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Ankylosauria (ankylosaur)

Reptilia

Taxonomy
Ankylosauria was named by Osborn (1923) [Named in text without description.]. It was considered monophyletic by Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was reranked as the order Ankylosauria by Bakker and Galton (1974); it was reranked as the unranked clade Ankylosauria by Buchholz (2002), Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007), Butler et al. (2008), Han et al. (2012), Yang et al. (2013), Arbour et al. (2014), Gasparini et al. (2015), Leahey et al. (2015), Penkalski and Tumanova (2017), Brown et al. (2017), Arbour and Evans (2017), Zheng et al. (2018), Murray et al. (2019), Dieudonné et al. (2020) and Paulina-Carabajal et al. (2021).

It was assigned to Enoplosauria by Swinton (1970); to Ornithischia by Bakker and Galton (1974); to Orbitoscuta by Bakker (1986); to Ankylosauromorpha by Carpenter (2001); to Ornithischia by Romer (1956), Parsch (1963), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Ostrom (1965), Kuhn (1966), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Thulborn (1971), Krebs (1974), Bonaparte (1978), Benton (1979), Ostrom (1980), McIntosh (1981), Thurmond and Jones (1981), McGinnis (1982), Russell (1984), Maryanska and Osmólska (1985), Carroll (1988), Dong (1993), Buffetaut (1995), Peng et al. (2001) and Chure et al. (2006); to Thyreophora by de Valais et al. (2003), Weishampel (2004), Parish and Barrett (2004) and Butler et al. (2008); to Ornithischia by Gasparini et al. (2015), Penkalski and Tumanova (2017) and Brown et al. (2017); to Eurypoda by Sereno (1986), Benton (1990), Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Norman et al. (2004), Maidment et al. (2006), Maidment et al. (2008), Leahey et al. (2015) and Zheng et al. (2018); and to Thyreophora by Buchholz (2002), Sánchez-Hernández et al. (2007), Han et al. (2012), Yang et al. (2013), Arbour et al. (2014), Arbour and Evans (2017), Murray et al. (2019), Dieudonné et al. (2020), Paulina-Carabajal et al. (2021) and Rozadilla et al. (2021).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1856Palaeoscincus Leidy p. 72
1856Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy p. 72
1857Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy p. 90
1860Palaeoscincus Leidy p. 146
1860Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy p. 146
1867Acanthopholis horridus Etheridge p. 67
1867Acanthopholis horridus Huxley p. 65
1867Acanthopholis Huxley p. 67 figs. Pl. 5
1867Acanthopholis horridus Huxley p. 67 figs. Pl. 5
1869Palaeoscincus Cope p. 91
1869Palaeoscincus costatus Cope p. 99
1869Acanthopholis horridus Matheron p. 375
1869Acanthopholis Seeley p. xvii
1869Acanthopholis macrocercus Seeley p. xvii figs. 6-8
1869Acanthopholis stereocercus Seeley p. xvii
1870Acanthopholis Huxley p. 34
1871Acanthopholis horridus Seeley p. 307
1874Palaeoscincus costatus Cope p. 26
1875Palaeoscincus costatus Cope p. 248
1875Acanthopholis macrocercus Jukes-Browne p. 305
1875Acanthopholis stereocercus Jukes-Browne p. 311
1875Cryptosaurus eumerus Seeley
1875Cryptosaurus Seeley p. 149
1875Cryptosaurus eumerus Seeley p. 151 figs. 1-4
1875Priodontognathus Seeley p. 439 figs. Pl. 20
1877Palaeoscincus Cope p. 572
1877Palaeoscincus costatus Cope p. 572
1879Acanthopholis horridus Prestwich p. 193
1879Acanthopholis eucercus Seeley
1879Acanthopholis horridus Seeley p. 596 figs. 2-3
1879Acanthopholis stereocercus Seeley pp. 628-631
1879Acanthopholis eucercus Seeley p. 632
1879Syngonosaurus macrocercus Seeley p. 632
1880Acanthopholis Marsh
1880Cryptosaurus eumerus Sauvage p. 523
1881Rhadinosaurus Seeley p. 620
1881Rhadinosaurus alcimus Seeley p. 675
1882Acanthopholis Marsh
1882Acanthopholis eucercus Sauvage p. 30
1882Acanthopholis stereocercus Sauvage p. 30
1882Syngonosaurus macrocercus Sauvage p. 31
1882Acanthopholis Sauvage p. 35
1882Rhadinosaurus alcimus Sauvage p. 41
1882Acanthopholis Sauvage p. 1265
1884Acanthopholis Dollo p. 298
1884Acanthopholis Marsh p. 68
1885Acanthopholis Marsh p. 764
