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Ankylosauridae (ankylosaurid)
Taxonomy
Ankylosauridae was named by Brown (1908). Its type is Ankylosaurus. It was considered monophyletic by Tumanova (2000) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).
It was synonymized subjectively with Nodosauridae by Hennig (1915), Lull (1924), Huene (1934), Huene (1934), Russell (1940), Kuhn (1946), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966) and Maryanska (1971).
It was assigned to Orthopoda by Arldt (1909) and Huene (1909); to Phytophagi by Jaekel (1914); to Thyreophora by Nopcsa (1928); to Stegosauroidae by Hay (1930); to Stegosauria by Brown (1908), Matthew (1915), Lambe (1918) and Lapparent (1947); to Ankylosauroidea by Norman (1984); to Ankylosauria by Maleev (1953), Maleev (1956), Swinton (1970), Rozhdestvensky (1977), Coombs (1978), Ostrom (1980), Galton (1983), Kielan-Jaworowska (1984), Russell (1984), Sereno (1986), Bakker (1986), Tumanova (1987), Carroll (1988), Dong (1993), Buffetaut (1995), Coombs and Deméré (1996), Carpenter et al. (1996), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Barrett et al. (1998), Carpenter et al. (1998), Sereno (1999), Tumanova (2000), Ford (2000), Vickaryous et al. (2001), Carpenter (2001), Peng et al. (2001), Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Ryan and Evans (2005), Lü et al. (2007), Lü et al. (2007), Carpenter et al. (2008) and Blows (2014); and to Ankylosauria by Osi and Makádi (2009), Parsons and Parsons (2009), Han et al. (2014), Arbour et al. (2014), Arbour and Currie (2016), Yang et al. (2017), Penkalski and Tumanova (2017), Arbour and Evans (2017) and Zheng et al. (2018).
It was synonymized subjectively with Nodosauridae by Hennig (1915), Lull (1924), Huene (1934), Huene (1934), Russell (1940), Kuhn (1946), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966) and Maryanska (1971).
It was assigned to Orthopoda by Arldt (1909) and Huene (1909); to Phytophagi by Jaekel (1914); to Thyreophora by Nopcsa (1928); to Stegosauroidae by Hay (1930); to Stegosauria by Brown (1908), Matthew (1915), Lambe (1918) and Lapparent (1947); to Ankylosauroidea by Norman (1984); to Ankylosauria by Maleev (1953), Maleev (1956), Swinton (1970), Rozhdestvensky (1977), Coombs (1978), Ostrom (1980), Galton (1983), Kielan-Jaworowska (1984), Russell (1984), Sereno (1986), Bakker (1986), Tumanova (1987), Carroll (1988), Dong (1993), Buffetaut (1995), Coombs and Deméré (1996), Carpenter et al. (1996), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Barrett et al. (1998), Carpenter et al. (1998), Sereno (1999), Tumanova (2000), Ford (2000), Vickaryous et al. (2001), Carpenter (2001), Peng et al. (2001), Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Ryan and Evans (2005), Lü et al. (2007), Lü et al. (2007), Carpenter et al. (2008) and Blows (2014); and to Ankylosauria by Osi and Makádi (2009), Parsons and Parsons (2009), Han et al. (2014), Arbour et al. (2014), Arbour and Currie (2016), Yang et al. (2017), Penkalski and Tumanova (2017), Arbour and Evans (2017) and Zheng et al. (2018).
