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Coluber (racer)
Taxonomy
Coluber was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant. Its type is Coluber constrictor. It is the type genus of Colubroidea, Colubridae.
It was assigned to Colubridae by Cope (1875), Hay (1902), Hay (1930), Kotsakis (1977), Behler and King (1979), Bachmayer and Szyndlar (1987), Szyndlar (1987) and Carroll (1988); and to Colubrinae by Holman (1985), Parmley and Holman (1995), Parmley and Hunter (2010) and Cernansky et al. (2015).
It was assigned to Colubridae by Cope (1875), Hay (1902), Hay (1930), Kotsakis (1977), Behler and King (1979), Bachmayer and Szyndlar (1987), Szyndlar (1987) and Carroll (1988); and to Colubrinae by Holman (1985), Parmley and Holman (1995), Parmley and Hunter (2010) and Cernansky et al. (2015).
Species
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Coluber Linnaeus p. 216 |
| 1853 | Bascanion Baird and Girard |
| 1875 | Coluber Cope p. 39 |
| 1877 | Coluber lafonti Filhol |
| 1880 | Scytalophis lafonti de Rochebrune |
| 1889 | Coluber beggiatoi De Zigno |
| 1889 | Coluber ombonii De Zigno p. 113 |
| 1902 | Bascanion Hay p. 480 |
| 1902 | Coluber Hay p. 480 |
| 1930 | Coluber Hay p. 269 |
| 1977 | Coluber Kotsakis |
| 1979 | Coluber Behler and King |
| 1985 | Nanus Bachmayer and Szyndlar |
| 1985 | Coluber Holman |
| 1987 | Coluber Bachmayer and Szyndlar p. 30 |
| 1987 | Coluber Szyndlar p. 65 |
| 1988 | Coluber Carroll |
| 1995 | Coluber Parmley and Holman p. 82 |
| 2010 | Coluber Parmley and Hunter p. 529 |
| 2015 | Coluber Cernansky et al. p. 118 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Coluber Linnaeus 1758 [racer]
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†Coluber acuminatus Cope 1899
†Coluber cadurci Rage 1974
†Coluber caspioides Szyndlar and Schleich 1993
Coluber caspius Gmelin 1789
Coluber constrictor Linnaeus 1758 [black racer]
†Coluber dolnicensis Szyndlar 1987
†Coluber hungaricus Bolkay 1913
†Coluber merkurensis Ivanov 2002
†Coluber planicarinatus Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1985
†Coluber robertmertensi Mlynarksi 1964
†Coluber suevicus Fraas 1870
†Coluber viridiflavus Lacépède 1789
Invalid names: Bascanion Baird and Girard 1853 [synonym], Coluber beggiatoi De Zigno 1889 [nomen dubium], Coluber lafonti Filhol 1877 [nomen dubium], Coluber ombonii De Zigno 1889 [nomen dubium], Nanus Bachmayer and Szyndlar 1985 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: g = genus, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Behler and King 1979, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the MP 22 to the top of the Holocene or 33.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 28.4 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 28.4 Ma
Collections (134 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| MP 22 | France (Midi-Pyrenées) | Coluber cadurci (167513 167534 167537) | |
| MP 22 | France (Quercy) | Coluber cadurci (179141 179142) | |
| MP 23 | France (Quercy) | Coluber cadurci (36709 36711 179147) | |
| Rupelian | France | Coluber cadurci (183381) | |
| MP 25 | France | Coluber cadurci (60214) | |
| Chattian | France | Coluber sp., Coluber cadurci (60281) | |
| MN 1 | Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate) | Coluber cadurci (69617) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Spain (Castile-La Mancha) | Coluber sp. (136269) | |
| MN 2 | Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate) | Coluber sp. 1, Coluber sp. 2, Coluber indet. (167464) | |
| Burdigalian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Coluber caspioides (69098) | |
| Orleanian | Spain (Castile-La Mancha) | Coluber cadurci (60283) | |
| Orleanian | Czech Republic (Ústí nad Labem) | Coluber caspioides, Coluber suevicus, Coluber dolnicensis (48173) | |
| Orleanian | Czech Republic (Moravia) | Coluber sp. type I (200140) Coluber sp. type I, Coluber sp. type II (190142) | |
| MN 4 | Austria (Styria) | Coluber caspioides (74539) | |
| MN 4 | Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary) | Coluber dolnicensis (138666) | |
| MN 4 | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | Coluber pouchetii (136919) | |
| MN 4 | Germany (Bavaria) | Coluber caspioides (28629) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Coluber constrictor (18192) | |
| Langhian | Germany (Bavaria) | Coluber caspioides (135038) Coluber sp. (34615) Coluber sp., Coluber caspioides, Coluber hungaricus (134954) | |
| MN 5 | Portugal (Região Centro) | Colubridae indet. (136334) | |
| MN 5 | Germany | Coluber sp. (46955) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | Poland (Silesia) | Coluber sp. (42594) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | Coluber pouchetii (32191) | |
| Serravallian | Russian Federation (Irkutsk) | Coluber sp. A, Coluber sp. B (48439) | |
| MN 6 | Russian Federation (Stavropol) | Coluber sp. (56738) | |
| MN 6 - MN 7 + 8 | Hungary (Nograd) | Coluber sp. (167497 167509 167512) | |
| MN 7 + 8 | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Naja suevica (49520) | |
| MN 7 + 8 | France (Rhône-Alpes) | Coluber sp. 1, Coluber sp. 2 (136199) Coluber sp. 1, Coluber sp. 2, Coluber sp. 3, Coluber dolnicensis (79360) | |
| Vallesian | Ukraine (Khmel'nitsk'yi) | Coluber sp. (48446) | |
| MN 9 | Hungary (Heves) | Coluber pouchetii (168189 168191) | |
| Hemphillian | USA (Nevada) | Coluber sp. (192039) | |
| Late/Upper Hemphillian | USA (Oklahoma) | Coluber constrictor (18076) | |
