PBDB Taxon

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Arca (ark)

Bivalvia - Arcida - Arcidae

Taxonomy

Arca was named by Linnaeus (1758) [Sepkoski's age data: K u R]. It is extant. Its type is Permophorus costatus. It is the type genus of Arcidae, Arcinae.

It was assigned to Arcoida by Sepkoski (2002); to Arcidae by Stanton (1895), Böhm and Weisfermel (1913), Nagao (1928), Grant, IV and Gale (1931), Olsson (1931), Oostingh (1935), Gardner (1943), Durham (1944), DuBar (1958), Hertlein and Grant (1972), Woodring (1973), Lamprell and Healy (1998), Frassinetti and Covacevich (1999), Squires (1999), Todd (2001), Bouchet et al. (2010) and Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012); and to Arcinae by Glenn (1904), Reinhart (1943), Hall (1964), Olsson (1967), da Silva Forti (1969), Adegoke (1977), Vokes (1980), Dockery (1982), Moore (1983), Gliozzi and Malatesta (1983), Squires (1991), del Rio (1992), Pacaud and Le Renard (1995), Tiwari (2001), Matsubara (2002) and Vermeij and Amano (2021).

Species

A. (Arca), A. (Byssoarca), A. (Fossularca), A. (Litharca), A. (Tosarca), A. abrupta, A. aldrichi, A. angusta, A. aquila, A. arcta, A. augusta, A. aviculoides, A. azzarolae, A. bavarica, A. bezanconi, A. biangula, A. blanfordi, A. bouvieri, A. brahminica, A. budoensis, A. caelata, A. camaronesia, A. capulopsis, A. cardiiformis, A. cardioides, A. chemnitzi, A. chevallieri, A. choffati, A. cholana, A. clarki, A. clathrata, A. clellandi, A. cordata, A. coxi, A. cultrata, A. debilis, A. delandensis, A. divaricata, A. douvillei, A. feddeni, A. fuscoides, A. galei, A. geulemensis, A. harrisi, A. hispida, A. holmesii, A. imperialis, A. incerta, A. interrupta, A. invalida (syn. A. dalli), A. japetica, A. kannegieteri, A. koerti, A. koumaci, A. labiata, A. lactea, A. larkhanaensis, A. lata, A. laudunensis, A. leopoliensis, A. limula, A. mcnairyensis, A. mekranica, A. miliacea, A. minuata, A. nannodes, A. navicularis, A. negata, A. newtoni, A. nitida, A. noae, A. nuda, A. obeidi, A. ovata, A. pacifica, A. pantheonensis, A. paratina, A. particularis, A. peethensis, A. perpectinata, A. perradiata, A. prephina, A. protracta, A. pseudoantiquata, A. pseudonavicularis, A. quadrilatera, A. radiata, A. rudis, A. salomonensis, A. sandbergeri, A. silverdalensis, A. socialis, A. spiekeri, A. squamosa, A. striatula, A. stricklandi, A. subfiligrana, A. sublata, A. submultiformis, A. sulcicosta, A. symphenacis, A. syracusensis, A. tirolensis, A. tjidamarensis, A. trapezia, A. uhligi, A. valdensis, A. valdiviana, A. vanholsti, A. vaughani, A. wagneriana, A. zebra, Arcoptera ampla, Arcoptera areata, Arcoptera canaliculata, Arcoptera elegantula, Arcoptera lateareata, Arcoptera schlosseri, Arcoptera vixareata, Arcoptera wagneriana, Navicula tutamoensis, Scapharca zorritensis

Species lacking formal opinion data

A. bellonii, A. bravoensis, A. cancellata, A. carinata, A. fracta, A. fruthi, A. gabrielis, A. gurgitis, A. halmyrus, A. limatella, A. macnairyensis, A. mikkula, A. montensis, A. montensis, A. nana, A. pakistanica, A. pergracilis, A. securiculata, A. stillicidum, A. tailleburgensis, A. triasina, A. veatchi, A. waltonia

Synonyms

Arcoptera was named by Bittner (1895). Its type is Arcoptera elegantula.

It was replaced with Elegantarca by Tomlin (1930); it was synonymized subjectively with Arca by Vermeij and Amano (2021).
Navicula was named by Blainville (1825) [m. kosnik taxon no: 9907]. It is extant.

