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Synapsida (synapsid)

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1902Protherosauria Osborn
1903Synapsida Osborn p. 276
1904Synapsida Osborn p. 99
1917Synapsida Williston p. 415
1937Synapsida Roxo p. 43
1947Synapsida Olson pp. 44, 45
1953Synapsida Olson and Beerbower p. 399
1954Synapsida Haughton and Brink p. 5
1962Synapsida Olson p. 95
1965Synapsida Lewis and Vaughn pp. C12, C26
1966Synapsida Olson p. 301
1971Synapsida Haubold p. 32
1972Synapsida Waldman and Savage
1973Synapsida Daly p. 587
1974Synapsida Haubold p. 34
1974Synapsida Olson p. 28
1977Synapsida Currie p. 929
1981Synapsida Langston and Reisz p. 74
1985Synapsida Benton p. 153
1988Synapsida Carroll
1988Synapsida Gauthier et al. p. 139 fig. 4.4
1989Synapsida Gauthier et al. p. 340
1995Synapsida Laurin and Reisz p. 179 fig. 2
1997Synapsida McKenna and Bell
2003Synapsida Meyer and Zardoya

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
RankNameAuthor
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
subclassSynapsida

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subcl. Synapsida Osborn 1903 [synapsid]
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G. †Asaphestera Steen 1934
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†Asaphestera platyris Steen 1934
Invalid names: Asaphestera intermedia Dawson 1894 [nomen dubium]
Unr. †Caseasauria Williston 1912
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Fm. †Caseidae Williston 1911
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G. †Alierasaurus Romano and Nicosia 2014
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†Alierasaurus ronchii Romano and Nicosia 2014
G. †Angelosaurus Olson and Beerbower 1953
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†Angelosaurus dolani Olson and Beerbower 1953
†Angelosaurus greeni Olson 1962
†Angelosaurus romeri Olson and Barghusen 1962
G. †Arisierpeton Reisz 2019
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†Arisierpeton simplex Reisz 2019
G. †Callibrachion Boule and Glangeaud 1893
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†Callibrachion gaudryi Boule and Glangeaud 1893
G. †Casea Williston 1910
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†Casea broilii Williston 1910
†Casea halselli Olson 1954
†Casea membranacea Newberry 1853
†Casea nicholsi Olson 1954
G. †Caseoides Olson and Beerbower 1953
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†Caseoides sanangeloensis Olson and Beerbower 1953
G. †Caseopsis Olson 1962
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†Caseopsis agilis Olson 1962
G. †Chelichnus Jardine 1850
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†Chelichnus ambiguum Jardine 1853
†Chelichnus bucklandi Jardine 1850
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Invalid names: Herpetichnus sauroplesius Jardine 1850 [synonym]
†Chelichnus duncani Owen 1842
†Chelichnus gigas Jardine 1850
†Chelichnus hicklingi Nopsca 1923
†Chelichnus ingens Binney 1856
†Chelichnus megacheirus Huxley 1859
†Chelichnus obliquus Harkness 1851
†Chelichnus plancus Harkness 1851
†Chelichnus pricei Delair 1966
†Chelichnus titan Jardine 1853
†Chelichnus tripodizon Schmidt 1959
Invalid names: Herpetichnus Jardine 1850 [synonym]
G. †Cotylorhynchus Stovall 1937
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†Cotylorhynchus bransoni Olson and Barghusen 1962
†Cotylorhynchus hancocki Olson and Beerbower 1953
†Cotylorhynchus romeri Stovall 1937
G. †Datheosaurus Schroeder 1905
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†Datheosaurus macrourus Schroeder 1905
G. †Ennatosaurus Efremov 1956
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†Ennatosaurus tecton Efremov 1956
G. †Eocasea Reisz and Fröbisch 2014
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†Eocasea martini Reisz and Fröbisch 2014
G. †Euromycter Reisz et al. 2011
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†Euromycter rutenus Sigogneau-Russel and Russell 1974
G. †Martensius Berman et al. 2020
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†Martensius bromackerensis Berman et al. 2020
G. †Oromycter Reisz 2005
