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Ankylosauridae (ankylosaurid)

Reptilia - Ankylosauridae

Taxonomy
Ankylosauridae was named by Brown (1908). Its type is Ankylosaurus. It was considered monophyletic by Tumanova (2000) and Vickaryous et al. (2004).

It was synonymized subjectively with Nodosauridae by Hennig (1915), Lull (1924), Huene (1934), Huene (1934), Russell (1940), Kuhn (1946), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966) and Maryanska (1971).

It was assigned to Orthopoda by Arldt (1909) and Huene (1909); to Phytophagi by Jaekel (1914); to Thyreophora by Nopcsa (1928); to Stegosauroidae by Hay (1930); to Stegosauria by Brown (1908), Matthew (1915), Lambe (1918) and Lapparent (1947); to Ankylosauroidea by Norman (1984); to Ankylosauria by Maleev (1953), Maleev (1956), Swinton (1970), Rozhdestvensky (1977), Coombs (1978), Ostrom (1980), Galton (1983), Kielan-Jaworowska (1984), Russell (1984), Sereno (1986), Bakker (1986), Tumanova (1987), Carroll (1988), Dong (1993), Buffetaut (1995), Coombs and Deméré (1996), Carpenter et al. (1996), Sereno (1997), Sereno (1998), Barrett et al. (1998), Carpenter et al. (1998), Sereno (1999), Tumanova (2000), Ford (2000), Vickaryous et al. (2001), Carpenter (2001), Peng et al. (2001), Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola (2003), Vickaryous et al. (2004), Ryan and Evans (2005), Lü et al. (2007), Lü et al. (2007), Carpenter et al. (2008) and Blows (2014); and to Ankylosauria by Osi and Makádi (2009), Parsons and Parsons (2009), Han et al. (2014), Arbour et al. (2014), Arbour and Currie (2016), Yang et al. (2017), Penkalski and Tumanova (2017), Arbour and Evans (2017) and Zheng et al. (2018).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1902Palaeoscincus asper Lambe p. 54
1905Palaeoscincus asper Lambe p. 23
1908Ankylosauridae Brown
1909Ankylosauridae Arldt p. 263
1909Ankylosauridae Huene p. 17
1914Ancylosauridae Jaekel p. 197
1915Palaeoscincus asper Hennig p. 14
1915Ankylosauridae Matthew p. 32
1918Ankylosauridae Lambe p. 35
1923Palaeoscincus asper Gilmore p. 48
1928Ankylosauridae Nopcsa p. 73
1930Palaeoscincus asper Hay p. 236
1930Ankylosauridae Hay p. 237
1930Palaeoscincus asper Russell p. 149
1940Palaeoscincus asper Russell p. 27
1947Ankylosauridae Lapparent p. 18
1952Syrmosauridae Maleev
1952Syrmosaurus disparoserratus Maleev p. 134
1953Ankylosauridae Maleev p. 109
1953Syrmosauridae Maleev p. 109
1954Syrmosauridae Maleev p. 143
1954Syrmosaurus disparoserratus Maleev pp. 162-163 fig. 15
1956Ankylosauridae Maleev p. 53
1956Dyoplosaurus giganteus Maleev p. 79
1964Syrmosauridae Kuhn p. 39
1964Syrmosaurus disparoserrata Kuhn p. 39
1964Palaeoscincus asper Kuhn p. 49
1964Palaeoscincus asper Russell p. 13
1964Syrmosauridae Tatarinov p. 577
1965Dyoplosaurus giganteus Kielan-Jaworowska and Kowalski p. 177
1966Syrmosauridae Kuhn p. 106
1970Ankylosauridae Swinton p. 246
1974Dyoplosaurus giganteus Rozhdestvensky p. 147
1974Syrmosaurus disparoserratus Rozhdestvensky p. 147
1977Dyoplosaurus giganteus Gradzinski et al. p. 302
1977Tarchia gigantea Maryanska