Synonyms
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1902 | Palaeoscincus asper Lambe p. 54 |
1905 | Palaeoscincus asper Lambe p. 23 |
1908 | Ankylosauridae Brown |
1909 | Ankylosauridae Arldt p. 263 |
1909 | Ankylosauridae Huene p. 17 |
1914 | Ancylosauridae Jaekel p. 197 |
1915 | Palaeoscincus asper Hennig p. 14 |
1915 | Ankylosauridae Matthew p. 32 |
1918 | Ankylosauridae Lambe p. 35 |
1923 | Palaeoscincus asper Gilmore p. 48 |
1928 | Ankylosauridae Nopcsa p. 73 |
1930 | Palaeoscincus asper Hay p. 236 |
1930 | Ankylosauridae Hay p. 237 |
1930 | Palaeoscincus asper Russell p. 149 |
1940 | Palaeoscincus asper Russell p. 27 |
1947 | Ankylosauridae Lapparent p. 18 |
1952 | Syrmosauridae Maleev |
1952 | Syrmosaurus disparoserratus Maleev p. 134 |
1953 | Ankylosauridae Maleev p. 109 |
1953 | Syrmosauridae Maleev p. 109 |
1954 | Syrmosauridae Maleev p. 143 |
1954 | Syrmosaurus disparoserratus Maleev pp. 162-163 fig. 15 |
1956 | Ankylosauridae Maleev p. 53 |
1956 | Dyoplosaurus giganteus Maleev p. 79 |
1964 | Syrmosauridae Kuhn p. 39 |
1964 | Syrmosaurus disparoserrata Kuhn p. 39 |
1964 | Palaeoscincus asper Kuhn p. 49 |
1964 | Palaeoscincus asper Russell p. 13 |
1964 | Syrmosauridae Tatarinov p. 577 |
1965 | Dyoplosaurus giganteus Kielan-Jaworowska and Kowalski p. 177 |
1966 | Syrmosauridae Kuhn p. 106 |
1970 | Ankylosauridae Swinton p. 246 |
1974 | Dyoplosaurus giganteus Rozhdestvensky p. 147 |
1974 | Syrmosaurus disparoserratus Rozhdestvensky p. 147 |
1977 | Dyoplosaurus giganteus Gradzinski et al. p. 302 |
1977 | Tarchia gigantea Maryanska |
1977 | Talarurus disparoserratus Maryanska pp. 100-101 |
1977 | Dyoplosaurus giganteus Rozhdestvensky p. 106 |
1977 | Ankylosauridae Rozhdestvensky p. 113 |
1977 | Syrmosaurus disparoserratus Rozhdestvensky p. 113 |
1977 | Tarchia gigantea Tumanova p. 93 |
1978 | Ankylosauridae Coombs p. 143 |
1978 | Tarchia gigantea Tumanova p. 482 |
1980 | Minmi Molnar p. 78 |
1980 | Ankylosauridae Ostrom p. 23 |
1983 | Ankylosauridae Galton p. 4 |
1983 | Tarchia gigantea Tumanova |
1984 | Ankylosauridae Kielan-Jaworowska p. 104 |
1984 | Minmi Molnar p. 151 |
1984 | Ankylosauridae Norman pp. 159-160 fig. 2 |
1984 | Ankylosauridae Russell p. 29 |
1986 | Ankylosauridae Bakker p. 461 |
1986 | Minmi Bonaparte p. 88 |
1986 | Ankylosauridae Sereno |
1987 | Minmi Molnar and Frey p. 20 |
1987 | Ankylosauridae Tumanova p. 14 |
1987 | Maleevus Tumanova p. 18 |
1987 | Maleevus disparoserratus Tumanova p. 18–19 |
1987 | Tarchia gigantea Tumanova p. 22 |
1988 | Ankylosauridae Carroll |
1992 | Minmi Molnar p. 261 |
1993 | Ankylosauridae Dong p. 259 |
1995 | Ankylosauridae Buffetaut |
1996 | Ankylosauridae Carpenter et al. p. 25A |
1996 | Ankylosauridae Coombs, Jr. and Deméré p. 319 |
1996 | Minmi Molnar p. 654 |
1997 | Maleevus Barsbold p. 450 |
1997 | Maleevus disparoserratus Barsbold p. 450 |
1997 | Tarchia gigantea Barsbold p. 450 |
1997 | Talarurus disparoserratus Coy p. 692 |
1997 | Tarchia gigantea Osmólska p. 575 |
1997 | Ankylosauridae Sereno p. 443 |
1998 | Ankylosauridae Barrett et al. p. 382 |
1998 | Ankylosauridae Carpenter et al. p. 782 |
1998 | Minmi Kirkland p. 273 fig. 3 |
1998 | Ankylosauridae Sereno p. 61 |
1998 | Minmi Sereno p. 67 fig. 5 |
1999 | Ankylosauridae Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2 |
1999 | Minmi Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2 |
2000 | Ankylosauridae Ford p. 175 |
2000 | Maleevus Ford p. 176 |
2000 | Maleevus disparoserratus Ford p. 176 |
2000 | Tarchia gigantea Ford p. 176 |
2000 | Ankylosauridae Tumanova p. 519 |
2000 | Maleevus Tumanova p. 521 |
2000 | Maleevus disparoserratus Tumanova pp. 521-523 |
2000 | Tarchia gigantea Tumanova p. 527 |
2001 | Ankylosauridae Carpenter p. 457 |
2001 | Minmi Carpenter p. 457 |
2001 | Tarchia gigantea Carpenter p. 457 |