It was reranked as Arca (Navicula) by Grant, IV and Gale (1931), Oostingh (1935) and Abrard (1947); it was synonymized subjectively with Arca by Cox et al. (1969) and Vokes (1980).

It was assigned to Arca by Grant, IV and Gale (1931), Oostingh (1935) and Abrard (1947); and to Arcidae by Jensen (1996).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1758	Arca Linnaeus p. 693
1825	Navicula Blainville p. 216
1895	Arcoptera Bittner
1895	Arca Stanton p. 50
1904	Arca Glenn p. 385
1913	Arca Böhm and Weisfermel p. 63
1928	Arca Nagao p. 26
1931	Arca Grant, IV and Gale p. 137
1931	Arca (Navicula) Grant, IV and Gale p. 142
1931	Arca Olsson p. 38
1935	Arca Oostingh p. 124
1935	Arca (Navicula) Oostingh p. 125
1943	Arca Gardner p. 22
1943	Arca Reinhart p. 14
1944	Arca Durham p. 136
1947	Arca (Navicula) Abrard p. 94
1958	Arca DuBar p. 154
1964	Arca Hall, Jr. p. 87
1967	Arca Olsson p. 6
1969	Arca da Silva Forti p. 65
1972	Arca Hertlein and Grant p. 152
1973	Arca Woodring p. 496
1977	Arca Adegoke p. 218
1980	Arca Vokes p. 11
1982	Arca Dockery p. 29
1983	Arca Gliozzi and Malatesta p. 88
1983	Arca Moore p. A31
1991	Arca Squires p. 68
1992	Arca del Rio p. 13
1995	Arca Pacaud and Le Renard p. 175
1996	Navicula Jensen p. 37
1998	Arca Lamprell and Healy p. 44
1999	Arca Frassinetti and Covacevich p. 17
1999	Arca Squires p. 23
2001	Arca Tiwari p. 148
2001	Arca Todd
2002	Arca Matsubara p. 134
2002	Arca Sepkoski
2010	Arca Bouchet et al.
2012	Arca Coan and Valentich-Scott p. 162
2021	Arca Vermeij and Amano p. 43

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Bivalvia
—	Eubivalvia

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Autobranchia	(Groblen 1894)
infraclass	Pteriomorphia	(Beurlen 1944)
—	Ostreomorphi	Ferussac 1822
—	Arcioni	Gray 1854
order	Arcida	(Stoliczka 1871)
superfamily	Arcoidea	(Lamarck 1809)
family	Arcidae	Lamarck 1809
subfamily	Arcinae	Lamarck 1809
genus	Arca

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Arca Linnaeus 1758 [ark]

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Subg. Arca (Arca) Linnaeus 1758

†Arca (Arca) accra Cox 1952

†Arca (Arca) filewiczi Squires 1991

†Arca (Arca) givensi Squires 1991

†Arca (Arca) gonzalesi Gliozzi and Malatesta 1983

†Arca (Arca) hatchetigbeensis Harris 1897

†Arca (Arca) hawleyi Reinhart 1943

†Arca (Arca) kelirensis Martin 1916

†Arca (Arca) lomasdesamba Maury 1917

†Arca (Arca) menengtengana Martin 1910

†Arca (Arca) patagonica Ihering 1897

†Arca (Arca) petropolitana Stenzel and Krause 1957

†Arca (Arca) santamariensis Reinhart 1937

†Arca (Arca) sisquocensis Reinhart 1937

†Arca (Arca) subcalcarea Oostingh 1941

†Arca (Arca) suspecta Olsson 1964

†Arca (Arca) williamsoni Olsson 1967

†Arca (Arca) yaquensis Maury 1917

†Arca (Arca) yaquensis berryi Woodring 1925

Subg. Arca (Byssoarca) Swainson 1833

Byssoarca zebra Swainson 1833

†Arca (Arca) occidentalis miocica Vokes 1938

Invalid names: Arca occidentalis Philippi 1847 [synonym]