1977Talarurus disparoserratus Maryanska pp. 100-101
1977Dyoplosaurus giganteus Rozhdestvensky p. 106
1977Ankylosauridae Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1977Syrmosaurus disparoserratus Rozhdestvensky p. 113
1977Tarchia gigantea Tumanova p. 93
1978Ankylosauridae Coombs p. 143
1978Tarchia gigantea Tumanova p. 482
1980Minmi Molnar p. 78
1980Ankylosauridae Ostrom p. 23
1983Ankylosauridae Galton p. 4
1983Tarchia gigantea Tumanova
1984Ankylosauridae Kielan-Jaworowska p. 104
1984Minmi Molnar p. 151
1984Ankylosauridae Norman pp. 159-160 fig. 2
1984Ankylosauridae Russell p. 29
1986Ankylosauridae Bakker p. 461
1986Minmi Bonaparte p. 88
1986Ankylosauridae Sereno
1987Minmi Molnar and Frey p. 20
1987Ankylosauridae Tumanova p. 14
1987Maleevus Tumanova p. 18
1987Maleevus disparoserratus Tumanova p. 18–19
1987Tarchia gigantea Tumanova p. 22
1988Ankylosauridae Carroll
1992Minmi Molnar p. 261
1993Ankylosauridae Dong p. 259
1995Ankylosauridae Buffetaut
1996Ankylosauridae Carpenter et al. p. 25A
1996Ankylosauridae Coombs, Jr. and Deméré p. 319
1996Minmi Molnar p. 654
1997Maleevus Barsbold p. 450
1997Maleevus disparoserratus Barsbold p. 450
1997Tarchia gigantea Barsbold p. 450
1997Talarurus disparoserratus Coy p. 692
1997Tarchia gigantea Osmólska p. 575
1997Ankylosauridae Sereno p. 443
1998Ankylosauridae Barrett et al. p. 382
1998Ankylosauridae Carpenter et al. p. 782
1998Minmi Kirkland p. 273 fig. 3
1998Ankylosauridae Sereno p. 61
1998Minmi Sereno p. 67 fig. 5
1999Ankylosauridae Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
1999Minmi Sereno p. 2138 fig. 2
2000Ankylosauridae Ford p. 175
2000Maleevus Ford p. 176
2000Maleevus disparoserratus Ford p. 176
2000Tarchia gigantea Ford p. 176
2000Ankylosauridae Tumanova p. 519
2000Maleevus Tumanova p. 521
2000Maleevus disparoserratus Tumanova pp. 521-523
2000Tarchia gigantea Tumanova p. 527
2001Ankylosauridae Carpenter p. 457
2001Minmi Carpenter p. 457
2001Tarchia gigantea Carpenter p. 457
2001Ankylosauridae Peng et al. p. 35
2001Ankylosauridae Vickaryous et al. p. 1774
2001Minmi Vickaryous et al. p. 1774
2003Minmi Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola p. 162
2003Ankylosauridae Garcia and Pereda-Suberbiola p. 163
2004Ankylosauridae Vickaryous et al. p. 364
2004Minmi Vickaryous et al. p. 364
2004Tarchia gigantea Vickaryous et al. p. 364
2005Ankylosauridae Ryan and Evans p. 315
2007Ankylosauridae Lü et al. p. 889 fig. 1
2007Minmi Lü et al. p. 889 fig. 1
2007Ankylosauridae Lü et al. p. 344
2008Ankylosauridae Carpenter et al. p. 1097
2009Ankylosauridae Osi and Makádi p. 239 fig. 10
2009Minmi Osi and Makádi p. 239 fig. 10
2009Ankylosauridae Parsons and Parsons p. 736 fig. 18
2009Minmi Parsons and Parsons p. 736 fig. 18
2010Minmi Agnolin et al. p. 263
2010Tarchia gigantea Longrich et al. p. 955
2011Maleevus disparoserratus Carpenter et al. p. 2
2011Tarchia gigantea Carpenter et al. p. 6
2012Tarchia gigantea Arbour et al. p. 56
2013Tarchia gigantea Arbour and Currie p. 29
2013Tarchia gigantea Arbour et al.
2013Tarchia gigantea Kirkland et al. p. 7
2013Tarchia gigantea Leahey and Salisbury p. 251
2014Ankylosauridae Arbour et al.
