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Xenosauridae
Taxonomy
Xenosauridae was named by Cope (1866). It is extant. Its type is Xenosaurus. It was considered monophyletic by Lee and Caldwell (2000) and Conrad (2006).
It was assigned to Lacertae by Gadow (1898); to Lacertidi by Perrier (1928); to Anguoidea by Kuhn (1946); to Diploglossa by McDowell and Bogert (1954); to Diploglossa by Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Estes (1964) and Estes and Berberian (1970); to Anguioidea by Kuhn (1966) and Estes (1983); to Anguoidea by Seiffert (1975) and Carroll (1988); to Lacertilia by Frank and Ramus (1996); to Anguimorpha by Alifanov (1993), Gao and Fox (1996) and Gao and Nessov (1998); to Anguimorpha by Peng et al. (2001); and to Anguimorpha by Estes et al. (1988), Lee and Caldwell (2000), Alifanov (2000), Averianov et al. (2005), Conrad (2006) and Smith (2006).
It was assigned to Lacertae by Gadow (1898); to Lacertidi by Perrier (1928); to Anguoidea by Kuhn (1946); to Diploglossa by McDowell and Bogert (1954); to Diploglossa by Cope (1871), Cope (1875), Estes (1964) and Estes and Berberian (1970); to Anguioidea by Kuhn (1966) and Estes (1983); to Anguoidea by Seiffert (1975) and Carroll (1988); to Lacertilia by Frank and Ramus (1996); to Anguimorpha by Alifanov (1993), Gao and Fox (1996) and Gao and Nessov (1998); to Anguimorpha by Peng et al. (2001); and to Anguimorpha by Estes et al. (1988), Lee and Caldwell (2000), Alifanov (2000), Averianov et al. (2005), Conrad (2006) and Smith (2006).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1866 | Xenosauridae Cope |
| 1871 | Xenosauridae Cope p. 236 |
| 1875 | Xenosauridae Cope p. 19 |
| 1898 | Xenosauridae Gadow p. 25 |
| 1928 | Xenosauridae Perrier p. 3095 |
| 1946 | Xenosauridae Kuhn p. 61 |
| 1954 | Xenosauridae McDowell and Bogert p. 131 |
| 1964 | Xenosauridae Estes p. 125 |
| 1966 | Xenosauridae Kuhn p. 56 |
| 1970 | Xenosauridae Estes and Berberian p. 5 |
| 1975 | Xenosauridae Seiffert p. 10 |
| 1983 | Xenosauridae Estes |
| 1988 | Xenosauridae Carroll |
| 1988 | Xenosauridae Estes et al. |
| 1993 | Xenosauridae Alifanov p. 9 |
| 1996 | Xenosauridae Frank and Ramus |
| 1996 | Xenosauridae Gao and Fox p. 62 |
| 1998 | Xenosauridae Gao and Nessov |
| 2000 | Xenosauridae Alifanov p. 382 |
| 2000 | Xenosauridae Lee and Caldwell |
| 2001 | Xenosauridae Peng et al. p. 31 |
| 2005 | Xenosauridae Averianov et al. p. 4 |
| 2006 | Xenosauridae Conrad p. 122 |
| 2006 | Xenosauridae Smith p. 5 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. Xenosauridae Cope 1866
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G. †Exostinus Cope 1873
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†Exostinus lancensis Gilmore 1928
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Invalid names: Harpagosaurus parvus Gilmore 1928 [synonym], Prionosaurus regularis Gilmore 1928 [synonym]
†Exostinus serratus Cope 1873
Invalid names: Harpagosaurus Gilmore 1928 [synonym], Prionosaurus Gilmore 1928 [synonym]
Subfm. Xenosaurinae McDowell and Bogert 1954
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G. Xenosaurus Gray 1856 [American knob-scaled lizards]
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Xenosaurus agrenon King and Thompson 1968
Xenosaurus arboreus King and Thompson 1968 [King's knob-scaled lizard]
Xenosaurus grandis Gray 1856 [Knob-scaled lizard]
Xenosaurus newmanorum Taylor 1949 [Newman's knob-scaled lizard]
Xenosaurus platyceps King and Thompson 1968 [Flathead knob-scaled lizard]
Xenosaurus rackhami Stuart 1941 [Rackham's knob-scaled lizard]
Xenosaurus rectocollaris Smith and Iverson 1993 [Pallid knob-scaled lizard]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| E. Perrier 1928 | Interclavicule en forme de T ; langue courte, rétractile, légèrement incisée en avant. Dents nombreuses, petites, pleurodontes, entièrement pleines; os palatins largement séparés. | |
| S. B. McDowell and C. M. Bogert 1954 | Temporal arch very strong, with a longitudinal dorsolateral keel; squamosal elongated, excluding the postorbital from the infratemporal emargination; conchs of quadrate hypertrophied, the outer conch broad and flaring, the inner conch strongly developed and well defined; a small ossicle (probably the stylohyal) near the lateral extremity of the paroccipital process; dorsal cranial bones, except posterior part of parietal, roughened by the complete fusion with the skull of the osteodermal incrustation; jugal expanded and sculptured; pro-otic hardly meeting parietal; frontal as in Anguinidae (the descending processes not meeting). |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Pianka and Vitt 2003 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Aptian to the top of the Barstovian or 122.46000 to 12.50000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 113.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 113.0 Ma
Collections (32 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barremian - Aptian | Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk) | Shestakovia voronkevichi (53148) | |
| Aptian | Russian Federation (Kemerovo) | Xenosauridae indet. (39680) | |
| Late/Upper Aptian - Early/Lower Albian | Mongolia (Övörkhangai Aymag) | Xenosauridae indet., Xenostius futilus (77191) | |
| Late/Upper Santonian | Canada (Alberta) | Xenosauridae indet. (14425) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Texas) | Xenosauridae indet. (200385) | |
| Judithian | USA (Texas) | X. sp. (14489) | |
| Judithian | USA (Utah) | Exostinus sp. (14467) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | Mexico (Baja California) | Exostinus sp. (197021) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Utah) | Exostinus sp. (75836) | |
| Middle Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Xenosauridae indet. (45565 45567) | |
| Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Montana) | Exostinus lancensis (14446) | |
| Lancian | USA (South Dakota) | Exostinus lancensis (14537) | |
| Lancian | USA (Wyoming) | Exostinus lancensis (14514 14519 14566) Exostinus lancensis, Harpagosaurus parvus (14606) | |
| Lancian | USA (Montana) | Exostinus lancensis (14535) Exostinus sp. (14508 14560) Exostinus sp., Exostinus lancensis (14549) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | India (Maharashtra) | Exostinus estesi, Exostinus estesai (58102) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Montana) | Exostinus lancensis (13142) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Wyoming) | Exostinus lancensis (14585 118461) Prionosaurus regularis (180016) | |
| Torrejonian | USA (Wyoming) | Exostinus lancensis (14886) | |
| Torrejonian | USA (Montana) | Exostinus lancensis (14874) | |
| Lostcabinian | USA (Wyoming) | Exostinus sp. (15917) | |
| Bridgerian | USA (Wyoming) | Exostinus sp. (16400) | |
| Orellan | USA (Colorado) | Exostinus serratus (118198) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Nordenosaurus magnus (18284) |