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†Oromycter dolesorum Reisz 2005
G. †Phreatophasma Efremov 1954
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G. †Ruthenosaurus Reisz et al. 2011
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†Ruthenosaurus russellorum Reisz et al. 2011
G. †Trichasaurus Williston 1913
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†Trichasaurus texensis Williston 1910
Invalid names: Trispondylus Williston 1910 [replaced]
Fm. †Eothyrididae Romer and Price 1940
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G. †Baldwinonus Romer and Price 1940
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†Baldwinonus trux Romer and Price 1940
G. †Eothyris Romer 1937
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†Eothyris parkeyi Romer 1937
G. †Oedaleops Langston 1965
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†Oedaleops campi Langston 1965
G. †Stereophallodon Romer 1937
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G. †Stereorhachis Gaudry 1880
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†Stereorhachis dominans Gaudry 1880
G. †Vaughnictis Brocklehurst et al. 2016
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†Vaughnictis smithae Lewis and Vaughn 1965
Fm. †Chelichnopodidae Lockley 2011
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G. †Brasilichnium Leonardi 1981
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†Brasilichnium elusivum Leonardi 1981
Subor. †Eupelycosauria Kemp 1982
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Fm. †Edaphosauridae Cope 1882
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G. †Bohemiclavulus Spindler et al. 2019
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†Bohemiclavulus mirabilis Fritsch 1895
G. †Edaphosaurus Cope 1882
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†Edaphosaurus boanerges Romer and Price 1940
†Edaphosaurus claviger Cope 1886
†Edaphosaurus colohistion Berman 1979
†Edaphosaurus credneri Jaekel 1910
†Edaphosaurus cruciger Cope 1878
†Edaphosaurus microdus Cope 1884
†Edaphosaurus novomexicanus Williston and Case 1913
†Edaphosaurus pogonias Cope 1882
Invalid names: Naosaurus Cope 1886 [synonym]
G. †Glaucosaurus Williston 1915
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†Glaucosaurus megalops Williston 1915
G. †Gordodon Lucas et al. 2018
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†Gordodon kraineri Lucas et al. 2018
G. †Ianthasaurus Reisz and Berman 1986
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†Ianthasaurus hardestiorum Reisz and Berman 1986
G. †Ramodendron Švestka 1943
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†Ramodendron obvispinosum Švestka 1943
G. †Remigiomontanus Spindler et al. 2019
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†Remigiomontanus robustus Spindler et al. 2019
Invalid names: Naosauridae Case 1907 [synonym], Naosaurus raymondi Case 1908 [nomen vanum]
Unr. †Haptodontiformes Spindler 2015
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G. †Eohaptodus Spindler 2015
G. †Haptodus Gaudry 1886
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†Haptodus baylei Gaudry 1886
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Invalid names: Palaeohatteria longicaudata Credner 1888 [synonym], Pantelosaurus saxonicus v. Huene 1925 [synonym]
†Haptodus garnettensis Currie 1977
G. †Hypselohaptodus Spindler 2015
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G. †Kenomagnathus Spindler 2020
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†Kenomagnathus scotti Spindler 2020
G. †Tenuacaptor Spindler 2015
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†Tenuacaptor reiszi Spindler 2015
Fm. †Ophiacodontidae Nopsca 1923 [ophiacodont]
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G. †Archaeothyris Reisz 1972
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G. †Clepsydrops Cope 1875
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†Clepsydrops collettii Cope 1875
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Invalid names: Archaeobelus vellicatus Cope 1877 [synonym], Clepsydrops pedunculatus Cope 1877 [synonym]