2014Ankylosauridae Blows p. 58
2014Ankylosauridae Han et al. p. 14 fig. 11
2014Minmi Han et al. p. 14 fig. 11
2016Ankylosauridae Arbour and Currie p. 433 fig. 11
2016Tarchia gigantea Kineer et al. p. 44
2017Ankylosauridae Arbour and Evans p. 7
2017Ankylosauridae Penkalski and Tumanova
2017Ankylosauridae Yang et al. p. 786 fig. 5
2018Ankylosauridae Zheng et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
Sauropsida
classReptilia
RankNameAuthor
subclassEureptilia()
Romeriida
Diapsida()
Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
Crocopoda
ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
Eucrocopoda
Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
Ornithodira
Dinosauromorpha
Dinosauriformes
Dinosauria()
Ornithischia()
Genasauria
Thyreophora()
Ankylosauria()
familyAnkylosauridae
familyAnkylosauridae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Ankylosauridae Brown 1908 [ankylosaurid]
show all | hide all
G. †Ahshislepelta Burns and Sullivan 2011
+
Ahshislepelta minor Burns and Sullivan 2011
G. †Aletopelta Ford and Kirkland 2001
+
Aletopelta coombsi Ford and Kirkland 2001
Subfm. †Ankylosaurinae Nopcsa 1918
+
Tr. †Ankylosaurini Arbour and Currie 2016
+
G. †Akainacephalus Wiersma and Irmis 2018
+
Akainacephalus johnsoni Wiersma and Irmis 2018
G. †Ziapelta Arbour et al. 2014
+
Ziapelta sanjuanensis Arbour et al. 2014
G. †Ankylosaurus Brown 1908
+
G. †Crichtonpelta Arbour and Currie 2016
+
Crichtonpelta benxiensis Lü et al. 2007
Tr. †Euoplocephalini Penkalski 2018
+
G. †Anodontosaurus Sternberg 1929
+
Anodontosaurus inceptus Penkalski 2018
Anodontosaurus lambei Sternberg 1929
G. †Dyoplosaurus Parks 1924
+
G. †Euoplocephalus Lambe 1910
+
Euoplocephalus tutus Lambe 1902
Invalid names: Stereocephalus Lambe 1902 [replaced]
G. †Platypelta Penkalski 2018
+
Platypelta coombsi Penkalski 2018
G. †Scolosaurus Nopcsa 1928 [thorn lizard]
+
Scolosaurus cutleri Nopcsa 1928
Scolosaurus thronus Penkalski 2018
G. †Jinyunpelta Zheng et al. 2018
+
Jinyunpelta sinensis Zheng et al. 2018
G. †Minotaurasaurus Miles and Miles 2009
G. †Nodocephalosaurus Sullivan 1999
+
G. †Oohkotokia Penkalski 2014
+
Oohkotokia horneri Penkalski 2014
G. †Pinacosaurus Gilmore 1933
+
Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore 1933
+
Invalid names: Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis Young 1935 [synonym], Syrmosaurus viminocaudus Maleev 1952 [synonym]
Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus Godefroit et al. 1999
Invalid names: Syrmosaurus Maleev 1952 [synonym]
G. †Saichania Maryanska 1977
+
Saichania chulsanensis Maryanska 1977
+
Invalid names: Shanxia tianzhenensis Barrett et al. 1998 [synonym], Tianzhenosaurus youngi Pang and Cheng 1998 [synonym]
Invalid names: Shanxia Barrett et al. 1998 [synonym], Tianzhenosaurus Pang and Cheng 1998 [synonym]
G. †Talarurus Maleev 1952
+
Talarurus plicatospineus Maleev 1952
G. †Tarchia Maryanska 1977
+
Tarchia kielanae Maryanska 1977
+
Invalid names: Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani Miles and Miles 2009 [synonym]
Tarchia teresae Penkalski and Tumanova 2017
Tarchia tumanovae Park et al. 2021
G. †Tsagantegia Tumanova 1993
+
Tsagantegia longicranialis Tumanova 1993
G. †Zaraapelta Arbour et al. 2014
+
Zaraapelta nomadis Arbour et al. 2014
G. †Zuul Arbour and Evans 2017
+
Zuul crurivastator Arbour and Evans 2017
G. †Bissektipelta Parish and Barrett 2004
+
Bissektipelta archibaldi Averianov 2002
G. †Cedarpelta Carpenter et al. 2001
+
Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum Carpenter et al. 2001
G. †Chuanqilong Han et al. 2014
+
Chuanqilong chaoyangensis Han et al. 2014
G. †Datai Xing et al. 2024
+
