T. shansiensis, T. sharanensis, T. shensiensis, T. shilouensis, T. sloanei, T. sphaerica, T. steinheimensis, T. tarakliensis, T. terrestris, T. tunhuanensis, T. ulanensis, T. weissingeri, T. yunnanensis
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
|
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Testudo Linnaeus |
| 1860 | Testudo Leidy p. 122 |
| 1873 | Testudo Leidy p. 339 |
| 1875 | Testudo Cope p. 54 |
| 1882 | Testudo Quenstedt p. 147 |
| 1884 | Testudo Cope |
| 1889 | Testudo Lydekker p. 71 |
| 1902 | Testudo Hay p. 451 |
| 1906 | Testudo Andrews p. 277 |
| 1908 | Testudo Lambe |
| 1915 | Testudo Gilmore p. 150 |
| 1930 | Testudo Hay p. 101 |
| 1931 | Testudo Gilmore p. 232 |
| 1934 | Testudo Gilmore |
| 1953 | Testudo Galbreath p. 38 |
| 1957 | Pseudotestudo Loveridge and Williams |
| 1963 | Testudo Yeh |
| 1973 | Testudo Chkhikvadze p. 747 |
| 1977 | Testudo Kotsakis |
| 1988 | Testudo Carroll |
| 1989 | Testudo Swingland and Klemens p. 125 |
| 1995 | Testudo Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi p. 238 |
| 1996 | Testudo Frank and Ramus |
| 2007 | Testudo Staesche et al. |
| 2008 | Testudo Brinkman et al. p. 92 |
| 2008 | Testudo Böhme p. 168 |
| 2014 | Testudo Vlachos and Tsoukala |
| 2014 | Testudo de la Fuente et al. |
| 2014 | Testudo van Dijk et al. |
| 2015 | Testudo Vlachos et al. |
| 2016 | Testudo Garcia et al. |
| 2016 | Testudo Vlachos and Delfino |
| 2016 | Testudo Vlachos and Tsoukala |
| 2018 | Testudo Vlachos |
| 2018 | Testudo Vlachos and Rabi p. 663 |
| 2019 | Testudo Vlachos et al. |
| 2021 | Testudo Vlachos |
| 2022 | Testudo Perez-Garcia et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Testudo Linnaeus 1758
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Subg. Testudo (Chersine) Merrem 1820
Subg. †Testudo (Stylemys) Leidy 1851
†Testudo amberiacensis Deperet 1894
†Testudo amiatae Pantanelli 1893
Testudo antakyensis Perala 1996
†Testudo antiqua Bronn 1831
†Testudo atlas Falconer and Cautley 1844
†Testudo bosporica Riabinin 1946
†Testudo brevitesta Vlachos and Tsoukala 2016
†Testudo brontops Marsh 1890
Testudo carinata Linnaeus 1758
†Testudo cautleyi Lydekker 1889
†Testudo cernovi Khosatzky 1948
†Testudo changshanensis Wei et al. 1975
†Testudo chienfutungensis Yeh 1963
Testudo costarricensis Segura Paguaga 1944
†Testudo craverii Portis 1879
†Testudo denizoti Bergounioux 1935
†Testudo despotti Szalai 1937
Testudo emys Schlegel and Müller 1840
†Testudo escheri Pictet and Humbert 1856
†Testudo eurysternum Gervais 1848
Testudo floweri Bodenheimer 1935
Testudo geometrica Linnaeus 1758
Testudo graeca Linnaeus 1758 [common tortoise]
†Testudo hellenica Garcia et al. 2020
Testudo hermanni Gmelin 1789 [Hermann's tortoise]
†Testudo hexagonata Cope 1893
†Testudo hipparionum Wiman 1930
†Testudo honanensis Wiman 1930
†Testudo houzei Dollo 1909
†Testudo hypercostata Wiman 1930
Testudo hypselonota Bourret 1941
Testudo ibera Pallas 1814 [Asia Minor spur-thighed tortoise]
Testudo indica Schneider 1783
†Testudo kalksburgensis Toula 1896
†Testudo kenitrensis Gmira 1993
Testudo kleinmanni Lortet 1883 [Egyptian tortoise]
†Testudo lamanonii Gray 1831
†Testudo larteti Pictet 1853
†Testudo lohanica Perez-Garcia et al. 2022
†Testudo lunanensis Yeh 1963
Testudo lutaria Linnaeus 1758
†Testudo margae Hooijer 1948
Testudo marginata Schoepff 1792 [Marginated tortoise]
†Testudo marmorum Gaudry 1862
†Testudo nanus Gilmore 1931
†Testudo neraudii Gray 1831
†Testudo oughlamensis Gmira et al. 2013
†Testudo pecorinii Abbazzi et al. 2008
†Testudo phosphoritarum Rage 1988
†Testudo promarginata Reinach 1900
Testudo pusilla Linnaeus 1758
Testudo scabra Linnaeus 1758
†Testudo shansiensis Wiman 1930
†Testudo sharanensis Yeh 1965
†Testudo shensiensis Wiman 1930
†Testudo shilouensis Hsu et al. 1973
†Testudo sloanei Lydekker 1889
†Testudo sphaerica Wiman 1930
†Testudo steinheimensis Staesche 1931
†Testudo tarakliensis Riabinin 1918
Testudo terrestris Forsskal 1775 [Middle Eastern spur-thighed tortoise]
†Testudo tunhuanensis Yeh 1963
†Testudo ulanensis Gilmore 1931
Testudo weissingeri Bour 1996
†Testudo yunnanensis Yeh 1963
Invalid names: Pseudotestudo Loveridge and Williams 1957 [synonym], Testudo marginata cretensis Bachmayer et al. 1975 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| E. Vlachos and E. Tsoukala 2016 | A member of the Testudinidae based on the presence of the alternating pattern of neurals and costals, that is the octagonal–quadrangular neurals, makes contact with costals that are medially short and laterally long, alternated with costals that are medially long and laterally short (seen in the holotype), on the presence of a thick dorsal epiplastral lip (seen in the referred material) and fused 12th marginal scutes. | |
| E. Vlachos 2021 | The concept of Testudo herein is kept in its strict sense, i.e., including only these testudininans with a hypo-xiphiplastral hinge that can be clearly grouped with Testudo graeca under a cladistic context. Other extant small testudinids that have been traditionally under Testudo (hermanni, horsfieldii) are considered as part of distinct genera, Chersine and Agrionemys, respectively |