1888Acanthopholis Lydekker p. 183
1888Acanthopholis horridus Lydekker p. 183
1888Priconodon crassus Marsh
1888Priconodon Marsh p. 93 figs. 7-9
1888Priconodon crassus Marsh p. 93 figs. 7-9
1889Acanthopholis Dollo p. 678
1889Syngonosaurus macrocercus Lydekker p. 41
1889Cryptodraco Lydekker pp. 45-46
1889Cryptodraco eumerus Lydekker p. 46
1890Acanthopholis eucercus Woodward and Sherborn p. 209
1890Acanthopholis horrida Woodward and Sherborn p. 209
1890Acanthopholis stereocercus Woodward and Sherborn p. 209
1890Cryptodraco eumerus Woodward and Sherborn p. 224
1890Acanthopholis Zittel p. 742
1890Priodontognathus Zittel p. 743
1890Palaeoscincus Zittel p. 748
1890Priconodon Zittel p. 748
1890Cryptodraco Zittel p. 756
1892Palaeoscincus Marsh
1892Palaeoscincus latus Marsh
1893Palaeoscincus Winkler p. 105
1893Priconodon Winkler p. 105
1895Palaeoscincus Marsh
1895Priconodon Marsh
1896Palaeoscincus latus Marsh figs. Pl. 75:3
1896Palaeoscincus costatus Marsh p. 225
1896Palaeoscincus Marsh p. 242
1896Priconodon Marsh p. 242
1896Acanthopholis Marsh p. 243
1900Acanthopholis Van Den Broeck p. 101
1900Priconodon Walcott p. 23
1900Priconodon crassus Walcott p. 23
1901Cryptosaurus Nopcsa p. 210
1901Cryptosaurus eumerus Nopcsa p. 210
1901Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 213
1901Acanthopholis eucercus Nopcsa p. 213
1901Acanthopholis horridus Nopcsa p. 213
1901Acanthopholis stereocercus Nopcsa p. 213
1901Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 215
1901Palaeoscincus costatus Nopcsa p. 215
1901Palaeoscincus latus Nopcsa p. 215
1901Priconodon Nopcsa p. 215
1901Priconodon crassus Nopcsa p. 215
1901Priodontognathus Nopcsa p. 215
1901Rhadinosaurus Nopcsa p. 215
1901Rhadinosaurus alcimus Nopcsa p. 215
1901Syngonosaurus macrocercus Nopcsa p. 216
1902Priconodon Hay p. 496
1902Priconodon crassus Hay p. 496
1902Palaeoscincus Hay p. 497
1902Palaeoscincus costatus Hay p. 497
1902Palaeoscincus latus Hay p. 497
1902Palaeoscincus Lambe p. 53
1902Palaeoscincus costatus Lambe p. 53
1902Acanthopholis Lucas p. 435
1902Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 101
1902Priodontognathus Nopcsa p. 101
1902Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 102
1902Acanthopholis eucercus Nopcsa p. 102
1902Acanthopholis horridus Nopcsa p. 102
1902Acanthopholis stereocercus Nopcsa p. 102
1904Acanthopholis Lydekker p. 60
1904Acanthopholis eucercus Lydekker p. 60
1904Acanthopholis horrida Lydekker p. 60
1904Acanthopholis stereocercus Lydekker p. 60
1904Syngonosaurus macrocercus Lydekker p. 61
1904Cryptodraco eumerus Lydekker p. 70
1905Palaeoscincus costatus Lambe p. 23
1905Palaeoscincus Lambe p. 48
1906Palaeoscincus latus Cannon p. 195
1908Palaeoscincus Brown
1908Palaeoscincus costatus Brown
1909Cryptosaurus Huene p. 16
1909Acanthopholis Huene p. 17
1909Palaeoscincus Huene p. 17
1909Priconodon Huene p. 17
1909Priodontognathus Huene p. 17
1909Rhadinosaurus Huene p. 18
1909Hierosaurus Wieland
1909Hierosaurus sternbergii Wieland
1909Hierosaurus Wieland p. 250 figs. 1-7
1909Hierosaurus sternbergii Wieland p. 250 figs. 1-7
1911Palaeoscincus Lambe p. 9
1911Priconodon crassus Lull p. 176
1911Priconodon Lull p. 177
1911Priconodon crassus Lull p. 207 figs. Pl. 20:5-6
1911Palaeoscincus costatus Lull p. 208
1911Hierosaurus Wieland p. 112
1911Hierosaurus sternbergii Wieland pp. 113-118 figs. 1-3
1911Palaeoscincus Wieland p. 117
1911Cryptosaurus von Zittel p. 289
1911Acanthopholis von Zittel p. 294
1911Hierosaurus von Zittel p. 294
1911Palaeoscincus von Zittel p. 294
1911Priconodon von Zittel p. 294
1911Priodontognathus von Zittel p. 295
1914Palaeoscincus costatus Brown p. 378
1915Priconodon Hennig p. 11
1915Priconodon crassus Hennig p. 11
1915Acanthopholis Hennig p. 12
1915Acanthopholis horridus Hennig p. 12
1915Acanthopholis eucercus Hennig p. 13
1915Acanthopholis macrocercus Hennig p. 13
1915Acanthopholis stereocercus Hennig p. 13
1915Palaeoscincus Hennig p. 13
1915Palaeoscincus costatus Hennig p. 13
1915Hierosaurus Hennig p. 14
1915Hierosaurus sternbergii Hennig p. 14
1915Palaeoscincus latus Hennig p. 14