†Clepsydrops magnus Romer 1961
†Clepsydrops vinslovii Cope 1877
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Invalid names: Captorhinus illinoisensis Williston 1911 [synonym]
Invalid names: Archaeobelus Cope 1877 [synonym]
G. †Diopeus Cope 1892
G. †Elcabrosaurus Case 1907
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G. †Ophiacodon Marsh 1878
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†Ophiacodon hilli Romer 1925
†Ophiacodon major Romer and Price 1940
†Ophiacodon mirus Marsh 1878
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Invalid names: Clepsydrops leptocephalus Cope 1884 [synonym], Theropleura triangulata Cope 1878 [synonym], Therosaurus watsoni von Huene 1925 [synonym]
†Ophiacodon uniformis Cope 1878
Invalid names: Poliosaurus Case 1907 [synonym], Theropleura Cope 1878 [synonym], Winfieldia Romer 1925 [synonym]
G. †Varanosaurus Broili 1904
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+
Invalid names: Poecilospondylus francisi Case 1910 [synonym]
Invalid names: Poecilospondylus Case 1910 [synonym]
Invalid names: Clepsydropidae Cope 1878 [synonym], Poliosauridae Case 1907 [synonym]
Unr. †Sphenacomorpha Ivakhnenko 2003
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Subor. †Sphenacodontia Romer and Price 1940
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G. †Cutleria Lewis and Vaughn 1965
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†Cutleria wilmarthi Lewis and Vaughn 1965
Fm. †Homodontosauridae Kuhn 1961
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G. †Homodontosaurus Broom 1949
G. †Ianthodon Kissel and Reisz 2004
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†Ianthodon schultzei Kissel and Reisz 2004
G. †Palaeohatteria Credner 1888
G. †Pantelosaurus v. Huene 1925
G. †Shashajaia Huttenlocker et al. 2021
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†Shashajaia bermani Huttenlocker et al. 2021
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Fm. †Sphenacodontidae Marsh 1878
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Invalid names: Palaeohatteriidae Baur 1889 [synonym], Pantelosauridae Huene 1925 [synonym]
Fm. †Tappenosauridae Olson and Beerbower 1953
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G. †Tappenosaurus Olson and Beerbower 1953
Invalid names: Anningiidae Broom 1927 [empty], Haptodontinae Romer and Price 1940 [empty]
Unr. Therapsida Broom 1905 [therapsid]
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Unr. †Anomodontia Owen 1859
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Unr. †Anomocephaloidea Cisneros et al. 2011
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G. †Tiarajudens Cisneros et al. 2011
G. †Anomocephalus Modesto et al. 1999
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†Anomocephalus africanus Modesto et al. 1999
G. †Aulacocephalodon Seeley 1898
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G. †Bainia Broom 1921
G. †Biseridens Li and Cheng 1997
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†Biseridens qilianicus Li and Cheng 1997
Unr. †Chainosauria Nopcsa 1923
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G. †Galechirus Broom 1907
G. †Galeops Broom 1912
G. †Galepus Broom 1910
G. †Patranomodon Rubidge and Hopson 1990
Fm. †Cryptodontidae Owen 1859
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G. †Daqingshanodon Zhu 1989
Unr. †Geikiidae Nopcsa 1923
G. †Keyseria Kammerer et al. 2011
Unr. †Oudenodontidae Cope 1871
G. †Pelanomodon Broom 1938
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Invalid names: Propelanomodon Toerien 1955 [synonym]
Unr. †Rhachiocephalidae Maisch 2000
G. †Diaelurodon Broom 1911
Or. †Dicynodontia Owen 1859 [dicynodont]
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Unr. †Bidentalia Owen 1876
G. †Brachyprosopus Olson 1937
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Invalid names: Chelydontops Cluver 1975 [synonym]
G. †Colobodectes Modesto et al. 2003
Fm. †Dicynodontidae Owen 1859
Unr. †Dicynodontoidea Cluver and King 1983
Superfm. †Diictodontoidea Cluver and King 1983
G. †Dolichuranus Keyser 1973