Subg. Arca (Fossularca) Cossmann 1887

†Barbatia (Fossularca) ovalina Dall 1898

Subg. †Fossularca (Fossularca) Cossmann 1887

†Fossularca africana Newton 1922

Subg. Arca (Litharca) Gray 1842

Arca (Litharca) lithodomus Sowerby 1833

Subg. †Arca (Tosarca) Noda 1965

†Arca (Tosarca) willardausteni Maury 1917

†Arca abrupta Forbes 1846

†Arca aldrichi Dall 1895

†Arca angusta Lamarck 1805

†Arca aquila Heilprin 1887

†Arca arcta Stoppani 1857

Arca augusta Lamarck 1805

†Arca aviculoides Stoppani 1857

†Arca azzarolae Stoppani 1865

†Arca bavarica Winckler 1861

†Arca bezanconi Cossmann 1887

†Arca biangula Lamarck 1805

†Arca blanfordi Newton 1905

Arca bouvieri Fischer 1874

†Arca brahminica Forbes 1846

†Arca budoensis Amano and Kurita 2020

Arca caelata Reeve 1844

†Arca camaronesia Ihering 1907

†Arca capulopsis Pritchard 1901

Arca cardiiformis Basterot 1825

†Arca cardioides Böhm 1891

Arca chemnitzi Philippi 1851

†Arca chevallieri Cossmann 1887

†Arca choffati Thurmann and Etallon 1863

†Arca cholana Spieker 1922

†Arca clarki Dickerson 1916

Arca clathrata Reeve 1844

Arca clathrata burnesi d'Archaic 1850

†Arca clellandi Forbes 1846

Arca cordata Benett 1831

†Arca coxi Dey 1961

†Arca cultrata Stoppani 1857

†Arca debilis Martin 1883

†Arca delandensis Mansfield 1939

Arca divaricata Sowerby 1833

†Arca douvillei Gemmellaro 1896

†Arca feddeni Vredenburg 1928

†Arca fuscoides Martin 1883

†Arca galei Wiedey 1928

†Arca geulemensis Vogel 1895

†Arca harrisi Sheldon 1916

Arca hispida Philippi 1849

Arca holmesii Kurtz 1860

†Arca imperialis Roemer 1836

†Arca incerta Martin 1883

†Arca interrupta Lamarck 1805

†Arca invalida Hanna 1924

Invalid names: Arca dalli Brown and Pilsbry 1913 [replaced]

