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Tyrannosauridae (tyrannosaurid)

Reptilia - Tyrannosauridae

Taxonomy
Tyrannosauridae was named by Osborn (1906). Its type is Tyrannosaurus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Deinodontidae by Matthew and Brown (1922), Tatarinov (1964) and Maleev (1968).

It was assigned to Therophagi by Jaekel (1914); to Megalosauria by Nopcsa (1923); to Carnosauria by Parsch (1963); to Saurischia by Madsen and Miller (1979); to Dinoaves by Bakker (1986); to Allosauria by Paul (1988); to Carnosauria by Romer (1956), Lapparent (1960), Estes (1964), Colbert (1964), Romer (1966), Miller (1967), Colbert and Russell (1969), Reig (1970), Steel (1970), Barsbold (1976), Barsbold (1977), Bonaparte (1978), Baird and Horner (1979), Dong (1979), Bonaparte (1980), Ostrom (1980), Barsbold (1983), Russell (1984), Mader and Bradley (1989), Kurzanov (1989) and Dong (1992); to Carnosauria by Gauthier (1986), Molnar et al. (1990) and Russell and Dong (1994); to Arctometatarsalia by Holtz (1994), Holtz (1995), Holtz (1996), Hutchinson and Padian (1997), Holtz (1998) and Holtz (2000); to Theropoda by Eberth et al. (2001); to Theropoda by Osborn (1906), Rozhdestvensky (1977), Carroll (1988), Carpenter (1992) and Peng et al. (2001); to Theropoda by Langston (1974), Coulton (1976), McIntosh (1981), Thulborn (1984) and Chure et al. (2006); to Coelurosauria by Novas (1992), Sereno et al. (1994), Currie (1995), Sereno (1997), Zinke (1998) and Coria and Currie (2006); to Coelurosauria by Currie (1997) and Hendrickx and Mateus (2014); and to Tyrannosauroidea by Walker (1964), Charig (1967), Bonaparte et al. (1990), Sereno (1998), Rauhut (2003), Holtz (2004), Carr et al. (2005), Xu et al. (2006), Li et al. (2009), Rauhut et al. (2010), Benson et al. (2010), Carr et al. (2011), Loewen et al. (2013), Lü et al. (2014), Williamson and Brusatte (2014), Carr et al. (2017) and Yun (2017).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1866Dinodontidae Cope
1868Aublysodon Leidy p. 198
1868Aublysodon mirandus Leidy p. 198
1870Aublysodon Cope p. 120
1877Aublysodon Cope p. 572
1890Ornithomimus grandis Cannon p. 253
1890Ornithomimus grandis Marsh p. 85
1890Aublysodon Zittel p. 726
1890Ornithomimus grandis Zittel p. 767
1892Aublysodon amplus Marsh
1892Aublysodon cristatus Marsh
1892Aublysodon amplus Marsh p. 174
1892Aublysodon cristatus Marsh p. 175
1893Ornithomimus grandis Winkler p. 111
1896Ornithomimus grandis Marsh p. 206
1901Ornithomimus grandis Gadow p. 429
1901Aublysodon Nopcsa p. 199
1901Aublysodon amplus Nopcsa p. 199
1901Aublysodon cristatus Nopcsa p. 199
1901Aublysodon mirandus Nopcsa p. 199
1901Ornithomimus grandis Nopcsa p. 201
1902Deinodon amplus Hay p. 488
1902Deinodon cristatus Hay p. 488
1902Ornithomimus grandis Hay p. 494
1904Ornithomimus grandis Lambe p. 33
1906Tyrannosauridae Osborn p. 283
1909Aublysodon Huene p. 15
1911Aublysodon von Zittel p. 281
1914Aublysodon mirandus Brown p. 378
1914Tyrannosauridae Jaekel p. 197
1915Deinodontidae Matthew p. 32
1920Deinodon grandis Gilmore p. 122
1922Deinodontidae Matthew and Brown p. 378
1923Deinodontidae Huene p. 457 fig. 3
1923Tyrannosauridae Nopcsa p. 126
1924Deinodontidae Lull p. 230
1926Dinodontidae Huene p. 101
1927Dinodontidae Huene p. 256
1927Ornithomimus grandis Huene p. 260
1928Aublysodon Nopcsa p. 183
1929Dinodontidae Huene p. 155
1930Deinodontidae Hay p. 176
1930Tyrannosaurus amplus Hay p. 180
1930Ornithomimus grandis Hay p. 183
1930Dinodontidae Russell p. 136
1934Ornithomimus grandis Huene p. 19
1934Aublysodon Stromer p. 80
1934Deinodontidae Stromer p. 80
1937Dinodontidae Roxo p. 65
1939Ornithomimus grandis Kuhn p. 51
1939Tyrannosaurus amplus Kuhn p. 83
1944Dinodontidae Rapp p. 287
1946Deinodontidae Kuhn p. 65
1948Dinodontidae Huene p. 90
1956Aublysodon Romer p. 616
1956Tyrannosauridae Romer p. 616
1959Dinodontidae Huene p. 122