1915Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 13
1918Palaeoscincus costatus Sternberg p. 89
1921Palaeoscincus costatus Gilmore p. 588
1921Priconodon crassus Gilmore p. 588
1921Priconodon Gilmore p. 589
1921Hierosaurus Lull p. 123
1921Hierosaurus sternbergii Lull p. 124
1923Palaeoscincus costatus Gilmore p. 48
1923Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 199
1923Ankylosauria Osborn p. 3
1924Palaeoscincus Lull p. 243
1926Stegosaurus madagascariensis Piveteau p. 35 fig. 1
1927Hierosaurus Huene p. 261
1927Hierosaurus sternbergii Huene p. 261
1927Palaeoscincus Huene p. 261
1927Palaeoscincus costatus Huene p. 261
1927Acanthopholis Huene p. 271
1927Acanthopholis eucerus Huene p. 271
1927Acanthopholis horrida Huene p. 271
1927Acanthopholis stereocercus Huene p. 271
1927Priodontognathus Huene p. 271
1927Syngonosaurus macrocercus Huene p. 271
1928Polacanthoides Nopcsa p. 58ff
1928Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 73
1928Hierosaurus Nopcsa p. 73
1928Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 73
1928Polacanthoides Nopcsa p. 73
1928Priodontognathus Nopcsa p. 184
1928Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 185
1928Hierosaurus Nopcsa p. 185
1928Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 185
1928Palaeoscincus costatus Sternberg p. 102
1929Polacanthoides ponderosus Nopcsa
1929Rhodanosaurus Nopcsa p. 47
1929Rhodanosaurus ludgunensis Nopcsa p. 49
1929Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 70
1929Hierosaurus Nopcsa p. 70
1929Palaeoscincus Nopcsa p. 70
1929Polacanthoides Nopcsa p. 70
1929Rhodanosaurus Nopcsa p. 70
1930Palaeoscincus Hay p. 236
1930Priconodon Hay p. 236
1930Priconodon crassus Hay p. 236
1930Palaeoscincus costatus Hay p. 237
1930Palaeoscincus latus Hay p. 237
1930Hierosaurus Hay p. 239
1930Hierosaurus sternbergii Hay p. 239
1930Hierosaurus Russell p. 138
1930Hierosaurus sternbergii Russell p. 138
1930Palaeoscincus Russell p. 140
1930Palaeoscincus latus Russell p. 140
1930Palaeoscincus costatus Russell p. 143
1931Palaeoscincus latus Johnson p. 374
1931Acanthopholis Nopcsa p. 72
1934Brachypodosaurus Chakravarti p. 79
1934Brachypodosaurus gravis Chakravarti p. 79 figs. Pl. IX
1934Acanthopholis Stromer p. 66
1934Acanthopholis horridus Stromer p. 66
1934Syngonosaurus macrocercus Stromer p. 66
1935Palaeoscincus Russell p. 117
1935Hierosaurus Young p. 24
1935Hierosaurus sternbergi Young p. 24
1935Palaeoscincus Young p. 24
1936Syngonosaurus macromerus Kuhn p. 59
1936Hierosaurus Mehl p. 20
1936Polacanthoides Swinton p. 218
1936Polacanthoides ponderosus Swinton p. 218
1936Priodontognathus Swinton p. 573
1940Palaeoscincus costatus Russell p. 3
1940Hierosaurus sternbergii Russell p. 23
1940Palaeoscincus Russell p. 27
1940Palaeoscincus latus Russell p. 27
1947Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Lapparent p. 33
1948Apraedentalia Huene p. 95
1948Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Lapparent p. 1186
1953Hierosaurus sternbergii Bohlin p. 30
1953Heishansaurus Bohlin p. 47 figs. 25-35; Pl. 1, 6
1953Heishansaurus pachycephalus Bohlin p. 47
1954Apraedentalia Huene p. 51
1954Palaeoscincus Maleev
1956Hierosaurus Maleev
1956Palaeoscincus Maleev
1956Polacanthoides Maleev
1956Rhadinosaurus Romer p. 594
1956Cryptodraco Romer p. 629
1956Ankylosauria Romer p. 634
1956Priconodon Romer p. 634
1956Acanthopholis Romer p. 635
1956Brachypodosaurus Romer p. 635
1956Heishansaurus Romer p. 635
1956Hierosaurus Romer p. 635
1956Rhodanosaurus Romer p. 635
1956Palaeoscincus Romer p. 636
1956Polacanthoides Romer p. 636
1957Stegosaurus madagascariensis Lapparent p. 110
1957Brachypodosaurus gravis Lapparent p. 112
1958Heishanosaurus Huene p. 206
1959Heishansaurus Huene p. 122
1960Cryptodraco Delair p. 85
1960Cryptodraco eumerus Delair p. 85
1960Struthiosaurus lugundensis Jeletzky p. 34
1963Stegosaurus madagascariensis Furon p. 362
1963Ankylosauria Parsch p. 4
1963Palaeoscincus Parsch p. 8
1964Cryptodraco Kuhn p. 10
1964Priconodon Kuhn p. 36
1964Priconodon crassus Kuhn p. 36
1964Ankylosauria Kuhn p. 39
1964Acanthopholis Kuhn p. 40
