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Protoceratops

Reptilia - Protoceratopsidae

Taxonomy
Protoceratops was named by Granger and Gregory (1923). Its type is Protoceratops andrewsi. It is the type genus of Protoceratopsidae.

It was assigned to Ceratopsia by Lull (1924); to Ceratopsidae by Huene (1927); to Leptoceratopsinae by Nopcsa (1928); to Ponderopoda by Huene (1958); to Protoceratopidae by Olshevsky and Ford (1994), Tereshchenko and Alifanov (2003) and Alifanov (2008); to Ceratopsia by Buchholz (2002) and Tanoue et al. (2009); to Neoceratopsia by You and Dodson (2004), Chinnery and Horner (2007), Lee et al. (2010) and Farke (2011); to Ceratopsoidea by Farke et al. (2014); to Coronosauria by Sereno (1986), Zheng et al. (2015) and Morschhauser et al. (2019); and to Protoceratopsidae by Granger and Gregory (1923), Gregory and Mook (1925), Lull (1933), Chakravarti (1934), Huene (1950), Sternberg (1951), Bohlin (1953), Romer (1956), Huene (1959), Parsch (1963), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Swinton (1970), Maryanska and Osmólska (1975), Rozhdestvensky (1977), Bonaparte (1978), McIntosh (1981), McGinnis (1982), Russell (1984), Ostrom and Wellnhofer (1986), Carroll (1988), Dodson and Currie (1990), Kurzanov (1992), Dong (1992), Lehman (1996), Dodson (1997), Sereno (1998), Chinnery and Weishampel (1998), Sereno (2000), Lambert et al. (2001), Makovicky (2001), You and Dodson (2003), Chinnery (2004), Godefroit et al. (2008), Longrich et al. (2010), Fastovsky et al. (2011), Handa et al. (2012), Kim et al. (2019), Morschhauser et al. (2019) and Czepiński (2020).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1923Protoceratops Granger and Gregory pp. 1-9 figs. 32-34, 36
1924Protoceratops Lull p. 245
1925Protoceratops Gregory and Mook p. 4
1927Protoceratops Huene p. 272
1928Protoceratops Nopcsa p. 185
1933Protoceratops Lull p. 74
1934Protoceratops Chakravarti p. 78
1950Protoceratops Huene p. 351
1951Protoceratops Sternberg p. 226
1953Protoceratops Bohlin p. 13
1956Protoceratops Romer p. 638
1958Protoceratops Huene p. 206
1959Protoceratops Huene p. 122
1963Protoceratops Parsch p. 8
1964Protoceratops Kuhn p. 54
1964Protoceratops Tatarinov p. 581
1966Protoceratops Romer p. 371
1967Protoceratops Charig p. 717
1970Protoceratops Swinton p. 254
1975Protoceratops Maryanska and Osmólska p. 143
1977Protoceratops Rozhdestvensky p. 114
1978Protoceratops Bonaparte p. 466
1981Protoceratops McIntosh p. 40
1982Protoceratops McGinnis p. 95
1984Protoceratops Russell p. 25
1986Protoceratops Ostrom and Wellnhofer p. 116
1986Protoceratops Sereno
1988Protoceratops Carroll
1990Protoceratops Dodson and Currie p. 611
1992Protoceratops Dong p. 166
1992Protoceratops Kurzanov p. 104
1994Protoceratops Olshevsky and Ford
1996Protoceratops Lehman p. 505
1997Protoceratops Dodson p. 474
1998Protoceratops Chinnery and Weishampel p. 578 fig. 10
1998Protoceratops Sereno p. 62
2000Protoceratops Sereno p. 489 fig. 25.8
2001Protoceratops Lambert et al. p. 7
2001Protoceratops Makovicky p. 254 fig. 18.3
2002Protoceratops Buchholz p. 20
2003Bainoceratops Tereshchenko and Alifanov p. 294 figs. 1-4
2003Protoceratops Tereshchenko and Alifanov p. 294
2003Protoceratops You and Dodson
2004Protoceratops Chinnery pp. 584-585 fig. 9
2004Protoceratops You and Dodson p. 480
2007Protoceratops Chinnery and Horner p. 638 fig. 6
2008Protoceratops Alifanov p. 622
2008Protoceratops Godefroit et al. p. 437
2009Protoceratops Tanoue et al. p. 426
2010Protoceratops Lee et al.
2010Bainoceratops Longrich et al. p. 955
2010Protoceratops Longrich et al. p. 955
2011Protoceratops Farke p. 5
2011Protoceratops Fastovsky et al. p. 1035
2012Protoceratops Handa et al. p. 181
2014Protoceratops Farke et al.
2015Protoceratops Zheng et al. p. 6 fig. 3
2019Protoceratops Kim et al. p. 187
2019Protoceratops Morschhauser et al. p. 95
2020Protoceratops Czepiński p. 482