1960Tyrannosauridae Lapparent p. 27
1963Tyrannosauridae Parsch p. 4
1963Aublysodon Parsch p. 6
1964Tyrannosauridae Colbert pp. 21-22 fig. 6
1964Tyrannosauridae Estes p. 144
1964Deinodontidae Tatarinov p. 538
1964Tyrannosauridae Walker p. 105
1966Deinodontidae Kuhn p. 94
1966Tyrannosauridae Romer p. 369
1967Aublysodon Charig p. 714
1967Tyrannosauridae Charig p. 714
1967Tyrannosauridae Miller p. 232
1967Deinodontidae Russell p. 11
1968Deinodontidae Maleev p. 95
1969Tyrannosauridae Colbert and Russell p. 45
1970Tyrannosauridae Reig p. 279
1970Ornithomimus grandis Steel p. 19
1970Tyrannosauridae Steel p. 38
1970Aublysodon Steel p. 40
1970Aublysodon mirandus Steel p. 40
1970Ornithomimus grandis Swinton p. 130
1970Dinodontidae Swinton p. 151
1974Tyrannosauridae Langston p. 82
1976Tyrannosauridae Barsbold p. 74
1976Tyrannosauridae Coulton p. 177
1977Tyrannosauridae Barsbold p. 50
1977Tyrannosauridae Rozhdestvensky p. 112
1978Tyrannosauridae Bonaparte p. 323
1979Tyrannosauridae Baird and Horner p. 6
1979Tyrannosauridae Dong
1979Tyrannosauridae Madsen and Miller p. 5
1980Tyrannosauridae Bonaparte p. 82
1980Tyrannosauridae Ostrom p. 22
1981Tyrannosauridae McIntosh p. 8
1981Deinodontidae Thurmond and Jones p. 144
1982Aublysodon mirandus Carpenter p. 130
1983Aublysodon Barsbold p. 95
1983Tyrannosauridae Barsbold p. 95
1984Aublysodon Russell p. 25
1984Tyrannosauridae Russell p. 28
1984Aublysodon mirandus Russell p. 34
1984Tyrannosauridae Thulborn p. 133
1986Tyrannosauridae Bakker p. 460
1986Aublysodon Clemens p. 79
1986Tyrannosauridae Gauthier p. 10
1987Aublysodon Currie p. 54
1988Aublysodon Carroll
1988Tyrannosauridae Carroll
1988Tyrannosauridae Paul p. 323
1988Aublysodon Paul p. 324
1988Aublysodon mirandus Paul p. 324
1989Ornithomimus grandis Horner p. 154
1989Tyrannosauridae Kurzanov p. 5
1989Tyrannosauridae Mader and Bradley p. 43
1989Aublysodon mirandus Molnar and Carpenter p. 447
1989Aublysodon Molnar and Carpenter p. 453
1990Tyrannosauridae Bonaparte et al. p. 40
1990Aublysodon Lehman and Carpenter p. 1029
1990Aublysodon mirandus Lehman and Carpenter p. 1030
1990Tyrannosauridae Molnar et al. p. 189
1990Aublysodon Molnar et al. p. 191
1990Aublysodon mirandus Molnar et al. p. 191
1992Tyrannosauridae Carpenter p. 253
1992Aublysodon mirandus Currie pp. 241-242
1992Aublysodon Currie p. 242
1992Tyrannosauridae Dong pp. 164-165
1992Tyrannosauridae Novas p. 147
1994Tyrannosauridae Holtz
1994Tyrannosauridae Russell and Dong p. 2125
1994Tyrannosauridae Sereno et al. p. 270
1995Tyrannosauridae Currie p. 25A
1995Tyrannosauridae Holtz, Jr. p. 35A
1996Tyrannosauridae Holtz, Jr. p. 42A
1997Tyrannosauridae Currie p. 733
1997Aublysodon Eberth p. 201
1997Aublysodon Holtz, Jr. p. 53A
1997Tyrannosauridae Hutchinson and Padian p. 129
1997Aublysodon Ryan p. 391
1997Aublysodon mirandus Ryan p. 391
1997Tyrannosauridae Sereno p. 457
1998Tyrannosauridae Holtz, Jr. p. 40
1998Aublysodon Sereno p. 65
1998Tyrannosauridae Sereno p. 65
1998Tyrannosauridae Zinke p. 183
1998Aublysodon Zinke p. 184
1999Aublysodon mirandus Breithaupt p. 60
1999Aublysodon Manabe p. 1177
2000Aublysodon Currie p. 447
2000Tyrannosauridae Holtz, Jr. p. 13 fig. 5
2000Stygivenator amplus Olshevsky p. 155
2000Stygivenator cristatus Olshevsky p. 155
2001Aublysodon Eberth et al. p. 56
2001Tyrannosauridae Eberth et al. p. 56
2001Aublysodon mirandus Eberth et al. p. 58
2001Aublysodon Holtz, Jr. pp. 67-68 fig. 7.2
2001Aublysodon mirandus Holtz, Jr. pp. 67-68
2001Aublysodon Peng et al. p. 40
2001Tyrannosauridae Peng et al. p. 40
2003Aublysodon Rauhut p. 43
2003Aublysodon mirandus Rauhut p. 43
2003Tyrannosauridae Rauhut p. 153
2004Tyrannosauridae Holtz, Jr. p. 112
2005Tyrannosauridae Carr et al. p. 140 fig. 21
2006Tyrannosauridae Chure et al. p. 236
2006Tyrannosauridae Coria and Currie p. 108 fig. 35
2006Tyrannosauridae Xu et al. p. 717 fig. 3
2009Tyrannosauridae Li et al.