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Invalid names: Rhopalorhinus Keyser 1973 [synonym]
G. †Dolomitipes Marchetti et al. 2019
Infraor. †Dromasaurida Ivakhnenko 2003
Superfm. †Emydopoidea van Hoepen 1934
G. †Emydorhinus Broom 1935
Unr. †Endothiodontia Owen 1876
Fm. †Endothiodontidae Owen 1876
G. †Eocyclops Broom 1913
G. †Eodicynodon Barry 1974
G. †Heuneus Toerien 1953
G. †Hyorhynchus Seeley 1889
Fm. †Kannemeyeriidae Huene 1948
Or. †Kannemeyeriiformes Huene 1948
G. †Katumbia Angielczyk 2007
G. †Pentasauropus Ellenberger 1970
G. †Platycyclops Broom 1932
Infraor. †Pristerodontia
Superfm. †Pristerodontoidea Cluver and King 1983
Unr. †Pylaecephalidae Van Hoepen 1934
G. †Rhinodicynodon Kalandadze 1970
Fm. †Shansiodontidae Cox 1965
Fm. †Stahleckeriidae Cox 1965
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Invalid names: Stahleckeriidae Cox 1965 [objective synonym]
G. †Therapsipus Hunt et al. 1993
Invalid names: Chelyoposaurus Broom 1904 [nomen nudum], Chelyoposaurus williamsi Broom 1904 [nomen nudum], Dicranozygoma Seeley 1900 [nomen dubium], Dicranozygoma leptoscelus Seeley 1900 [nomen dubium], Dicynodon leptorhinus Owen 1876 [nomen dubium], Dicynodontida Ivakhnenko 2003 [empty], Diictodontia [empty], Diictodontidae Kemp 1982 [empty], Dromasauroidea Broom 1907 [empty], Endothiodontoidea Owen 1976 [empty], Eodicynodontia [empty], Eodicynodontidae Barry 1974 [empty], Eodicynodontoidea Cluver and King 1983 [empty], Eumantelliidae Broom 1935 [empty], Eurycarpus oweni Seeley 1889 [nomen dubium], Fukangolepis barbaros Yang 1978 [nomen dubium], Haughtoniana Boonstra 1938 [nomen dubium], Haughtoniana magna Boonstra 1938 [nomen dubium], Kannemeyeroidea Huene 1948 [empty], Kingoridae Kemp 1982 [empty], Kingorioidea Cluver and King 1983 [empty], Koupia Boonstra 1948 [nomen dubium], Koupia koupensis Boonstra 1948 [nomen dubium], Oudenodon strigiceps Owen 1845 [nomen dubium], Taognathus Broom 1911 [nomen nudum], Taognathus megalodon Broom 1911 [nomen nudum], Therochelonia Seeley 1895 [empty], Venjukoviamorpha [empty]
G. †Emydochampsa Broom 1912
G. †Neomegacyclops Boonstra 1953
G. †Prodicynodon Broom 1904
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Subor. †Ulemicia Ivakhnenko 2003
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Invalid names: Ulemicidae Ivakhnenko 2003 [empty]
Infraor. †Venyukovioidea Watson and Romer 1956
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Fm. †Dimacrodontidae Olson and Beerbower 1953
G. †Otsheria Chudinov 1960
G. †Suminia Ivakhnenko 1994
G. †Ulemica Ivakhnenko 1996
G. †Venyukovia Amalitzky 1922
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Invalid names: Myctosuchus Efremov 1937 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dromasauridae [empty], Venjukoviidae Efremov 1940 [invalid subgroup]
Invalid names: Biseridensidae Li and Cheng 1997 [invalid subgroup], Dicynodontia Owen 1859 [empty], Dicynodontiformes Hay 1930 [empty], Otsheriidae Tcshudinov 1960 [empty], Therosuchia Seeley 1895 [empty], Venyukovioidea Watson and Romer 1956 [empty]
Infraor. †Biarmosuchia Sigogneau-Russell 1989
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G. †Biarmosuchus Chudinov 1960
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†Biarmosuchus tchudinovi Ivakhnenko 1999
†Biarmosuchus tener Chudinov 1960
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Invalid names: Biarmosaurus antecessor Chudinov 1960 [synonym], Biarmosuchus antecessor Tchudinov 1960 [synonym], Ivantosaurus ensifer Chudinov 1983 [synonym], Ivantosaurus signifer Tatarinov 1974 [synonym]
Invalid names: Biarmosaurus Chudinov 1960 [synonym], Eotitanosuchus Tchudinov 1960 [synonym], Ivantosaurus Chudinov 1983 [synonym]
Unr. †Burnetiamorpha Broom 1923
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Fm. †Burnetiidae Broom 1923
G. †Isengops Sidor et al. 2021
G. †Lemurosaurus Broom 1949
G. †Lobalopex Sidor et al. 2004
G. †Lophorhinus Sidor and Smith 2007
G. †Herpetoskylax Sidor and Rubidge 2006
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†Herpetoskylax hopsoni Sidor and Rubidge 2006
G. †Hipposaurus Haughton 1929
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†Hipposaurus boonstrai Haughton 1929