1964Acanthopholis eucercus Kuhn p. 40
1964Acanthopholis horridus Kuhn p. 40
1964Acanthopholis macrocercus Kuhn p. 40
1964Acanthopholis stereocercus Kuhn p. 40
1964Struthiosaurus alcinus Kuhn p. 43
1964Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Kuhn p. 43
1964Brachypodosaurus Kuhn p. 46
1964Brachypodosaurus gravis Kuhn p. 46
1964Heishansaurus Kuhn p. 47
1964Heishansaurus pachycephalus Kuhn p. 47
1964Hierosaurus Kuhn p. 47
1964Hierosaurus sternbergii Kuhn p. 47
1964Palaeoscincus Kuhn p. 49
1964Palaeoscincus costatus Kuhn p. 49
1964Palaeoscincus latus Kuhn p. 49
1964Polacanthoides Kuhn p. 50
1964Polacanthoides ponderosus Kuhn p. 50
1964Palaeoscincus Russell p. 7
1964Palaeoscincus costatus Russell p. 10
1964Cryptodraco Tatarinov p. 559
1964Priodontognathus Tatarinov p. 559
1964Priconodon Tatarinov p. 573
1964Acanthopholis Tatarinov p. 574
1964Acanthopholis horridus Tatarinov p. 574
1964Ankylosauria Tatarinov p. 574
1964Rhodanosaurus Tatarinov p. 575
1964Palaeoscincus Tatarinov p. 576
1964Palaeoscincus costatus Tatarinov p. 576
1964Brachypodosaurus Tatarinov p. 577
1964Heishansaurus Tatarinov p. 577
1964Hierosaurus Tatarinov p. 577
1964Polacanthoides Tatarinov p. 577
1965Ankylosauria Ostrom p. 39
1965Palaeoscincus Ostrom p. 39
1965Palaeoscincus latus Ostrom p. 39
1965Acanthopholis Simmons p. 70
1965Acanthopholis horridus Simmons p. 70
1965Palaeoscincus Simmons p. 70
1966Ankylosauria Kuhn p. 105
1966Acanthopholis Romer p. 370
1966Ankylosauria Romer p. 370
1966Brachypodosaurus Romer p. 370
1966Cryptodraco Romer p. 370
1966Heishanosaurus Romer p. 370
1966Hierosaurus Romer p. 370
1966Palaeoscincus Romer p. 370
1966Polacanthoides Romer p. 370
1966Priconodon Romer p. 370
1966Rhodanosaurus Romer p. 370
1967Ankylosauria Charig p. 715
1967Priconodon Charig p. 715
1967Priconodon crassus Charig p. 715
1967Rhodanosaurus Charig p. 715
1967Rhodanosaurus ludgunensis Charig p. 715
1967Stegosaurus madagascariensis Charig p. 715
1967Cryptodraco Charig p. 716
1967Cryptodraco eumerus Charig p. 716
1967Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Lapparent p. 11
1970Hierosaurus sternabergii Bodily p. 37
1970Ankylosauria Swinton p. 117
1970Acanthopholis Swinton p. 244
1970Acanthopholis horridus Swinton p. 244
1970Hierosaurus Swinton p. 253
1970Cryptodraco Thulborn p. 430
1971Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Dinca et al. p. 90
1971Ankylosauria Thulborn pp. 77-78 fig. 4
1974Ankylosauria Bakker and Galton p. 171
1974Ankylosauria Krebs p. 22
1974Cryptodraco Thulborn p. 172
1977Heishansaurus Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1977Heishansaurus pachycephalus Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1978Ankylosauria Bonaparte p. 330
1978Acanthopholis Coombs p. 144
1978Brachypodosaurus Coombs p. 144
1978Heishansaurus Coombs p. 144
1978Priconodon Coombs p. 144
1978Acanthopholis Coombs p. 643
1979Ankylosauria Benton p. 144
1980Cryptodraco Galton p. 79
1980Priodontognathus Galton p. 487
1980Cryptodraco Galton p. 831
1980Cryptodraco eumerus Galton p. 831
1980Priconodon Galton p. 831
1980Priodontognathus Galton p. 831
1980Brachypodosaurus gravis Molnar p. 82
1980Brachypodosaurus Molnar p. 139
1980Ankylosauria Ostrom p. 23
1980Palaeoscincus Wolberg p. 50
1980Palaeoscincus costatus Wolberg p. 50
1981Acanthopholis Buffetaut et al. p. 279
1981Priodontognathus Galton p. 39
1981Ankylosauria McIntosh p. 38
1981Ankylosauria Thurmond and Jones p. 147
1982Ankylosauria McGinnis p. 29
1983Cryptodraco eumerus Galton pp. 7, 16
1983Priconodon Galton p. 16
1983Priodontognathus Galton p. 16
1983Priconodon crassus Galton p. 24
1983Rhadinosaurus Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1983Rhadinosaurus alcinus Weishampel and Weishampel p. 44
1984Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Brinkmann p. 297
1984Cryptodraco Molnar p. 154
1984Palaeoscincus Russell p. 25
1984Ankylosauria Russell p. 29
1985Priodontognathus Galton p. 251
1985Ankylosauria Maryanska and Osmólska p. 139 fig. 1
1986Ankylosauria Bakker p. 461
1986Ankylosauria Sereno