2010Tyrannosauridae Benson et al. p. 1613
2010Tyrannosauridae Rauhut et al. p. 183 fig. 23
2011Tyrannosauridae Carr et al.
2013Tyrannosauridae Loewen et al. p. 2
2014Tyrannosauridae Hendrickx and Mateus
2014Tyrannosauridae Lü et al.
2014Tyrannosauridae Williamson and Brusatte p. 7
2017Tyrannosauridae Carr et al. p. 9s
2017Tyrannosauridae Yun p. 11

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
Sauropsida
classReptilia
RankNameAuthor
subclassEureptilia()
Romeriida
Diapsida()
Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
Crocopoda
ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
Eucrocopoda
Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
Ornithodira
Dinosauromorpha
Dinosauriformes
Dinosauria()
Theropoda()
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria()
superfamilyTyrannosauroidea
familyTyrannosauridae
familyTyrannosauridae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Tyrannosauridae Osborn 1906 [tyrannosaurid]
show all | hide all
G. †Albertosaurus Osborn 1905 [Alberta lizard]
+
+
Invalid names: Albertosaurus arctunguis Parks 1928 [synonym]
G. †Gorgosaurus Lambe 1914
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Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe 1914
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Invalid names: Dryptosaurus kenabekides Hay 1899 [synonym], Gorgosaurus sternbergi Matthew and Brown 1922 [synonym], Laelaps falculus Cope 1876 [synonym], Laelaps hazenianus Hay 1902 [synonym], Laelaps incrassatus Cope 1876 [synonym]
G. †Tarbosaurus Maleev 1955
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Tarbosaurus bataar Maleev 1955
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Invalid names: Albertosaurus periculosus Riabinin 1930 [synonym], Gorgosaurus lancinator Maleev 1955 [synonym], Gorgosaurus novojilovi Maleev 1955 [synonym], Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis Dong 1977 [synonym], Tarbosaurus efremovi Maleev 1955 [synonym], Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis Dong 1979 [synonym]
Invalid names: Jenghizkhan Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Maleevosaurus Carpenter 1992 [synonym], Shanshanosaurus Dong 1977 [synonym]
Subfm. †Tyrannosaurinae Matthew and Brown 1922 [tyrannosaurine]
+
G. †Alioramus Kurzanov 1976
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Alioramus remotus Kurzanov 1976
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Invalid names: Alioramus altai Brusatte 2009 [synonym]
Alioramus sinensis Lü et al. 2014
Invalid names: Qianzhousaurus Lü et al. 2014 [synonym]
Unr. †Daspletosaurini Voris et al. 2020
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G. †Daspletosaurus Russell 1970
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Daspletosaurus horneri Carr et al. 2017
Daspletosaurus torosus Russell 1970
Daspletosaurus wilsoni Warshaw and Fowler 2022
G. †Thanatotheristes Voris et al. 2020
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Thanatotheristes degrootorum Voris et al. 2020
G. †Dynamoterror McDonald et al. 2018
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Dynamoterror dynastes McDonald et al. 2018
G. †Lythronax Loewen et al. 2013
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Lythronax argestes Loewen et al. 2013
G. †Nanuqsaurus Fiorillo and Tykoski 2014
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Nanuqsaurus hoglundi Fiorillo and Tykoski 2014
G. †Teratophoneus Carr et al. 2011
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Teratophoneus curriei Carr et al. 2011
G. †Tyrannosaurus Osborn 1905 [tyrant lizard]
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Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis Dalman et al. 2023
Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905 [tyrant lizard king]
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Invalid names: Albertosaurus megagracilis Paul 1988 [synonym], Aublysodon molnaris Paul 1988 [synonym], Dynamosaurus imperiosus Osborn 1905 [synonym], Manospondylus gigas Cope 1892 [synonym], Nanotyrannus lancensis Gilmore 1946 [synonym], Tyrannosaurus imperator Paul et al. 2022 [synonym], Tyrannosaurus regina Paul et al. 2022 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dinotyrannus Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Dynamosaurus Osborn 1905 [synonym], Manospondylus Cope 1892 [synonym], Nanotyrannus Bakker et al. 1988 [synonym], Stygivenator Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Tyrannosauripus Lessertisseur 1955 [nomen nudum], Tyrannosaurus turpanensis Zhai et al. 1978 [nomen dubium]