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Invalid names: Hipposaurus major Boonstra 1952 [synonym]
†Hipposaurus brinki Sigogneau-Russell 1970
G. †Ictidorhinus Broom 1913
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†Ictidorhinus martinsi Broom 1913
G. †Lycaenodon Broom 1925
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†Lycaenodon longiceps Broom 1925
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Invalid names: Hipposaurus rubidgei Broom 1940 [synonym]
Invalid names: Hipposauroides Boonstra 1952 [synonym]
G. †Wantulignathus Whitney and Sidor 2016
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†Wantulignathus gwembensis Whitney and Sidor 2016
Invalid names: Biarmosuchidae Olson 1962 [empty], Hipposauridae Watson and Romer 1956 [empty], Rubidgina Broom 1942 [nomen dubium], Rubidgina angusticeps Broom 1942 [nomen dubium]
G. †Brontopus Heyler and Lessertisseur 1963
+
†Brontopus antecursor Ellenberger 1983
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Invalid names: Eocynodontipus sibleyrasi Ellenberger 1983 [synonym], Planipes brachydactylus Gand et al. 2000 [synonym], Planipes caudatus Demathieu and Gand 1995 [synonym], Pseudopithecopus recurvidigitus Ellenberger 1983 [synonym]
†Brontopus giganteus Heyler and Lessertisseur 1963
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Invalid names: Brontopus circagiganteus Gand et al. 2000 [synonym], Moschopus enormis Ellenberger 1983 [synonym]
Invalid names: Eocynodontipus Ellenberger 1983 [synonym], Moschopus Ellenberger 1983 [synonym], Pseudopithecopus Ellenberger 1983 [synonym]
Infraor. Cynodontia Owen 1861 [cynodont]
+
G. †Aelurosuchus Broom 1906
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†Aelurosuchus browni Broom 1906
Fm. †Charassognathidae Kammerer 2016
+
G. †Abdalodon Kammerer 2016
Subfm. †Abdalodontinae Huttenlocker and Sidor 2020
G. †Charassognathus Botha et al. 2007
Fm. †Chronoperatidae Fox et al. 1992
+
G. †Chronoperates Fox et al. 1992
G. †Cromptodon Bonaparte 1972
+
†Cromptodon mamiferoides Bonaparte 1972
G. †Dromatherium Emmons 1857
+
†Dromatherium sylvestre Emmons 1857
Fm. †Dviniidae Tatarinov 1968
+
G. †Dvinia Amalitzky 1922
+
Invalid names: Permocynodon Woodward 1932 [synonym]
Unr. Epicynodontia Hopson and Kitching 2001
+
Infraor. †Cynognathia Tatarinov 2008
Infraor. Eucynodontia Kemp 1982
Fm. †Galesauridae Lydekker 1890
+
Invalid names: Cynosauridae Haughton and Brink 1954 [synonym], Cynosuchidae Broom 1915 [synonym], Nythosauridae Watson 1917 [synonym]
G. †Platycraniellus van Hoepen 1917
Infraor. †Procynosuchia
G. †Vetusodon Abdala et al. 2019
G. †Gaumia Hahn et al. 1987
+
†Gaumia incisa Hahn et al. 1987
†Gaumia longiradicata Hahn et al. 1987
G. †Hahnia Godefroit and Battail 1997
+
†Hahnia obliqua Godefroit and Battail 1997
G. †Hwanghocynodon Young 1979
+
G. †Kunminia Young 1947
+
†Kunminia minima Young 1947
Fm. †Madysauridae Tatarinov 2005
+
G. †Madysaurus Tatarinov 2005
Unr. Mammaliamorpha Rowe 1988 [mammaliamorph]
+
Unr. †Brasilodontia Bonaparte 2012
Unr. Mammaliaformes Rowe 1988 [mammaliaform]
Fm. †Tritheledontidae Broom 1912
Fm. †Tritylodontidae Cope 1884
G. Mitredon Shapiro and Jenkins 2001
+
Mitredon cromptoni Shapiro and Jenkins 2001
G. †Nythosaurus Owen 1859
+
†Nythosaurus browni Broom 1912
Fm. †Procynosuchidae Broom 1937
+
G. †Procynosuchus Broom 1937
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Invalid names: Aelurodraco Broom and Robinson 1948 [synonym], Cyrbasiodon Broom 1931 [synonym], Galecranium Broom 1948 [synonym], Galeophrys Broom 1948 [synonym], Leavachia Broom 1948 [synonym], Mygalesaurus Broom 1942 [synonym], Nanictosuchus Broom 1940 [synonym], Paracynosuchus Broom 1940 [synonym], Parathrinaxodon Parrington 1936 [synonym], Protocynodon Broom 1949 [synonym], Scalopocynodon Brink 1961 [synonym], Silphedestes Broom 1949 [synonym], Silphedocynodon Brink 1951 [synonym]
G. †Sludica Ivakhnenko 2012
G. †Uralocynodon Tatarinov 1987
Invalid names: Silphedestidae Haughton and Brink 1954 [synonym]
Fm. †Therioherpetidae Battail 1991
+
G. †Charruodon Abdala and Ribeiro 2000
G. †Meurthodon Sigogneau-Russell and Hahn 1994
