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Pachycephalosauridae
Taxonomy
Pachycephalosauridae was named by Sternberg (1945). It was considered monophyletic by Sereno (2000) and Butler et al. (2008) and unknown by Watabe et al. (2011).
It was assigned to Ornithischia by Tatarinov (1964); to Brachypoda by Thulborn (1974) and Thulborn (1977); to Ornitophoda by Bonaparte (1978); to Pachycephalosauroidea by Zhao (1983); to Ornithopoda by Sternberg (1945), Romer (1956), Parsch (1963), Kuhn (1964), Estes (1964), Kuhn (1966), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Swinton (1970), Galton (1971), Galton (1974), Wall and Galton (1979), Sues and Taquet (1979), Benton (1979), Bonaparte (1980), Ostrom (1980), McIntosh (1981) and Norman (1984); to Pachycephalosauria by Cooper (1985); to Orbitoscuta by Bakker (1986); to Pachycephalosauria by Maryańska and Osmólska (1974), Rozhdestvensky (1977), Dong (1978), Russell (1984), Sues and Galton (1987), Carroll (1988), Maryanska (1990), Dong (1992), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Goodwin et al. (1998), Sereno (1999), Peng et al. (2001) and Williamson and Carr (2003); to Homalocephaloidea by Maryanska et al. (2004); to Ornithischia by Watabe et al. (2011); to Ornithischia by Eberth et al. (2001), Sullivan (2006), Jasinski and Sullivan (2011) and Evans et al. (2013); and to Pachycephalosauria by Olshevsky and Ford (1994), Sues (1997), Sereno (2000), Butler et al. (2008), Han et al. (2012) and Woodruff et al. (2021).
It was assigned to Ornithischia by Tatarinov (1964); to Brachypoda by Thulborn (1974) and Thulborn (1977); to Ornitophoda by Bonaparte (1978); to Pachycephalosauroidea by Zhao (1983); to Ornithopoda by Sternberg (1945), Romer (1956), Parsch (1963), Kuhn (1964), Estes (1964), Kuhn (1966), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Swinton (1970), Galton (1971), Galton (1974), Wall and Galton (1979), Sues and Taquet (1979), Benton (1979), Bonaparte (1980), Ostrom (1980), McIntosh (1981) and Norman (1984); to Pachycephalosauria by Cooper (1985); to Orbitoscuta by Bakker (1986); to Pachycephalosauria by Maryańska and Osmólska (1974), Rozhdestvensky (1977), Dong (1978), Russell (1984), Sues and Galton (1987), Carroll (1988), Maryanska (1990), Dong (1992), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Goodwin et al. (1998), Sereno (1999), Peng et al. (2001) and Williamson and Carr (2003); to Homalocephaloidea by Maryanska et al. (2004); to Ornithischia by Watabe et al. (2011); to Ornithischia by Eberth et al. (2001), Sullivan (2006), Jasinski and Sullivan (2011) and Evans et al. (2013); and to Pachycephalosauria by Olshevsky and Ford (1994), Sues (1997), Sereno (2000), Butler et al. (2008), Han et al. (2012) and Woodruff et al. (2021).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1945 | Pachycephalosauridae Sternberg pp. 535-6 |
1956 | Pachycephalosauridae Romer p. 631 |
1963 | Pachycephalosauridae Parsch p. 4 |
1964 | Pachycephalosauridae Estes p. 144 |
1964 | Pachycephalosauridae Kuhn p. 30 |
1964 | Pachycephalosauridae Tatarinov p. 588 |
1966 | Pachycephalosauridae Kuhn p. 103 |
1966 | Pachycephalosauridae Romer p. 370 |
1967 | Pachycephalosauridae Charig p. 716 |
1970 | Pachycephalosauridae Swinton p. 200 |
1971 | Pachycephalosauridae Galton p. 40 |
1974 | Pachycephalosauridae Galton p. 1064 fig. 6 |
1974 | Pachycephalosauridae Maryańska and Osmólska p. 50 |
1974 | Pachycephalosauridae Thulborn p. 173 |
1977 | Pachycephalosauridae Rozhdestvensky p. 114 |
1977 | Pachycephalosauridae Thulborn p. 726 fig. 1 |
1978 | Pachycephalosauridae Bonaparte p. 331 |
1978 | Pachycephalosauridae Dong p. 225 |
1979 | Pachycephalosauridae Benton p. 143 |
1979 | Pachycephalosauridae Sues and Taquet |
1979 | Gravitholus Wall and Galton pp. 1180-1181 |
1979 | Pachycephalosauridae Wall and Galton p. 1185 |
1980 | Pachycephalosauridae Bonaparte p. 82 |
1980 | Gravitholus Currie pp. 29-30 |
1980 | Pachycephalosauridae Ostrom p. 22 |
1981 | Pachycephalosauridae McIntosh p. 35 |
1983 | Gravitholus Dodson p. 95 |
1983 | Pachycephalosauridae Zhao p. 301 |
1984 | Pachycephalosauridae Norman pp. 160-162 fig. 2 |
1984 | Gravitholus Russell p. 25 |
1984 | Pachycephalosauridae Russell p. 29 |
1985 | Pachycephalosauridae Cooper p. 291 |
