PBDB Taxon

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Sphenacodontidae

Taxonomy

Sphenacodontidae was named by Marsh (1878). It is not extant. Its type is Sphenacodon.

It was assigned to Sphenacodontiformes by Hay (1930); to Sphenacodontia by Kuhn (1946); to Pelycosauria by Berman (1977); to Eupelycosauria by Kemp (1982) and Reisz (1986); to Pelycosauria by Carroll (1988); to Sphenacodontia by Olson and Beerbower (1953), Lewis and Vaughn (1965), Kuhn (1966), Haubold (1971), Currie (1977) and Hopson (1991); to Eupelycosauria by Martens et al. (2005) and Evans et al. (2009); and to Sphenacodontoidea by Daly (1973) and Fröbisch et al. (2011).

Subtaxa

Cryptovenator, Ctenorhachis, Dimetrodon kempae, Eosyodon, Eosyodon hudsoni, Secodontosaurinae, Sphenacodontinae, Varanopsinae

Synonyms

Dimetrodon kempae was named by Romer (1937). Its type specimen is MCZ 1361, a limb element (humerus), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Craddock Bonebed, Brush Creek, 38 (Arroyo Formation), which is in a Kungurian terrestrial claystone/sandstone in the Arroyo Formation of Texas.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Reisz (1986).
Palaeohatteriidae was named by Baur (1889). It is not extant. Its type is Palaeohatteria.

It was synonymized subjectively with Sphenacodontidae by Kuhn (1946).

It was assigned to Proganosauria by Baur (1889); to Proterosauria by Boulenger (1893); and to Protorosauria by Osborn (1903).
Eosyodon hudsoni was named by Olson (1962). Its type specimen is CNHM (FMNH) UR 575, a limb element (right femur), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Locality KAC (Lower Flowerpot Shale), which is in a Kungurian/Roadian fluvial claystone/sandstone in the San Angelo Formation of Texas.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Kammerer (2011).
Pantelosauridae was named by Huene (1925).

It was synonymized subjectively with Sphenacodontidae by Kuhn (1946).
Eosyodon was named by Olson (1962). It is not extant.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Kammerer (2011).

It was assigned to Brithopodidae by Olson (1962) and Carroll (1988); and to Brithopodinae by King (1988).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1878	Sphenacodontidae Marsh
1889	Palaeohatteriidae Baur p. 310
1893	Palaeohatteriidae Boulenger p. 209
1903	Palaeohatteriidae Osborn p. 467
1925	Pantelosauridae Huene
1930	Sphenacodontidae Hay p. 52
1937	Dimetrodon kempae Romer p. 95
1946	Sphenacodontidae Kuhn p. 56
1953	Sphenacodontidae Olson and Beerbower p. 406
1962	Eosyodon Olson p. 59
1962	Eosyodon hudsoni Olson p. 60 figs. 27-30; pls. 13, 14
1965	Sphenacodontidae Lewis and Vaughn p. C27
1966	Sphenacodontidae Kuhn p. 122
1971	Sphenacodontidae Haubold p. 34
1973	Sphenacodontidae Daly p. 587
1977	Sphenacodontidae Berman p. 108
1977	Sphenacodontidae Currie p. 929
1982	Sphenacodontidae Kemp p. 348
1986	Sphenacodontidae Reisz p. 74
1988	Eosyodon Carroll
1988	Sphenacodontidae Carroll
1988	Eosyodon King
1991	Sphenacodontidae Hopson p. 646
2005	Sphenacodontidae Martens et al.
2009	Sphenacodontidae Evans et al. p. 222
2011	Sphenacodontidae Fröbisch et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda

Rank	Name	Author
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
suborder	Eupelycosauria
—	Sphenacomorpha	Ivakhnenko 2003
suborder	Sphenacodontia
—	Sphenacodontoidea
family	Sphenacodontidae	Marsh 1878
family	Sphenacodontidae	Marsh 1878

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Sphenacodontidae Marsh 1878

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G. †Cryptovenator Fröbisch et al. 2011

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†Cryptovenator hirschbergeri Fröbisch et al. 2011

G. †Ctenorhachis Hook and Hotton 1991

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†Ctenorhachis jacksoni Hook and Hotton 1991