| Late/Upper Hemphillian - Blancan | USA (Indiana) | Coluber constrictor (18320) | |
| MN 11 | Austria (Burgenland) | Nanus planicarinatus, Coluber planicarinatus (37789) | |
| Turolian | Hungary | Coluber hungaricus (48294 48295) Coluber sp., Coluber hungaricus (48296) | |
| MN 13 | Hungary (Central Transdanubia) | Zamenis hungaricus, Coluber caspius (69917) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Hungary (North Hungary) | Coluber hungaricus (136066 136067) | |
| Pliocene | France (Languedoc-Roussillon Region) | Coluber sp. (36014) | |
| Pliocene | Austria (Lower Austria) | Coluber sp. (167717) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | Coluber sp. (35076) | |
| Blancan | USA (Idaho) | Coluber indet. (140258) | |
| Blancan | USA (Nebraska) | Coluber constrictor (19954) Coluber indet. (19960) | |
| Blancan | USA (Kansas) | Coluber constrictor (19922 19929 19931 19936 19940) | |
| MN 15 | Poland | Coluber viridiflavus (33396) | |
| MN 15 | Moldova | Coluber viridiflavus (50916 50919 50940) | |
| MN 15 | Slovakia (Trenčín) | Coluber viridiflavus (34255) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Morocco | Coluber hippocrepis (32052) | |
| MN 16 | Moldova (Cahul) | Coluber viridiflavus (206339) | |
| MN 16 | Austria (Lower Austria) | Coluber gemonensis, Coluber jugularis, Coluber caspius, Coluber viridiflavus (167680) | |
| MN 16 | Hungary (Barany) | Coluber viridiflavus (206583) | |
| MN 16 | Moldova (Chisinau) | Coluber viridiflavus (206582) | |
| MN 16 | Poland | Coluber robertmertensi (33473 33638) | |
| MN 16 | Italy (Sardinia) | Coluber sp. (49359) | |
| Gelasian | USA (Kansas) | Coluber constrictor (19927) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Georgia | Coluber najadum, Coluber schmidti, Coluber robertmertensi (56733) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Verona) | Coluber sp. (43652) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (South Carolina) | Coluber sp. (65405) | |
| Pleistocene | Italy (Sardinia) | Coluber sp. (92675) | |
| Pleistocene | Greece (Crete) | Coluber gemonensis (183122) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (West Virginia) | Coluber constrictor (123875 124319) | |
| Pleistocene | Austria (Upper Austria) | Coluber viridiflavus (206584) | |
| Pleistocene | Bulgaria (Vratsa) | Coluber viridiflavus (206585) | |
| Pleistocene | Austria (Lower Austria) | Coluber viridiflavus (206586) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Arkansas) | Coluber flagellum, Coluber sp., Coluber constrictor (20290) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Texas) | Coluber sp. (20530) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Pennsylvania) | Coluber constrictor (20354) Coluber sp., Coluber acuminatus (20479) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Kansas) | Coluber constrictor (20293 20295 20422 20423) Coluber indet. (20390 20516) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Maryland) | Coluber constrictor (20302) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Oklahoma) | Coluber constrictor (20309) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Verona) | Coluber sp. (43643 43645) Coluber viridiflavus (43653) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | Coluber viridiflavus (195223) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | France (Corse) | Coluber viridiflavus (69062) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | France (Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur) | Coluber sp. (84938) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Spain (Malaga) | Coluber sp. (195564) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Siracusa) | Coluber viridiflavus (175900) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | France (Hautes Pyrenees) | Coluber sp. (195241) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Vicenza) | Coluber sp. (43666) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | France (Puy-de-Dome) | Coluber fossilis, Coluber gervaisii, Coluber viridiflavus (195235) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (Florida) | Coluber constrictor (20491 180339) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | France (Corse) | Coluber viridiflarns (215362) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (Texas) | Coluber constrictor (93103) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Virginia) | Coluber constrictor (82258) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Coluber constrictor (20638 154936) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | France (Haute-Pyrenees) | Coluber sp. (125313) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Kansas) | Coluber constrictor (20605) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Georgia) | Coluber constrictor (20604) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Georgia) | Coluber sp. (13066) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Alabama) | Coluber constrictor (84181) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | Coluber constrictor (20650 79667) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Coluber constrictor (79630) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Tennessee) | Coluber sp. (63424 63425 63426 63427) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | USA (Tennessee) | Coluber sp. (63429) | |
| Holocene | France (Corse) | Coluber viridiflarns (215365 215376 215378) | |
| Holocene | USA (Tennessee) | Coluber sp. (63428) |