1987Brachypodosaurus gravis Molnar and Frey p. 34
1987Acanthopholis Tumanova p. 14
1987Palaeoscincus Tumanova p. 14
1988Acanthopholis Carroll
1988Ankylosauria Carroll
1988Brachypodosaurus Carroll
1988Cryptodraco Carroll
1988Heishanosaurus Carroll
1988Palaeoscincus Carroll
1988Priodontognathus Carroll
1989Brachypodosaurus gravis Jain p. 101
1989Priconodon crassus Kranz p. 15
1990Ankylosauria Benton p. 19
1990Palaeoscincus Coombs, Jr. p. 272
1992Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Buffetaut p. 131
1992Heishansaurus Dong p. 166
1993Tianchiasaurus Dong
1993Ankylosauria Dong p. 259
1993Tianchiasaurus Dong p. 259 figs. 1-5
1993Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima Dong p. 259 figs. 2-5: Pl. 1-4
1994Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima Dong p. 142
1995Ankylosauria Buffetaut
1995Hierosaurus Carpenter et al. p. 276
1995Hierosaurus sternbergii Carpenter et al. p. 276
1996Cryptodraco Coombs, Jr. and Deméré p. 319
1996Hierosaurus Coombs, Jr. and Deméré p. 319
1996Brachypodosaurus Gasparini et al. p. 591
1996Brachypodosaurus gravis Gasparini et al. p. 591
1996Priconodon crassus Kranz p. 99
1997Acanthopholis Buffetaut p. 215
1997Acanthopholis horridus Buffetaut p. 215
1997Heishansaurus pachycephalus Mateer p. 662
1997Acanthopholis Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 213
1998Priconodon Carpenter and Kirkland pp. 254-255
1998Priconodon crassus Carpenter and Kirkland p. 254
1998Acanthopholis Knoll et al. p. 62
1998Acanthopholis horridus Knoll et al. p. 62
1998Priconodon Lipka
1998Priconodon crassus Lipka
1998Ankylosauria Sereno p. 61
1999Ankylosauria Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
2000Polacanthoides Ford p. 174
2000Polacanthoides ponderosus Ford p. 174
2000Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Ford p. 175
2000Acanthopholis horrida Olshevsky p. 101
2000Tianchiasaurus Tumanova p. 530
2000Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima Tumanova p. 530
2001Priodontognathus Barrett p. 44
2001Ankylosauria Carpenter p. 457
2001Priconodon Carpenter p. 457
2001Priconodon crassus Carpenter p. 457
2001Priconodon crassus Carpenter et al. p. 213
2001Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima Clark p. 22
2001Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima Dong p. 97
2001Brachypodosaurus gravis Mohabey p. 484
2001Ankylosauria Peng et al. p. 35
2001Acanthopholis Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 201
2001Cryptodraco Pereda Suberbiola and Galton p. 201
2002Ankylosauria Buchholz p. 20
2002Crichtonsaurus bohlini Dong pp. 177-178
2002Crichtonsaurus Dong pp. 277-278
2002Crichtonsaurus bohlini Dong pp. 277-278 figs. 2-7
2003Tianchiasaurus Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola p. 161
2003Struthiosaurus lugdunensis Powell p. 75
2003Ankylosauria de Valais et al. p. 631
2004Ankylosauria Norman et al. p. 342 fig. 15.6
2004Ankylosauria Parish and Barrett p. 304
2004Ankylosauria Vickaryous et al. p. 364
2004Crichtonsaurus Vickaryous et al. p. 366
2004Crichtonsaurus bohlini Vickaryous et al. p. 366
2004Ankylosauria Weishampel p. 323
2005Brachypodosaurus gravis Mohabey p. 467
2006Ankylosauria Chure et al. p. 237
2006Ankylosauria Maidment et al. p. 951 fig. 8
2007Crichtonsaurus Lü et al. p. 883
2007Crichtonsaurus bohlini Lü et al. p. 888
2007Zhejiangosaurus Lü et al. p. 344
2007Zhejiangosaurus lishuiensis Lü et al. pp. 344-345 figs. 2-7
2007Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima Norman et al. p. 867
2007Ankylosauria Sánchez-Hernández et al. p. 206
2008Ankylosauria Butler et al. p. 20 figs. 2-4
2008Ankylosauria Maidment et al. p. 390 fig. 11
2008Cryptosaurus eumerus Naish and Martill p. 615
2008Priodontognathus Naish and Martill p. 615
2009Priconodon crassus Parsons and Parsons p. 734
2010Crichtonsaurus Amiot et al. p. 353
2010Crichtonsaurus bohlini Amiot et al. p. 353
2012Ankylosauria Han et al. p. 1391 fig. 14
2013Priconodon Kirkland et al. p. 36
2013Priconodon crassus Kirkland et al. p. 36
2013Ankylosauria Yang et al. p. 268
2014Ankylosauria Arbour et al.