Invalid names: Therioherpetodontidae Bonaparte and Barberena 1975 [synonym]
Fm. †Thrinaxodontidae Watson and Romer 1956
+
G. †Nanocynodon Tatarinov 1968
G. †Novocynodon Ivakhnenko 2012
Invalid names: Cynognathidae [empty], Cynognathoidea Brink 1963 [empty], Gomphodontidae [empty], Masitisitherium Ellenberger 1970 [nomen nudum], Riograndidae Bonaparte et al. 2001 [empty]
G. †Dicynodontipus Rühle von Lilienstern 1944
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†Dicynodontipus bellambiensis Retallack 1996
†Dicynodontipus geinitzi Hornstein 1876
†Dicynodontipus hildburghausensis Rühle von Lilienstern 1944
†Dicynodontipus penugnu da Silva et al. 2012
Invalid names: Calibarichnus Casamiquela 1964 [synonym], Gallegosichnus Casamiquela 1964 [synonym], Palaciosichnus Casamiquela 1964 [synonym], Rogerbaletichnus Casamiquela 1964 [synonym], Stipanicichnus Casamiquela 1975 [synonym]
G. †Eoraetia Dietrich 1937
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†Eoraetia siegerti Dietrich 1937
Subor. †Eotheriodontia Olson 1962
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Infraor. †Phthinosuchia Romer 1961
+
Invalid names: Phthinosauridae Tatarinov 1974 [empty]
Invalid names: Eotitanosuchia Boonstra 1963 [empty]
+
Subor. †Dinocephalia Seeley 1894
+
Superfm. †Anteosauria Boonstra 1962
Superfm. †Anteosauroidea Boonstra 1962
G. †Davletkulia Ivachnenko 1990
Subor. †Dinocephalida Ivakhnenko 2008
Infraor. †Eodeinocephalia Olson 1962
Infraor. †Eotitanosuchida Ivakhnenko 2003
G. †Phreatosuchus Efremov 1954
G. †Tamboeria Seeley 1904
Infraor. †Tapinocephalia
Infraor. †Titanosuchida
Invalid names: Brithopia Kemp 1982 [empty], Brithopus bashkyricus Efremov 1954 [nomen dubium], Brithopus ponderus Efremov 1954 [nomen dubium], Estemmenosuchia Kemp 1982 [empty], Estemmenosuchoidea Tchudinov 1960 [empty], Mormosauridae Boonstra 1936 [empty], Moschopidae Boonstra 1936 [empty], Moschosauridae Boonstra 1936 [empty], Stenocybusidae Cheng and Li 1997 [empty]
Unr. Neotherapsida Hopson 1999
+
Or. Theriodontia Owen 1876
Subor. †Gorgonopsia Seeley 1894
+
G. †Cerdodon Broom 1915
+
†Cerdodon tenuidens Broom 1915
G. †Cyniscops Broom 1937
G. †Dixeya Haughton 1926
G. †Eriphostoma Broom 1911
+
†Eriphostoma microdon Broom 1911
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Invalid names: Eoarctops vanderbyli Haughton 1929 [synonym], Galesuchus gracilis Haughton 1915 [synonym], Scylacognathus parvus Broom 1913 [synonym]
Invalid names: Eoarctops Haughton 1929 [synonym], Galesuchus Haughton 1915 [synonym], Scylacognathus Broom 1913 [synonym]
Infraor. †Estemmenosuchida Ivakhnenko 2003
+
Superfm. †Rhopalodontoidea Seeley 1894
Invalid names: Burnetioidea Broom 1923 [empty]
Infraor. †Gorgonopida Ivakhnenko 2003
+
Superfm. †Rubidgeoidea Broom 1938
Invalid names: Gorgonopioidea Lydekker 1890 [empty]
Fm. †Gorgonopidae Lydekker 1890
+
Subfm. †Gorgonopsinae Sigogneau-Russell 1970
Subfm. †Rubidgeinae Broom 1938
+
Invalid names: Broomicephalinae Tatarinov 1974 [synonym], Sycosaurinae Tatarinov 1974 [synonym]
Subfm. †Scylacopinae Watson and Romer 1956
Invalid names: Arctognathus whaitsi Haughton 1924 [nomen dubium], Arctosuchus Broom 1911 [nomen dubium], Asthenognathus Broom 1915 [nomen dubium], Delphaciognathus Broom 1932 [nomen dubium], Delphaciognathus paucidens Broom 1915 [nomen dubium], Genovum Huene 1950 [nomen dubium], Genovum broilii Huene 1950 [nomen dubium], Inostranceviinae Sigogneau-Russell 1989 [empty], Lycosaurus tigrinus Owen 1876 [nomen dubium], Rubidginae Sigogneau 1970 [empty], Scymnognathus parvus Broom 1915 [nomen dubium]
Infraor. †Ictidorhinida Ivakhnenko 2003
+
Fm. †Ictidorhinidae Broom 1932
G. †Karoopes Marchetti et al. 2019
+
†Karoopes gansfonteinensis Marchetti et al. 2019
Infraor. †Nikkasaurida Ivakhnenko 2008
+
Fm. †Nikkasauridae Ivakhnenko 2000
G. †Nochnitsa Kammerer and Masyutin 2018
+
†Nochnitsa geminidens Kammerer and Masyutin 2018
G. †Phorcys Kammerer and Rubidge 2022
+
†Phorcys dubei Kammerer and Rubidge 2022
G. †Viatkogorgon Tatarinov 1999
+
†Viatkogorgon ivakhnenkoi Tatarinov 1999