Subfm. †Secodontosaurinae Romer and Price 1940

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G. †Secodontosaurus Romer 1936

†Secodontosaurus obtusidens Cope 1880

Invalid names: Dimetrodon longiramus Case 1907 [synonym], Secodontosaurus willistoni Romer 1936 [synonym]

Subfm. †Sphenacodontinae Romer 1936

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G. †Bathygnathus Leidy 1853

G. †Ctenospondylus Romer 1936

†Ctenospondylus casei Romer 1936

†Ctenospondylus ninevehensis Berman 1978

G. †Dimetrodon Cope 1878

†Dimetrodon angelensis Olson 1962

†Dimetrodon booneorum Romer 1937

†Dimetrodon borealis Leidy 1853

†Dimetrodon dollovianus Cope 1888

†Dimetrodon giganhomogenes Case 1907

†Dimetrodon grandis Case 1907

Invalid names: Dimetrodon maximus Romer 1936 [synonym]

†Dimetrodon limbatus Cope 1877

Invalid names: Dimetrodon incisivus Cope 1878 [synonym], Dimetrodon rectiformis Cope 1878 [synonym], Dimetrodon semiradicatus Cope 1881 [synonym]

†Dimetrodon loomisi Romer 1937

†Dimetrodon macrospondylus Cope 1884

Invalid names: Dimetrodon platycentrus Case 1907 [synonym]

†Dimetrodon milleri Romer 1937

†Dimetrodon natalis Cope 1878

†Dimetrodon occidentalis Berman 1977

†Dimetrodon teutonis Berman et al. 2001

G. †Macromerion Fritsch 1879

†Macromerion schwartzenbergii Romer 1945

G. †Neosaurus Nopsca 1923

†Neosaurus cynodus Gervais 1869

Invalid names: Geosaurus Gervais 1869 [replaced]

G. †Sphenacodon Marsh 1878

†Sphenacodon britannicus von Huene 1908

†Sphenacodon ferocior Romer 1937

†Sphenacodon ferox Marsh 1878

Invalid names: Scoliomus puercensis Williston and Case 1913 [synonym]

Invalid names: Oxyodon von Huene 1908 [replaced]

Invalid names: Dimetrodon kempae Romer 1937 [nomen dubium], Eosyodon Olson 1962 [nomen dubium], Eosyodon hudsoni Olson 1962 [nomen dubium], Palaeohatteriidae Baur 1889 [synonym], Pantelosauridae Huene 1925 [synonym], Varanopsinae Romer 1936 [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialuc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Created:

2017-04-17 15:15:35

Modified:

2017-04-17 15:15:35

Source: c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade

References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988

Age range: base of the Kasimovian to the top of the Leonardian or 307.00000 to 273.01000 Ma