2014Priodontognathus Blows and Honeysett p. 835
2014Crichtonsaurus bohlini Han et al. p. 1
2014Tianchisaurus nedegoapefererima Han et al. p. 1
2014Zhejiangosaurus Han et al. p. 8
2014Crichtonsaurus Han et al. p. 14 fig. 11
2014Crichtonsaurus bohlini Penkalski p. 618
2015Ankylosauria Gasparini et al.
2015Ankylosauria Leahey et al.
2015Priconodon crassus Weems and Bachman p. 214
2016Zhejiangosaurus lishuiensis Borinder et al. p. 66
2017Ankylosauria Arbour and Evans p. 7
2017Ankylosauria Brown et al.
2017Ankylosauria Penkalski and Tumanova
2017Crichtonsaurus bohlini Xing et al. p. 162
2018Zhejiangosaurus lishuiensis Xing et al. p. 4
2018Ankylosauria Zheng et al.
2019Ankylosauria Murray et al.
2020Ankylosauria Dieudonné et al.
2020Crichtonsaurus bohlini Wang et al. p. 960
2020Zhejiangosaurus lishuiensis Wang et al. p. 960
2021Ankylosauria Paulina-Carabajal et al.
2021Ankylosauria Rozadilla et al. p. 2

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
Sauropsida
classReptilia
RankNameAuthor
subclassEureptilia()
Romeriida
Diapsida()
Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
Crocopoda
ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
Eucrocopoda
Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
Ornithodira
Dinosauromorpha
Dinosauriformes
Dinosauria()
Ornithischia()
Genasauria
Thyreophora()
Ankylosauria()
Ankylosauria()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. †Ankylosauria Osborn 1923 [ankylosaur]
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Fm. †Ankylosauridae Brown 1908 [ankylosaurid]
+
G. †Ahshislepelta Burns and Sullivan 2011
+
Ahshislepelta minor Burns and Sullivan 2011
G. †Aletopelta Ford and Kirkland 2001
+
Aletopelta coombsi Ford and Kirkland 2001
Subfm. †Ankylosaurinae Nopcsa 1918
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Tr. †Ankylosaurini Arbour and Currie 2016
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G. †Akainacephalus Wiersma and Irmis 2018
+
Akainacephalus johnsoni Wiersma and Irmis 2018
G. †Ziapelta Arbour et al. 2014
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Ziapelta sanjuanensis Arbour et al. 2014
G. †Ankylosaurus Brown 1908
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G. †Crichtonpelta Arbour and Currie 2016
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Crichtonpelta benxiensis Lü et al. 2007
Tr. †Euoplocephalini Penkalski 2018
+
G. †Anodontosaurus Sternberg 1929
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Anodontosaurus inceptus Penkalski 2018
Anodontosaurus lambei Sternberg 1929
G. †Dyoplosaurus Parks 1924
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G. †Euoplocephalus Lambe 1910
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Euoplocephalus tutus Lambe 1902
Invalid names: Stereocephalus Lambe 1902 [replaced]
G. †Platypelta Penkalski 2018
+
Platypelta coombsi Penkalski 2018
G. †Scolosaurus Nopcsa 1928 [thorn lizard]
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Scolosaurus cutleri Nopcsa 1928
Scolosaurus thronus Penkalski 2018
G. †Jinyunpelta Zheng et al. 2018
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Jinyunpelta sinensis Zheng et al. 2018
G. †Minotaurasaurus Miles and Miles 2009
G. †Nodocephalosaurus Sullivan 1999
+
G. †Oohkotokia Penkalski 2014
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Oohkotokia horneri Penkalski 2014
G. †Pinacosaurus Gilmore 1933
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Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore 1933
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Invalid names: Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Young 1935 [synonym], Syrmosaurus viminocaudus Maleev 1952 [synonym]
Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus Godefroit et al. 1999
Invalid names: Syrmosaurus Maleev 1952 [synonym]
G. †Saichania Maryanska 1977
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Saichania chulsanensis Maryanska 1977
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Invalid names: Shanxia tianzhenensis Barrett et al. 1998 [synonym], Tianzhenosaurus youngi Pang and Cheng 1998 [synonym]
Invalid names: Shanxia Barrett et al. 1998 [synonym], Tianzhenosaurus Pang and Cheng 1998 [synonym]
G. †Talarurus Maleev 1952
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Talarurus plicatospineus Maleev 1952
G. †Tarchia Maryanska 1977
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Tarchia kielanae Maryanska 1977
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Invalid names: Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani Miles and Miles 2009 [synonym]