Invalid names: Broomisaurus planiceps Broom 1913 [nomen dubium], Cynarioides gracilis Broom 1930 [nomen dubium], Cyniscodon Broom 1905 [nomen dubium], Cyniscodon lydekkeri Broom 1905 [nomen dubium], Cynodraco Owen 1876 [nomen dubium], Cynodraco major Owen 1876 [nomen dubium], Cynodraco serridens Owen [nomen dubium], Galesuchidae Watson and Romer 1956 [empty], Hipposaurus kitchingi Broom 1948 [nomen dubium], Scylacognathus major Broom 1935 [nomen dubium], Watongiidae Sigogneau-Russell 1989 [empty]
G. †Moltenotetrapodiscus Ellenberger 1970
+
†Moltenotetrapodiscus vetus Ellenberger 1970
G. †Raranimus Liu et al. 2009
+
†Raranimus dashankouensis Liu et al. 2009
G. †Stathmodon Hennig 1922
G. †Tetraceratops Matthew 1908
+
†Tetraceratops insignis Matthew 1908
Or. †Therocephalia Broom 1903
+
Fm. †Alopecodontidae Broom 1932
+
G. †Alopecideops Broom 1932
G. †Alopecodon Broom 1908
G. †Pardosuchus Broom 1908
G. †Alopecorhinus Broom 1912
+
Subor. †Bauriida Broom 1911
+
Fm. †Scalopognathidae Tatarinov 1974
Fm. †Crapartinellidae Mendrez 1975
+
G. †Crapartinella Mendrez 1975
Unr. †Eutherocephalia Hopson and Barghusen 1986
+
Fm. †Akidnognathidae Nopcsa 1923
Superfm. †Baurioidea Broom 1911
G. †Caodeyao Liu and Abdala 2020
Fm. †Chthonosauridae Tatarinov 1974
G. †Dalongkoua Liu and Abdala 2017
Superfm. †Perplexisauroidea Tatarinov 2000
Subor. †Scaloposaurida Haughton 1924
Superfm. †Whaitsioidea Haughton 1918
G. †Gorynychus Kammerer and Masyutin 2018
+
†Gorynychus masyutinae Kammerer and Masyutin 2018
†Gorynychus sundyrensis Suchkova and Golubev 2019
G. †Ictidognathus Broom 1911
+
†Ictidognathus hemburyi Broom 1912
Subor. †Lycosuchida Ivakhnenko 2011
+
Superfm. †Lycosuchoidea Nopcsa 1923
G. †Mirotenthes Attridge 1956
+
†Mirotenthes digitipes Attridge 1956
Fm. †Pristerognathidae Broom 1908
+
G. †Alopecognathus Broom 1915
Subfm. †Pristerognathinae Boonstra 1969
Subfm. †Scymnosaurinae Boonstra 1968
Subor. †Pristerosaurida Tatarinov 2008
+
Invalid names: Scylacosauroidea Broom 1903 [empty]
G. †Scylacoides Broom 1915
+
†Scylacoides ferox Broom 1915
Subor. †Scylacosaurida Ivakhnenko 2011
+
Fm. †Scylacosauridae Broom 1903
Fm. †Scylacosuchidae Ivakhnenko 2011
G. †Scylacosaurus Broom 1903
+
†Scylacosaurus sclateri Broom 1903
+
Invalid names: Scylacorhinus falkenbachi Broom 1915 [synonym]
Invalid names: Scylacorhinus Broom 1915 [synonym]
G. †Tigrisuchus Owen 1876
+
G. †Trochosuchus Broom 1908
+
†Trochosuchus acutus Broom 1908
†Trochosuchus major Broom 1915
G. †Yikezhaogia Li 1984
+
Invalid names: Alopecopsidae Haughton 1924 [empty], Arnognathus Broom 1907 [invalid subgroup], Arnognathus parvidens Broom 1907 [invalid subgroup], Euchambersiidae Boonstra 1934 [empty], Pristerosauria Hopson and Barghausen 1986 [empty], Regisauridae Hopson and Barghausen 1986 [empty], Simorhinellidae Mendrez 1975 [empty]
G. †Tricuspes von Huene 1933
+
†Tricuspes sigogneauae Hahn 1994
†Tricuspes tapeinodon Godefroit and Battail 1997
†Tricuspes tuebingensis Huene 1933
Subor. †Tritylodontia Olson 1966
+
G. †Triglyphus Fraas 1866
+
†Triglyphus fraasi Lydekker 1877
Invalid names: Mucrotherium Huene 1933 [nomen dubium], Uniserium Huene 1933 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Novocynodon kutorgai Ivakhnenko 2012 [nomen dubium], Rubidginia Huene 1954 [empty]
Fm. †Varanopidae Romer and Price 1940
+
G. †Apsisaurus Laurin 1991
+
†Apsisaurus witteri Laurin 1991
G. †Archaeovenator Reisz and Dilkes 2003
+
†Archaeovenator hamiltonensis Reisz and Dilkes 2003
G. †Ascendonanus Spindler et al. 2018
+
†Ascendonanus nestleri Spindler et al. 2018
G. †Dendromaia Maddin et al. 2020
+
†Dendromaia unamakiensis Maddin et al. 2020
Unr. †Neovaranopsia Spindler et al. 2018
+
Subfm. †Mesenosaurinae Spindler et al. 2018
+
Unr. †Afrothyra Spindler et al. 2018
G. †Cabarzia Spindler et al. 2019
G. †Mesenosaurus Efremov 1938
Subfm. †Varanodontinae Modesto et al. 2001
+
G. †Aerosaurus Romer 1937
G. †Mycterosaurus Williston 1915
+
Invalid names: Basicranodon Vaughn 1958 [synonym], Eumatthevia Broom 1930 [synonym]
G. †Ruthiromia Eberth and Brinkman 1983
G. †Tambacarnifex Berman et al. 2014
G. †Varanodon Olson 1965
G. †Varanops Williston 1914
G. †Watongia Olson 1974
G. †Pyozia Anderson and Reisz 2004
+