1986 | Pachycephalosauridae Bakker p. 461 |
1986 | Gravitholus Clemens p. 80 |
1986 | Tholocephalidae Sereno |
1987 | Gravitholus Sues and Galton |
1987 | Pachycephalosauridae Sues and Galton |
1988 | Gravitholus Carroll |
1988 | Pachycephalosauridae Carroll |
1990 | Gravitholus Maryanska p. 566 |
1990 | Pachycephalosauridae Maryanska p. 566 |
1992 | Pachycephalosauridae Dong p. 166 |
1994 | Gravitholus Olshevsky and Ford p. 91 |
1994 | Pachycephalosauridae Olshevsky and Ford p. 91 |
1997 | Pachycephalosauridae Sereno p. 443 |
1997 | Pachycephalosauridae Sues p. 512 |
1998 | Pachycephalosauridae Goodwin et al. p. 363 |
1998 | Pachycephalosauridae Sereno p. 62 |
1999 | Pachycephalosauridae Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2 |
2000 | Pachycephalosauridae Sereno p. 482 |
2001 | Pachycephalosauridae Eberth et al. p. 57 |
2001 | Pachycephalosauridae Peng et al. p. 36 |
2003 | Pachycephalosauridae Williamson and Carr fig. 11 |
2004 | Gravitholus Maryanska et al. p. 465 |
2004 | Pachycephalosauridae Maryanska et al. p. 465 |
2006 | Pachycephalosauridae Sullivan p. 349 |
2008 | Pachycephalosauridae Butler et al. pp. 22-23 figs. 2-4 |
2010 | Texacephale Longrich et al. |
2010 | Texacephale langstoni Longrich et al. p. 276 figs. 3-5 |
2011 | Pachycephalosauridae Jasinski and Sullivan p. 202 |
2011 | Pachycephalosauridae Watabe et al. p. 490 |
2012 | Pachycephalosauridae Han et al. p. 1391 fig. 14 |
2013 | Pachycephalosauridae Evans et al. p. 2 |
2013 | Texacephale langstoni Longrich et al. p. 24 |
2021 | Pachycephalosauridae Woodruff et al. p. 588 fig. 14 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. †Pachycephalosauridae Sternberg 1945
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Subfm. †Pachycephalosaurinae Sereno 1997
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G. †Sphaerotholus Williamson and Carr 2003
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†Sphaerotholus buchholtzae Williamson and Carr 2003
†Sphaerotholus edmontonensis Brown and Schlaikjer 1943
†Sphaerotholus goodwini Williamson and Carr 2003
†Sphaerotholus lyonsi Woodruff et al. 2023
†Sphaerotholus triregnum Woodruff et al. 2023
Unr. †Pachycephalosaurini Sullivan 2003
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Invalid names: Gravitholus Wall and Galton 1979 [nomen dubium], Texacephale Longrich et al. 2010 [nomen dubium], Tholocephalidae Sereno 1986 [synonym]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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C. M. Sternberg 1945 | Abdominal cuirass of segmented ribs; premaxillae with (or without) teeth; teeth in a single row (faces of crowns vertically ribbed, edges denticulate, base expanded); domelike thickening of parietal and frontal bones (occipetal condyle strongly deflected, neck probably strongly arched as in the Hadrosauridae); dorsal vertebrae having zygapophyses with tongue and groove articulation; pelvic bones resembling the Ceratopsia in the horizontal widening of the preacetabular portion of the ilium and ischium without obturator process and with an elongated pubic process. | |
T. Maryańska and H. Osmólska 1974 | Bipedal, highly specialized ornithischians, small to moderate in size. Pubis does not take part in formation of acetabulum. Skull roof thickened, flat to dome-like. Supratemporal fenestra usually closed in highly domed forms. Antorbital fenestra occasionally present. Maxilla penetrated by extensive intramaxillary sinus. Epipterygoid present and being in contact with the prootic. Orbits anteriorly and medially closed by accessory sphenethmoidal ossifications. Quadrate with tendency to oblique po sition ofits dorsal portion. Jugal excluded from posterior boundary ofinfratemporal fenestra and together with quadratojugal strongly expanded ventrally to level ofarticular surface ofquadrate. Basicranial region strongly shortened (sag.), nearly completely separated from palatal and suborbital regions by extension of quadrate and pterygoid and by juncture of basisphenoid and prootic with quadrate wing of the pterygoid. Basal tubera thin, plate-like. Occipital and basicranial regions usually placed almost in the same vertical plane. Premaxillary dentition present, heterodonty more or less pronounced. Dentition weak, teeth arranged in one row, enameled on both sides. External skull bones strongly ornamented. Dorsal vertebrae mostly with tongue and groove articulation of zygapophyses. Caudal ribs strongly developed on anterior caudals. Tibia shorter or equal in length to femur. Pes tetradactyl. | |