Tarchia teresae Penkalski and Tumanova 2017
Tarchia tumanovae Park et al. 2021
G. †Tsagantegia Tumanova 1993
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Tsagantegia longicranialis Tumanova 1993
G. †Zaraapelta Arbour et al. 2014
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Zaraapelta nomadis Arbour et al. 2014
G. †Zuul Arbour and Evans 2017
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Zuul crurivastator Arbour and Evans 2017
G. †Bissektipelta Parish and Barrett 2004
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Bissektipelta archibaldi Averianov 2002
G. †Cedarpelta Carpenter et al. 2001
+
Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum Carpenter et al. 2001
G. †Chuanqilong Han et al. 2014
+
Chuanqilong chaoyangensis Han et al. 2014
G. †Datai Xing et al. 2024
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Datai yingliangis Xing et al. 2024
G. †Gobisaurus Vickaryous et al. 2001
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Gobisaurus domoculus Vickaryous et al. 2001
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Invalid names: Zhongyuangosaurus luoyangensis Xu et al. 2007 [synonym]
Invalid names: Zhongyuansaurus Xu et al. 2007 [synonym]
G. †Liaoningosaurus Xu et al. 2001
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Liaoningosaurus paradoxus Xu et al. 2001
G. †Shamosaurus Tumanova 1983
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Shamosaurus scutatus Tumanova 1983
Invalid names: Dyoplosaurus giganteus Maleev 1956 [nomen dubium], Maleevus Tumanova 1987 [nomen dubium], Minmi Molnar 1980 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus asper Lambe 1902 [nomen dubium], Polacanthinae Lapparent and Lavocat 1955 [empty], Shamosaurinae Tumanova 1983 [empty], Stegopeltinae Ford 2000 [empty], Syrmosauridae Maleev 1952 [synonym], Syrmosaurinae Ford 2000 [empty]
G. †Dracopelta Galton 1980
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Dracopelta zbyszewskii Galton 1980
G. †Kunbarrasaurus Leahey et al. 2015
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Kunbarrasaurus ieversi Leahey et al. 2015
G. †Metatetrapous Ballerstedt 1922
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Metatetrapous valdensis Nopcsa 1923
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Invalid names: Metatetrapous valdense Ballerstedt 1922 [synonym]
Fm. †Nodosauridae Marsh 1890
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G. †Acantholipan Rivera-Sylva et al. 2018
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Acantholipan gonzalezi Rivera-Sylva et al. 2018
G. †Animantarx Carpenter et al. 1999
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Animantarx ramaljonesi Carpenter et al. 1999
G. †Anoplosaurus Seeley 1879
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Anoplosaurus curtonotus Seeley 1879
G. †Borealopelta Brown et al. 2017
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Borealopelta markmitchelli Brown et al. 2017
G. †Dongyangopelta Chen et al. 2013
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Dongyangopelta yangyanensis Chen et al. 2013
G. †Edmontonia Sternberg 1928
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Edmontonia longiceps Sternberg 1928
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Invalid names: Denversaurus schlessmani Bakker 1988 [synonym]
Invalid names: Chassternbergia Bakker 1988 [synonym], Denversaurus Bakker 1988 [synonym]
G. †Gargoyleosaurus Carpenter et al. 1998
+
Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum Carpenter et al. 1998
G. †Gastonia Kirkland 1998
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Gastonia burgei Kirkland 1998
Gastonia lorriemcwhinneyae Kineer et al. 2016
G. †Glyptodontopelta Ford 2000
+
+
Invalid names: Edmontonia australis Ford 2000 [synonym]
G. †Hoplitosaurus Lucas 1902
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Hoplitosaurus marshi Lucas 1901
G. †Hungarosaurus Osi 2005
+
G. †Hylaeosaurus Mantell 1833
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Hylaeosaurus armatus Mantell 1833
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Invalid names: Hylaeosaurus oweni Mantell 1844 [synonym]
G. †Invictarx McDonald and Wolfe 2018
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Invictarx zephyri McDonald and Wolfe 2018
G. †Mymoorapelta Kirkland and Carpenter 1994
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Mymoorapelta maysi Kirkland and Carpenter 1994
