PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Torosaurus

Reptilia - Ceratopsidae

Taxonomy

Torosaurus was named by Marsh (1891). Its type is Torosaurus latus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Triceratops by Scannella and Horner (2010) and Scannella and Horner (2011).

It was assigned to Agathaumidae by Lull (1906); to Ceratopsinae by Nopcsa (1928), Huene (1950) and Tatarinov (1964); to Ceratopsia by Lull (1924) and Ostrom (1965); to Ceratopinae by Olshevsky and Ford (1994); to Ceratopsidae by Marsh (1891), Marsh (1895), Marsh (1896), Nopcsa (1901), Hay (1902), Lambe (1905), Hatcher et al. (1907), Huene (1909), von Zittel (1911), Matthew (1915), Gregory and Mook (1925), Huene (1927), Hay (1930), Lull (1933), Sternberg (1949), Romer (1956), Kuhn (1964), Romer (1966), Charig (1967), Swinton (1970), Lawson (1976), Lehman (1981), Russell (1984), Breithaupt (1985), Ostrom and Wellnhofer (1986), Clemens (1986), Tokaryk (1986), Carroll (1988), Ryan (1997) and Eberth (1997); to Chasmosaurinae by Lambe (1915), Dodson and Currie (1990), Lehman (1990), Lehman (1996), Dodson (1997), Dodson (1997), Dodson et al. (2004), Farke (2004), Diem and Archibald (2005), Wu et al. (2007), Ryan (2007), Hunt and Lehman (2008), Longrich (2010), Xu et al. (2010), Ryan et al. (2010), Farke (2011) and Longrich and Field (2012); and to Triceratopsini by Longrich (2014).

Species

T. latus (syn. T. gladius) (type species), T. utahensis

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1891	Torosaurus Marsh pp. 265-266
1895	Torosaurus Marsh
1896	Torosaurus Marsh p. 243
1901	Torosaurus Nopcsa p. 217
1902	Torosaurus Hay p. 499
1905	Torosaurus Lambe p. 23
1906	Torosaurus Lull p. 144
1907	Torosaurus Hatcher et al. p. 12
1909	Torosaurus Huene p. 18
1911	Torosaurus von Zittel p. 296
1915	Torosaurus Lambe p. 20
1915	Torosaurus Matthew p. 30
1924	Torosaurus Lull p. 244
1925	Torosaurus Gregory and Mook p. 5
1927	Torosaurus Huene p. 261
1928	Torosaurus Nopcsa p. 185
1930	Torosaurus Hay p. 225
1933	Torosaurus Lull p. 130
1949	Torosaurus Sternberg p. 41 fig. 1
1950	Torosaurus Huene p. 351
1956	Torosaurus Romer p. 639
1964	Torosaurus Kuhn p. 59
1964	Torosaurus Tatarinov p. 585
1965	Torosaurus Ostrom p. 39
1966	Torosaurus Romer p. 371
1967	Torosaurus Charig p. 717
1970	Torosaurus Swinton p. 259
1976	Torosaurus Lawson p. 161
1981	Torosaurus Lehman p. 198
1984	Torosaurus Russell p. 27
1985	Torosaurus Breithaupt p. 170
1986	Torosaurus Clemens p. 80
1986	Torosaurus Ostrom and Wellnhofer p. 116
1986	Torosaurus Tokaryk p. 194
1988	Torosaurus Carroll
1990	Torosaurus Dodson and Currie p. 612
1990	Torosaurus Lehman p. 212
1994	Torosaurus Olshevsky and Ford
1996	Torosaurus Lehman p. 505 fig. 10
1997	Torosaurus Dodson p. 12
1997	Torosaurus Eberth p. 202
1997	Torosaurus Ryan p. 391
2004	Torosaurus Dodson et al. p. 496
2004	Torosaurus Farke p. 4
2005	Torosaurus Diem and Archibald p. 251
2007	Torosaurus Ryan p. 391 fig. 12
2007	Torosaurus Wu et al. p. 1261 fig. 14
2008	Torosaurus Hunt and Lehman p. 1128
2010	Torosaurus Longrich p. 692 fig. 10
2010	Torosaurus Ryan et al. p. 185
2010	Torosaurus Xu et al. p. 1634 fig. 3
2011	Torosaurus Farke pp. 6-8
2012	Torosaurus Longrich and Field p. 9
2014	Torosaurus Longrich p. 303 fig. 8

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Ornithischia	()
—	Genasauria
—	Cerapoda
—	Marginocephalia
—	Ceratopsia	()
infraorder	Neoceratopsia
—	Coronosauria
superfamily	Ceratopsoidea
family	Ceratopsidae
subfamily	Chasmosaurinae
—	Triceratopsini
genus	Torosaurus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Torosaurus Marsh 1891

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†Torosaurus latus Marsh 1891

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Invalid names: Torosaurus gladius Marsh 1891 [objective synonym]

†Torosaurus utahensis Gilmore 1946

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Body mass estimates

estimate	equation	reference
7.23 tons	Ceratopsidae femur circumference	Anderson et al. 1985
2.19 tons	Ceratopsidae humerus circumference	Anderson et al. 1985
mean: 3.98 tons

Measurements

part	N	mean
femur circumference	1	376.0
humerus circumference	1	274.0

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

gregariouso

Environment:

terrestrialsubo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingsubo

Diet:

herbivoresubo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2005-09-15 11:08:09

Modified:

2005-09-15 13:08:09

Source: subo = suborder, o = order

References: Norman and Weishampel 1991, Marsh 1875

Age range: base of the Maastrichtian to the top of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian or 72.10000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (12 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Campanian	83.5 - 70.6	USA (New Mexico)	T. sp. (227186)
Maastrichtian	72.1 - 66.0	USA (North Dakota)	T. latus (45103)
Maastrichtian	72.1 - 66.0	USA (South Dakota)	T. latus (53128)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Ceratopsidae indet. (152402)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Texas)	Pentaceratops sp. (85188) T. utahensis (69211)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Wyoming)	T. gladius (46135) T. latus (46134)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	T. sp. (47130)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (South Dakota)	T. sp. (224484)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Colorado)	Triceratops sp. (49536)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Utah)	Ceratopsia indet. (45719)