†Pyozia mesenensis Anderson and Reisz 2004
Invalid names: Elliotsmithidae Broom 1937 [synonym], Mycterosaurinae Modesto et al. 2001 [empty], Thrausmosaurus Fox 1962 [invalid subgroup], Thrausmosaurus serratidens Fox 1962 [nomen dubium]
Or. †Pelycosauria Cope 1878 [pelycosaur]
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G. †Echinerpeton Reisz 1972
+
Subor. †Edaphosauria Cope 1882
+
Invalid names: Glaucosauridae Huene 1925 [empty], Lupeosauridae Romer and Price 1940 [empty], Nitosauridae Romer and Price 1940 [empty]
G. †Lupeosaurus Romer 1936
+
†Lupeosaurus kayi Romer 1937
G. †Milosaurus DeMar 1970
+
†Milosaurus mccordi DeMar 1970
G. †Nitosaurus Romer 1937
+
†Nitosaurus jacksonorum Romer 1937
Subor. †Ophiacodontia Romer and Price 1940
+
Invalid names: Tetraceratopsidae Kuhn 1964 [empty], Varanopoidea Romer and Price 1940 [empty]
G. †Protoclepsydrops Carroll 1964
+
†Protoclepsydrops haplous Carroll 1964
G. †Xyrospondylus Reisz et al. 1982
+
†Xyrospondylus ecordi Peabody 1957
Invalid names: Caseamorpha Kemp 1982 [empty]
Invalid names: Ophiacomorpha Ivakhnenko 2008 [empty], Protherosauria Osborn 1902 [replaced]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Maximum body mass: 1374.7 kgs
Minimum body mass: 3 gs
Environment: terrestrialuc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Created: 2017-04-17 15:15:35
Modified: 2017-04-17 15:15:35
Source: s = species, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade
References: Legendre 1988, Uhen and Gingerich 1995, Hopson 1973, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Vizcaíno et al. 2010, Johnson and Madden 1997

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Moscovian to the top of the Holocene or 315.20000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 314.6 Ma

Collections (23591 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Westphalian A318.1 - 314.6Canada (Nova Scotia) Asaphestera intermedia (86946) Protoclepsydrops haplous (28069)
Moscovian315.2 - 307.0Canada (Nova Scotia) Dendromaia unamakiensis (207132)
Westphalian C - Westphalian D314.6 - 306.95Canada (Nova Scotia) Clepsydrops sp., Archaeothyris florensis, Echinerpeton intermedium (80111)
Westphalian D311.45 - 306.95Czech Republic (Pilsen) Archaeothyris sp. (84835)
Westphalian D311.45 - 306.95USA (Ohio) Archaeothyris sp., Pelycosauria indet. (85292)
Kasimovian307.0 - 303.7USA (Illinois) Sphenacodontidae indet. (224241)
Kasimovian - Kungurian307.0 - 272.3USA (Utah) Edaphosaurus sp., Shashajaia bermani, Sphenacodon sp., Ophiacodon navajovicus (218159)
Stephanian306.95 - 298.9France (Bourgogne) Stereorhachis dominans (80716)
Stephanian - Virgilian306.95 - 298.9USA (Illinois) Milosaurus mccordi (81114)
Missourian305.9 - 303.4USA (Pennsylvania) Edaphosaurus raymondi (80775 180937)
Missourian305.9 - 303.4USA (Colorado) Ianthasaurus sp. (180938)
Missourian305.9 - 303.4USA (Kansas) Haptodus garnettensis, Tenuacaptor reiszi, Kenomagnathus scotti, Ianthasaurus hardestii, Ianthodon schultzei, Edaphosaurus ecordi, Xyrospondylus ecordi (80784)
Missourian305.9 - 303.4USA (Illinois) Clepsydrops sp., Clepsydrops collettii, Archaeobelus vellicatus, Clepsydrops pedunculatus, Clepsydrops vinslovii, Captorhinus illinoisensis (80714)
Missourian - Virgilian305.9 - 298.9USA (Pennsylvania) Clepsydrops magnus (173987)
Stephanian B304.8 - 303.4Czech Republic (Rakovník) Naosaurus mirabilis, Macromerion schwarzenbergii, Macromerion schwartzenbergii (154179)
Gzhelian303.7 - 298.9Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate) Remigiomontanus robustus, Cryptovenator hirschbergeri (109702)
Gzhelian - Sakmarian303.7 - 290.1USA (New Mexico) Sphenacodon sp., Ophiacodon sp. (180989)
Virgilian303.4 - 298.9USA (Kansas) Eocasea martini, Archaeovenator hamiltonensis (68427) Ophiacodon sp. (215555)
Virgilian303.4 - 298.9USA (Oklahoma) Sphenacodontia indet., Ophiacodon mirus (13947)
Virgilian303.4 - 298.9USA (New Mexico) Baldwinonus trux, Edaphosaurus novomexicanus, Ruthiromia elcobriensis, Aerosaurus greenlorum, Aerosaurus greenleeorum, Sphenacodon ferox, Dimetrodon navajovicus, Ophiacodon navajovicus, Elcabrosaurus baldwini, Nitosaurus jacksonorum (34761)