2001 | Ankylosauridae Peng et al. p. 35 |
2001 | Ankylosauridae Vickaryous et al. p. 1774 |
2001 | Minmi Vickaryous et al. p. 1774 |
2003 | Minmi Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola p. 162 |
2003 | Ankylosauridae Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola p. 163 |
2004 | Ankylosauridae Vickaryous et al. p. 364 |
2004 | Minmi Vickaryous et al. p. 364 |
2004 | Tarchia gigantea Vickaryous et al. p. 364 |
2005 | Ankylosauridae Ryan and Evans p. 315 |
2007 | Ankylosauridae Lü et al. p. 889 fig. 1 |
2007 | Minmi Lü et al. p. 889 fig. 1 |
2007 | Ankylosauridae Lü et al. p. 344 |
2008 | Ankylosauridae Carpenter et al. p. 1097 |
2009 | Ankylosauridae Osi and Makádi p. 239 fig. 10 |
2009 | Minmi Osi and Makádi p. 239 fig. 10 |
2009 | Ankylosauridae Parsons and Parsons p. 736 fig. 18 |
2009 | Minmi Parsons and Parsons p. 736 fig. 18 |
2010 | Minmi Agnolin et al. p. 263 |
2010 | Tarchia gigantea Longrich et al. p. 955 |
2011 | Maleevus disparoserratus Carpenter et al. p. 2 |
2011 | Tarchia gigantea Carpenter et al. p. 6 |
2012 | Tarchia gigantea Arbour et al. p. 56 |
2013 | Tarchia gigantea Arbour and Currie p. 29 |
2013 | Tarchia gigantea Arbour et al. |
2013 | Tarchia gigantea Kirkland et al. p. 7 |
2013 | Tarchia gigantea Leahey and Salisbury p. 251 |
2014 | Ankylosauridae Arbour et al. |
2014 | Ankylosauridae Blows p. 58 |
2014 | Ankylosauridae Han et al. p. 14 fig. 11 |
2014 | Minmi Han et al. p. 14 fig. 11 |
2016 | Ankylosauridae Arbour and Currie p. 433 fig. 11 |
2016 | Tarchia gigantea Kineer et al. p. 44 |
2017 | Ankylosauridae Arbour and Evans p. 7 |
2017 | Ankylosauridae Penkalski and Tumanova |
2017 | Ankylosauridae Yang et al. p. 786 fig. 5 |
2018 | Ankylosauridae Zheng et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. †Ankylosauridae Brown 1908 [ankylosaurid]
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Subfm. †Ankylosaurinae Nopcsa 1918
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Tr. †Ankylosaurini Arbour and Currie 2016
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Tr. †Euoplocephalini Penkalski 2018
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G. †Anodontosaurus Sternberg 1929
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†Anodontosaurus inceptus Penkalski 2018
†Anodontosaurus lambei Sternberg 1929
G. †Euoplocephalus Lambe 1910
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†Euoplocephalus tutus Lambe 1902
Invalid names: Stereocephalus Lambe 1902 [replaced]
G. †Scolosaurus Nopcsa 1928 [thorn lizard]
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†Scolosaurus cutleri Nopcsa 1928
†Scolosaurus thronus Penkalski 2018
G. †Minotaurasaurus Miles and Miles 2009
G. †Pinacosaurus Gilmore 1933
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†Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore 1933
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Invalid names: Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Young 1935 [synonym], Syrmosaurus viminocaudus Maleev 1952 [synonym]
†Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus Godefroit et al. 1999
Invalid names: Syrmosaurus Maleev 1952 [synonym]
G. †Saichania Maryanska 1977
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†Saichania chulsanensis Maryanska 1977
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Invalid names: Shanxia tianzhenensis Barrett et al. 1998 [synonym], Tianzhenosaurus youngi Pang and Cheng 1998 [synonym]
Invalid names: Shanxia Barrett et al. 1998 [synonym], Tianzhenosaurus Pang and Cheng 1998 [synonym]
G. †Tarchia Maryanska 1977
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†Tarchia kielanae Maryanska 1977
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Invalid names: Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani Miles and Miles 2009 [synonym]
†Tarchia teresae Penkalski and Tumanova 2017