Datai yingliangis Xing et al. 2024
G. †Gobisaurus Vickaryous et al. 2001
+
Gobisaurus domoculus Vickaryous et al. 2001
+
Invalid names: Zhongyuangosaurus luoyangensis Xu et al. 2007 [synonym]
Invalid names: Zhongyuansaurus Xu et al. 2007 [synonym]
G. †Liaoningosaurus Xu et al. 2001
+
Liaoningosaurus paradoxus Xu et al. 2001
G. †Shamosaurus Tumanova 1983
+
Shamosaurus scutatus Tumanova 1983
Invalid names: Dyoplosaurus giganteus Maleev 1956 [nomen dubium], Maleevus Tumanova 1987 [nomen dubium], Minmi Molnar 1980 [nomen dubium], Palaeoscincus asper Lambe 1902 [nomen dubium], Polacanthinae Lapparent and Lavocat 1955 [empty], Shamosaurinae Tumanova 1983 [empty], Stegopeltinae Ford 2000 [empty], Syrmosauridae Maleev 1952 [synonym], Syrmosaurinae Ford 2000 [empty]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
B. Brown 1908Skull massive, short, and broadly triangular with dermal plates solidly coossified to cartilage bones. Teeth Stegosauroid with ovate-lanceolate flattened crowns and crenulate edges. Vertebre amphiplatyan, solid throughout; neck short, backbone stiff. Body broad, covered with heavy armor plates arranged in rows.
E. A. Maleev 1954 (Syrmosauridae)Large, four-legged dinosaurs with light defensive armor consisting of individual symmetrically distributed scales. The body is very flat and broad as in the Upper Cretaceous Ankylosauria. The teeth are stegosauroid, with a lamellar flat crown having channeled sculpture [=rugose]. Because of the flat body, the head has a distinctive adaptation for elevating, which is expressed as a unique structure of the cervical vertebrae - the articulation surfaces have been twisted so that the rear surface of the vertebra is depressed below the front surface and is almost parallel to it. The dorsal vertebrae are long, with low centra and are slightly flat at the ends. The torso ribs do not attach to the transverse processes of the vertebrae. The pelvis is stegosauroid. The iliac bones are quite wide and thick in the postacetabular region, as in the Ankylosauria. The sacrum consists of three true sacral vertebrae. The front legs are shorter than the hind legs. The digits end with hoof-like formations (the end phalanges). The tail is long (35-40 vertebrae). The rear tail vertebrae (15-20) are rigidly attached to one another, forming a long "club". The overall length of the skeleton and skull is 4-5 meters.
E. A. Maleev 1956Ankylosauridae are large quadruped dinosaurs. The cranium is massive, short, and wide, of triangular shape. The top of the cranium is covered with multiple bony plates and spines. The teeth are of stegosaurid type, with oval-lanceolate crown of striated sculpture. The vertebrae are entire on both sides. The neck is short. The sacrum is long, and encloses from five to nine vertebrae. The body is flattened, broad, covered with heavy bony armor, which consists of united bony plates.
T. A. Tumanova 1987Ankylosaurs with skull greatly expanding in orbital and postorbital regions, width is equal or greater than length (Figs. 2, 3); bones of skull roof covered by many small scutes, which may be posterior to the orbits, change from pyramidal osteoderms into spines; nostrils large and terminal; additional sinuses in nasal cavity present; respiratory tract is flexed; occipital condyle oval, without neck; lateral temporal fenestra and quadrate condyle (except Shamosaurus) closed laterally with osteodermal scutes; scutes also on the the maxilla and expanded from the squamosal into spines; paroccipital processes projects laterally, ends not reaching posterior of skull roof; pterygoid flanges, mandibular branch of pterygoid and ectopterygoid project laterally; teeth are small.