†Arca japetica Forbes 1846

†Arca kannegieteri Icke 1907

†Arca koerti Böhm 1913

Arca koumaci Lutaenko and Maestrati 2007

Arca labiata Solander 1786

Arca lactea Linnaeus 1767

†Arca larkhanaensis d'Archaic 1850

†Arca lata Münster 1841

†Arca laudunensis Deshayes 1860

†Arca leopoliensis Alth 1850

Arca limula Conrad 1832

†Arca mcnairyensis Wade 1926

†Arca mekranica Vredenburg 1928

†Arca miliacea Cossmann 1887

†Arca minuata Deshayes 1858

†Arca nannodes Martin 1885

Arca navicularis Bruguière 1789

†Arca negata Cotton 1947

†Arca newtoni Vredenburg 1928

†Arca nitida Brocchi 1814

Arca noae Linnaeus 1758

†Arca noae biangulina d'Orbigny 1852

†Arca nuda Münster 1841

†Arca obeidi Abbass 1972

Arca ovata Gmelin 1791

Arca pacifica Sowerby 1833

†Arca pantheonensis Spieker 1922

†Arca paratina Dall 1898

†Arca paratina tampae Mansfield 1937

†Arca particularis del Rio 1992

†Arca peethensis d'Archaic 1850

†Arca perpectinata de Gregorio 1930

†Arca perradiata Astre 1934

†Arca prephina Woodring 1925

†Arca protracta Conrad 1848

†Arca pseudoantiquata Martin 1883

†Arca pseudonavicularis Tate 1886

†Arca quadrilatera Lamarck 1805

†Arca radiata Sowerby 1840

†Arca rudis Stoppani 1865

†Arca salomonensis Gemmellaro 1896

†Arca sandbergeri Deshayes 1860

†Arca silverdalensis Kellum 1926

†Arca socialis Giebel 1856

†Arca spiekeri Olsson 1932

Arca squamosa Lamarck 1819

†Arca striatula Hislop 1859

†Arca stricklandi Tate 1870

†Arca subfiligrana d'Archaic and Haime 1853

†Arca sublata Thurmann and Etallon 1862

†Arca submultiformis Vredenburg 1928

†Arca sulcicosta Nyst 1836

Arca symphenacis Oliver and Chesney 1994

†Arca syracusensis Mayer 1868

†Arca tirolensis Broili 1904

†Arca tjidamarensis Martin 1879

Arca trapezia Deshayes 1839

†Arca uhligi Boehm 1881

†Arca valdensis Boussac 1911

†Arca valdiviana Grzybowski 1899

†Arca vanholsti Spieker 1922

†Arca vaughani Casey 1903

†Arca wagneriana Heilprin 1887

Arca zebra Swainson 1833

†Scapharca zorritensis Nelson 1870

Invalid names: Arcoptera Bittner 1895 [synonym], Navicula Blainville 1825 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

part	N	mean	minimum	maximum	median	s.d.
height	2	6.48	3.00	14.0	8.50	7.78
shell height	3	16.4	14.0	21.0	15.0	3.79
valve height	2	16.9	13.0	22.0	17.5	6.36

Composition:

aragonitef

Entire body:

yesf

Adult length:

10 to < 100f

Adult width:

10 to < 100f

Adult height:

10 to < 100f

Thickness:

intermediatef

Folds:

minorf

Ribbing:

majorf

Spines:

nonef

Internal reinforcement:

nonef

Ontogeny:

accretionf

Environment:

lagoonal, coastal, inner shelf, outer shelf, oceanic, brackish, freshwaterf

Locomotion:

stationaryg

Attached:

yesg

Life habit:

epifaunalg

Diet:

suspension feederg

Vision:

limitedf

Comments:

LIFE HISTORY: EP, SE, BA, SU according to Todd (2001).g

Created:

2004-02-29 17:09:41

Modified:

2009-09-09 11:04:20

Source: g = genus, f = family

References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Mikkelsen and Bieler 2008

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Wordian to the top of the Holocene or 266.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 264.28 Ma

Collections (673 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Wordian	266.9 - 264.28	Italy	Arca douvillei, Arca salomonensis (108672) Arca perpectinata (233340)
Wuchiapingian	259.9 - 254.17	Madagascar (Diana)	Arca perradiata (81987)
Anisian	247.2 - 242.0	Germany (Hessen)	Arca triasina (38545)
Illyrian	247.2 - 242.0	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Arcoptera canaliculata (137002)
Middle Triassic	247.2 - 237.0	Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt)	Arca triasina, Arca socialis (201970)
Longobardian	242.0 - 235.0	Italy (Trentino)	Arca tirolensis, Arcoptera ampla, Arcoptera areata, Arcoptera lateareata, Arcoptera vixareata, Arcoptera schlosseri (44953)
Carnian	237.0 - 228.0	Italy (South Tyrol)	Arcoptera arcuata (205147)
Late/Upper Triassic	237.0 - 201.4	Germany	Arca bavarica (202142)
Late/Upper Triassic - Early/Lower Jurassic	237.0 - 174.7	Singapore	Arca sp. (113863)
Julian	235.0 - 232.0	Italy	Arca lata, Arca nuda (137429) Arcoptera elegantula (144634)
Rhaetian	208.5 - 201.3	Italy	Arca cultrata (204951) Arca cultrata, Avicula aviculoides (204950) Mytilus arctus (204937)
Rhaetian	208.5 - 201.3	Italy (Lombardy)	Arca cultrata, Arca azzarolae, Arca imperialis (38083) Avicula aviculoides (38118)
Early/Lower Jurassic	201.4 - 174.7	Mexico (Sonora)	Arca sp. (39132)
Angulata	201.3 - 196.5	France (Lorraine)	Arca pulla (53947)
Early/Lower Hettangian	201.3 - 196.5	France	Arca sp. (39215)
Planorbis	201.3 - 196.5	France	Arca sp. (39382)
Pliensbachian	190.8 - 182.7	United Kingdom (Gloucestershire)	Cucullaea stricklandi (204121 204122)
Bathonian	168.3 - 166.1	India (Gujarat)	Arca sp. (46470)
Early/Lower Callovian	164.7 - 161.2	Madagascar	Arca sp. (98165)
Oxfordian	163.5 - 157.3	New Zealand	Arca sp. (133956)