G. †Niobrarasaurus Carpenter et al. 1995
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Niobrarasaurus coleii Mehl 1936
G. †Nodosaurus Marsh 1889
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Nodosaurus textilis Marsh 1889
G. †Panoplosaurus Lambe 1919
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Panoplosaurus mirus Lambe 1919
Panoplosaurus rugosidens Gilmore 1930
G. †Patagopelta Riguetti et al. 2022
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Patagopelta cristata Riguetti et al. 2022
G. †Pawpawsaurus Lee 1996
+
G. †Peloroplites Carpenter et al. 2008
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Peloroplites cedrimontanus Carpenter et al. 2008
G. †Polacanthus Fox 1866
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Polacanthus foxii Grabau 1921
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Invalid names: Euacanthus vectianus Owen 1897 [objective synonym], Polacanthus becklesi Hennig 1924 [synonym]
Invalid names: Euacanthus Owen 1897 [objective synonym], Vectensia Delair 1982 [synonym]
G. †Propanoplosaurus Stanford et al. 2011
+
Propanoplosaurus marylandicus Stanford et al. 2011
G. †Sauropelta Ostrom 1970
+
Sauropelta edwardsorum Ostrom 1970
G. †Sauroplites Bohlin 1953
+
Sauroplites scutiger Bohlin 1953
G. †Silvisaurus Eaton, Jr. 1960
+
Silvisaurus condrayi Eaton, Jr. 1960
G. †Stegopelta Williston 1905
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Stegopelta landerensis Williston 1905
Subfm. †Struthiosaurinae Nopcsa 1923
+
G. †Europelta Kirkland et al. 2013
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Europelta carbonensis Kirkland et al. 2013
G. †Struthiosaurus Bunzel 1870
+
+
Invalid names: Crataeomus lepidophorus Seeley 1881 [synonym], Crataeomus pawlowitschii Seeley 1881 [synonym], Danubiosaurus anceps Bunzel 1871 [synonym], Hoplosaurus ischyrus Seeley 1881 [synonym], Leipsanosaurus noricus Nopcsa 1918 [synonym], Pleuropeltus suessii Seeley 1881 [synonym]
Struthiosaurus languedocensis Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola 2003
Invalid names: Crataeomus Seeley 1881 [synonym], Danubiosaurus Bunzel 1871 [synonym], Leipsanosaurus Nopcsa 1918 [synonym], Pleuropeltus Seeley 1881 [synonym]
G. †Taohelong Yang et al. 2013
+
Taohelong jinchengensis Yang et al. 2013
G. †Tatankacephalus Parsons and Parsons 2009
+
Tatankacephalus cooneyorum Parsons and Parsons 2009
G. †Texasetes Coombs 1995
+
Texasetes pleurohalio Coombs 1995
Invalid names: Acanthopholinae Nopcsa 1902 [synonym], Antarctopelta Salgado and Gasparini 2006 [nomen dubium], Edmontoniinae Russell 1940 [empty], Hylaeosauridae Nopcsa 1902 [synonym], Nodosaurinae Abel 1919 [empty], Palaeoscincidae Nopcsa 1918 [synonym], Panoplosaurinae Nopcsa 1929 [empty], Sauropeltinae Ford 2000 [empty]
Superfm. †Nodosauroidea Bakker 1988
+
Invalid names: Edmontoniidae Bakker 1988 [empty]
Unr. †Parankylosauria Soto-Acuña et al. 2021
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G. †Stegouros Soto-Acuña et al. 2021
+
Stegouros elengassen Soto-Acuña et al. 2021
G. †Qijiangpus Xing et al. 2007
+
Qijiangpus sinensis Xing et al. 2007
G. †Sarcolestes Lydekker 1893
+
Sarcolestes leedsi Lydekker 1893
G. †Sinankylosaurus Wang et al. 2020
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Sinankylosaurus zhuchengensis Wang et al. 2020
G. †Spicomellus Maidment et al. 2021
+
Spicomellus afer Maidment et al. 2021
G. †Vectipelta Pond et al. 2023
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Vectipelta barretti Pond et al. 2023
Invalid names: Acanthopholis Huxley 1867 [nomen dubium], Acanthopholis eucercus Seeley 1879 [nomen dubium], Acanthopholis macrocercus Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Apraedentalia Huene 1948 [synonym], Brachypodosaurus Chakravarti 1934 [nomen dubium], Crichtonsaurus Dong 2002 [nomen dubium], Cryptodraco Lydekker 1889 [nomen dubium], Cryptosaurus Seeley 1875 [nomen dubium], Heishansaurus Bohlin 1953 [nomen dubium], Hierosaurus Wieland 1909 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium], Polacanthidae Wieland 1911 [empty], Polacanthoides Nopcsa 1928 [nomen dubium], Priconodon Marsh 1888 [nomen dubium], Priodontognathus Seeley 1875 [nomen dubium], Rhadinosaurus Seeley 1881 [nomen dubium], Rhodanosaurus Nopcsa 1929 [nomen dubium], Stegosaurus madagascariensis Piveteau 1926 [nomen dubium], Tianchiasaurus Dong 1993 [nomen dubium], Zhejiangosaurus Lü et al. 2007 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
F. v. Huene 1948 (Apraedentalia)No predental.