Collections (109 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Kasimovian	307.0 - 303.7	USA (Illinois)	Sphenacodontidae indet. (224241)
Kasimovian - Kungurian	307.0 - 272.3	USA (Utah)	Sphenacodon sp. (218159)
Virgilian	303.7 - 298.9	USA (New Mexico)	Sphenacodon ferox (34761)
Gzhelian - Asselian	303.7 - 295.5	Germany (Rhineland-Palatinate)	Cryptovenator hirschbergeri (109702)
Gzhelian - Sakmarian	303.7 - 290.1	USA (New Mexico)	Sphenacodon sp. (180989)
Virgilian - Wolfcampian	303.7 - 286.0	USA (New Mexico)	Sphenacodon ferox (77412)
Stephanian B	301.5 - 301.0	Czech Republic (Rakovník)	Macromerion schwarzenbergii, Macromerion schwartzenbergii (154179)
Asselian	298.9 - 295.5	United Kingdom (England)	Oxyodon britannicus (80783)
Asselian	298.9 - 295.5	USA (Texas)	Dimetrodon sp. (173721 207496)
Asselian - Sakmarian	298.9 - 290.1	USA (Texas)	Dimetrodon natalis (11165) Dimetrodon sp. (113555)
Asselian - Sakmarian	298.9 - 290.1	USA (Utah)	Sphenacodontidae indet. (13257)
Wolfcampian	298.9 - 286.0	USA (New Mexico)	Dimetrodon limbatus (181037) Dimetrodon sp. (181078) Sphenacodon ferocior (80916 180382 181076) Sphenacodon ferocior, Dimetrodon occidentalis, Sphenacodon sp., Dimetrodon occidentalis (180974) Sphenacodon ferox (80833 179932 180106 180383 180384 180940) Sphenacodon sp. (85436 181075) Sphenacodon sp., Sphenacodon ferox (181077) Sphenacodontidae indet., Sphenacodon ferocior, Dimetrodon occidentalis (28067)
Wolfcampian	298.9 - 286.0	USA (Texas)	Dimetrodon limbatus (180978) Dimetrodon milleri (79162)
Autunian	298.9 - 283.5	France (Jura)	Geosaurus cynodus (181051)
Wolfcampian - Leonardian	298.9 - 273.01	USA (Utah)	Sphenacodon ferocior, Ctenospondylus casei (80110)
Permian	298.9 - 251.902	USA (Oklahoma)	Dimetrodon limbatus (221391 221392)
Sakmarian	293.52 - 290.1	USA (Texas)	Dimetrodon incisivus (28124) Dimetrodon sp. (28120 28123 28125)
Sakmarian	293.52 - 290.1	USA (Ohio)	Ctenospondylus ninevehensis (80877)
Sakmarian - Artinskian	293.52 - 279.3	USA (Texas)	Dimetrodon sp. (28324)
Sakmarian - Artinskian	293.52 - 279.3	USA (New Mexico)	Sphenacodon sp. (180988)
Artinskian	290.1 - 279.3	Germany (Thuringia)	Dimetrodon teutonis (80112)
Artinskian	290.1 - 279.3	USA (Oklahoma)	Dimetrodon sp. (79402 220872) Sphenacodontidae indet., Dimetrodon sp. (67862)
Artinskian	290.1 - 279.3	USA (Texas)	Clepsydrops natalis, Clepsydrops limbatus, Dimetrodon semiradicatus (108766) Clepsydrops natalis, Dimetrodon rectiformis, Theropleura obtusidens (28142) Ctenorhachis jacksoni (181054) Dimetrodon booneorum (13080) Dimetrodon longiramus, Clepsydrops macrospondylus (28238) Dimetrodon milleri (84716) Dimetrodon obtusidens (28149) Dimetrodon sp. (22714 28141 28143 28144 28145 28147 28148 28150 28239 28240) Dimetrodon sp., Ctenospondylus casei (28146)
Artinskian	290.1 - 279.3	Canada (Prince Edward Island)	Bathygnathus borealis (48897)
Artinskian - Kungurian	290.1 - 272.3	USA (Oklahoma)	Dimetrodon dollovianus, Dimetrodon macrospondylus, Dimetrodon platycentrus (85733)
Artinskian - Kungurian	290.1 - 272.3	USA (Texas)	Dimetrodon semiradicatus, Dimetrodon obtusidens (28253) Dimetrodon sp. (28241 28242 28249 28250 28252 85299 85300 85301)
Artinskian - Roadian	290.1 - 268.8	USA (Texas)	Dimetrodon sp. (180992)
Leonardian	286.0 - 273.01	USA (Oklahoma)	Dimetrodon grandis, Dimetrodon giganhomogenes (180990) Dimetrodon limbatus (85567 180991) Dimetrodon sp. (79815 84941 87054)
Leonardian	286.0 - 273.01	USA (Texas)	Dimetrodon gigashomogenes (85362)
Kungurian	279.3 - 272.3	USA (Oklahoma)	Dimetrodon loomisi (67945) Dimetrodon sp. (79602)
Kungurian	279.3 - 272.3	USA (Texas)	Clepsydrops natalis, Dimetrodon incisivus, Dimetrodon loomisi, Secodontosaurus willistoni, Dimetrodon kempae (28267) Dimetrodon gigashomogenes (12976 27704 85553 177000 177003 177014 177017 177019 178738) Dimetrodon loomisi, Dimetrodon gigashomogenes, Embolophorus dollovianus (28256) Dimetrodon sp. (28251 28261 28264 28270 67735 67737 85551 85552 85554) Dimetrodon sp., Dimetrodon grandis, Theropleura grandis (28275)
Kungurian - Roadian	279.3 - 268.8	USA (Texas)	Dimetrodon angelensis (80689 85170) Eosyodon hudsoni (79600)