R. M. Sullivan 2006 | Ornithischian dinosaurs with thickened, fully-flat or incipiently to fully-domed frontoparietals, broad and flattened postorbital-squamosal bar; supratemporal fenestrae absent to well-developed; broad exposure of the occiput; quadrate and ventral surface of squamosal (occipital plate) directed anteroventrally; squamosals developed into deep plates on the occiput with greatly enlarged upper-outer corners; two supraorbital elements lateral to the frontal; arched premaxillary-maxillary diastema; broad postorbital-jugal bar, plate-shaped basal tubera, variably developed nodes on the squamosal (either in rows or clusters), nasals and other parts of the skull.
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Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: g = genus, o = order | |||||
References: Marsh 1875, Peczkis 1995 |
Age range: base of the Late/Upper Santonian to the top of the Lancian or 85.80000 to 66.00000 Ma
Collections (72 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Cenomanian - Santonian | Mongolia (Omnogov) | Pachycephalosauria indet. (127666) | |
Late/Upper Santonian | Canada (Alberta) | Acrotholus audeti (125521) Stegoceras sp. (68656) | |
Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Stegoceras brevis (64649 64650 64651) Troodon sternbergi (64648 64656) | |
Campanian | USA (Montana) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (22691 59373) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Mexico (Coahuila) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (113768) | |
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (Utah) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (230891) | |
Judithian | USA (Texas) | Troodon sp. (14488 14489) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Texas) | Stegoceras sp. (96599 96600 96601) Texacephale langstoni (94373) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (New Mexico) | Pachycephalosauria indet. (53515) Pachycephalosauridae indet. (36541 53517) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (22697 45261 45262 45264 45671 45898 45899 47816 67871 67873 89605) Sphaerotholus lyonsi (233410) Stegoceras brevis, Stegoceras validus (60877) | |
Middle Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Gravitholus albertae (72144) Pachycephalosauridae indet. (45240 45560 45564 45566 45567 47794 47795 47809 67884 181024) Stegoceras sp. (59378 59379) Troodon sp. (64654) | |
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (45819 45821) | |
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Texas) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (68001 68003) Texacephale langstoni (22709) | |
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | Mongolia (Omnogov) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (181419) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Canada (Alberta) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (162136) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Maastrichtian | Canada (Alberta) | Troodon edmontonensis (64653) | |
Maastrichtian | USA (Montana) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (85498 85499) Stegoceras edmontonense (53516) | |
Maastrichtian | Mongolia (Omnogov) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (37019) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | USA (Alaska) | Pachycephalosaurinae indet. (53494) | |
Lancian | USA (South Dakota) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (14537 192251) | |
Lancian | USA (North Dakota) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (137712 137715) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Montana) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (13142) Platytholus clemensi (230093) Sphaerotholus triregnum (152397) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (54105) Pachycephalosaurinae indet. (223799) Sphaerotholus buchholtzae (170675) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Wyoming) | Pachycephalosauridae indet. (22638) |