†Tarchia tumanovae Park et al. 2021
G. †Gobisaurus Vickaryous et al. 2001
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†Gobisaurus domoculus Vickaryous et al. 2001
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Invalid names: Zhongyuangosaurus luoyangensis Xu et al. 2007 [synonym]
Invalid names: Zhongyuansaurus Xu et al. 2007 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dyoplosaurus giganteus Maleev 1956 [nomen dubium], Maleevus Tumanova 1987 [nomen dubium], Minmi Molnar 1980 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus asper Lambe 1902 [nomen dubium], Polacanthinae Lapparent and Lavocat 1955 [empty], Shamosaurinae Tumanova 1983 [empty], Stegopeltinae Ford 2000 [empty], Syrmosauridae Maleev 1952 [synonym], Syrmosaurinae Ford 2000 [empty]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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B. Brown 1908 | Skull massive, short, and broadly triangular with dermal plates solidly coossified to cartilage bones. Teeth Stegosauroid with ovate-lanceolate flattened crowns and crenulate edges. Vertebre amphiplatyan, solid throughout; neck short, backbone stiff. Body broad, covered with heavy armor plates arranged in rows. | |
E. A. Maleev 1954 (Syrmosauridae) | Large, four-legged dinosaurs with light defensive armor consisting of individual symmetrically distributed scales. The body is very flat and broad as in the Upper Cretaceous Ankylosauria. The teeth are stegosauroid, with a lamellar flat crown having channeled sculpture [=rugose]. Because of the flat body, the head has a distinctive adaptation for elevating, which is expressed as a unique structure of the cervical vertebrae - the articulation surfaces have been twisted so that the rear surface of the vertebra is depressed below the front surface and is almost parallel to it. The dorsal vertebrae are long, with low centra and are slightly flat at the ends. The torso ribs do not attach to the transverse processes of the vertebrae. The pelvis is stegosauroid. The iliac bones are quite wide and thick in the postacetabular region, as in the Ankylosauria. The sacrum consists of three true sacral vertebrae. The front legs are shorter than the hind legs. The digits end with hoof-like formations (the end phalanges). The tail is long (35-40 vertebrae). The rear tail vertebrae (15-20) are rigidly attached to one another, forming a long "club". The overall length of the skeleton and skull is 4-5 meters.
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E. A. Maleev 1956 | Ankylosauridae are large quadruped dinosaurs. The cranium is massive, short, and wide, of triangular shape. The top of the cranium is covered with multiple bony plates and spines. The teeth are of stegosaurid type, with oval-lanceolate crown of striated sculpture. The vertebrae are entire on both sides. The neck is short. The sacrum is long, and encloses from five to nine vertebrae. The body is flattened, broad, covered with heavy bony armor, which consists of united bony plates. | |
T. A. Tumanova 1987 | Ankylosaurs with skull greatly expanding in orbital and postorbital regions, width is equal or greater than length (Figs. 2, 3); bones of skull roof covered by many small scutes, which may be posterior to the orbits, change from pyramidal osteoderms into spines; nostrils large and terminal; additional sinuses in nasal cavity present; respiratory tract is flexed; occipital condyle oval, without neck; lateral temporal fenestra and quadrate condyle (except Shamosaurus) closed laterally with osteodermal scutes; scutes also on the the maxilla and expanded from the squamosal into spines; paroccipital processes projects laterally, ends not reaching posterior of skull roof; pterygoid flanges, mandibular branch of pterygoid and ectopterygoid project laterally; teeth are small. |