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
—Romeriida
RankNameAuthor
—Diapsida()
—Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
—Crocopoda
—ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
—Eucrocopoda
—Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
—Ornithodira
—Dinosauromorpha
—Dinosauriformes
—Dinosauria()
—Ornithischia()
—Genasauria
—Cerapoda
—Marginocephalia
—Ceratopsia()
infraorderNeoceratopsia
—Coronosauria
familyProtoceratopsidae
genusProtoceratops

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Protoceratops Granger and Gregory 1923
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†Protoceratops andrewsi Granger and Gregory 1923
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Invalid names: Bainoceratops efremovi Tereshchenko and Alifanov 2003 [synonym]
†Protoceratops hellenikorhinus Lambert et al. 2001
Invalid names: Bainoceratops Tereshchenko and Alifanov 2003 [synonym]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
O. Lambert et al. 2001Protoceratopsidae with the following apomorphic characters: tip of predentary reaching or standing higher than the level of the dorsal edge of the coronoid process; double nasal horn.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: hydroxyapatiteo
Entire body: yesg
Adult length: 10 to < 100o
Adult width: 1.0 to < 10o
Adult height: 1.0 to < 10o
Maximum body mass: 300 kgg
Minimum body mass: 100 kgg
Architecture: compact or denseo
Ontogeny: accretion, modification of partso
Grouping: gregariouso
Environment: terrestrialsubo
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: ground dwellingsubo
Diet: herbivoresubo
Reproduction: oviparouso
Dispersal: direct/internalo
Dispersal 2: mobileo
Created: 2005-08-25 05:47:29
Modified: 2005-08-25 07:47:29
Source: g = genus, subo = suborder, o = order
References: Norman and Weishampel 1991, Peczkis 1995, Marsh 1875

Age range: base of the Early/Lower Cretaceous to the top of the Campanian or 145.00000 to 72.10000 Ma

Collections (33 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Cretaceous145.0 - 100.5China (Gansu) P. sp. (79605)
Late/Upper Cretaceous100.5 - 66.0Mongolia (Dornogov) P. sp. (55253)
Late/Upper Cretaceous100.5 - 66.0Mongolia (Omnogov) P. sp. (226776)
Late/Upper Santonian - Late/Upper Campanian85.8 - 70.6Mongolia (Omnogov) P. andrewsi (167657)
Campanian83.6 - 72.1Mongolia (Ömnögovi Aimag) P. sp. (130798)
Campanian83.6 - 72.1Mongolia (Omnogov) P. andrewsi (62927) P. sp. (59360 129749 168808 168986 168987)
Campanian83.6 - 72.1China (Nei Mongol) P. hellenikorhinus (37806 38829 38830 38831 38832) P. sp. (205652)
Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6Mongolia (Omnogov) P. andrewsi (22685 37009 37013 37016 118259) P. andrewsi, P. sp. (53229) P. sp. (55256 127668 163255) P. sp., P. andrewsi (46152 127678)
Middle Campanian83.5 - 70.6Mongolia (Omngov) P. sp. (100261)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian83.5 - 70.6Mongolia (Omnogov) P. andrewsi (154402) P. sp. (28243 37022 181417)