G. †Zhuchengtyrannus Hone et al. 2011
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Zhuchengtyrannus magnus Hone et al. 2011
Invalid names: Shanshanosaurinae Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Tarbosaurini Olshevsky et al. 1995 [empty], Tyrannosaurini Olshevsky et al. 1995 [empty], Tyrannosaurus zhuchengensis Hu et al. 2001 [nomen dubium]
Unr. †Tyrannosauripodidae McCrea et al. 2014
+
G. †Bellatoripes McCrea et al. 2014
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Bellatoripes fredlundi McCrea et al. 2014
G. †Tyrannosauripus Lockley and Hunt 1994
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Tyrannosauripus pillmorei Lockley and Hunt 1994
G. †Yezosaurus Muramoto and Obata 1977
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Yezosaurus mikasaensis Caldwell et al. 2008
Invalid names: Albertosaurinae Currie et al. 2003 [empty], Aublysodon Leidy 1868 [nomen dubium], Deinodontidae Brown 1914 [synonym], Ornithomimus grandis Marsh 1890 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
H. F. Osborn 19061. Skull abbreviated, with two large antorbital openings, and a third smaller opening between the maxillaries and premaxillaries. Squamosal sending off a horizontal anterior bar.
2. Teeth, thirteen in the maxillaries and twelve to thirteen in the dentaries. A pair of reduced anterior cutting teeth in the dentaries, Teeth very broadly oval in section, transverse exceeding antero-
posterior diameters, with serrate edges.
3. Dental alveoli in the maxillaries and dentaries expanded into triangular slipporting plates on the inner side of the jaws.
4. Actual number of presacral vertebrae unknown, probably twenty-three; cervicals probably nine with broad neural spines; sacrals five, with coalesced spines forming a continuous plate.
5. Atlas and axis complex, apparently consisting of six separate elements, namely: atlas hypocentrum, two neurapophyses, and pleurocentrum (odontoid); axis hypocentrum and centrum.
6. Shoulder girdle with greatly reduced scapula and humerus.
7. Complete system of median and paired abdominal ribs resembling those of Hatteria.
8. Pelvic girdle consisting of elongate, compressed ilium, with elongate horizontal plate extending from anterior portion; pubes firmly coalesced in median portion, also at distal peduncle; ischia reduced in contact distally.
9. All known limb bones and longer girdle bones hollow.
10. Hind limbs greatly elongated, with large hollow cavities, femur longer than tibia. Three chief metatarsals partly coalesced, and reduced hallux.
R. S. Lull 1924 (Deinodontidae)The gigantic carnivores of the Cretaceous have a deeper and more massive skull than do the megalosaurs. These latter show that a certain movement was possible between some of the bones of the skull (front-parietal and jugo-uadrato-jugal). This is absent in the deinodonts. The V-shaped cross section of the anterior teeth, so marked in the deinodonts, is merely a tendency in the megalosaurs, and the fore limbs are relatively much more reduced, with an extremely specialized manus.
F. v. Huene 1948 (Dinodontidae)Like Allosauridae, but only 2 fingers in manus; mt. IV with reduced proximal end. Senonian.
K. Carpenter 1992(General) Head large relative to bodu size; neck, trunk and forelimbs are short. (Cranial) Nasals very rugose, often fused along the midline, and constricted between the lacrymals; frontals excluded from the orbits by the lacrymals; jugal pierced by large foramen; premaxillary teeth D-shaped in cross-section, with carinae along the posteromedial and posterolateral margins; vomer with diamond-shaped process between the maxillae; ectopterygoid with large ventral opening; surangular foramen large. (Postcranial) Cervical centra slightly opsithocoelous, anteroposteriorly compressed, and broad; scapula long and slender; humerus with weakly- to moderately-well developed deltopectoral crest; manus reduced to two functional digits (II and III), with digit IV reduced to a splint; pubis with well developed anterior foot; distal end of the ischium not expanded; ascending ramus of astragalus broad and tall.