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Dinocephalia
Taxonomy
Dinocephalia was named by Seeley (1894). It is not extant.
It was corrected as Dinocephali by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the order Dinocephalia by Nopcsa (1923) and Roxo (1937); it was reranked as the infraorder Dinocephalia by King (1988); it was reranked as the unranked clade Dinocephalia by Ivakhnenko (2008).
It was assigned to Therosuchia by Seeley (1895); to Therapsidi by Jaekel (1911); to Theromorpha by Nopcsa (1923); to Theromorpha by Swinton (1934) and Kuhn (1946); to Anomodontia by Boonstra (1969); to Anomodontia by King (1988); to Therapsida by Broom (1913), Roxo (1937), Haughton and Brink (1954), Gauthier et al. (1989) and Cheng and Ji (1996); to Therapsida by Huene (1954), Olson (1962), Kemp (1982), Carroll (1988), Rubidge (1991) and Battail and Surkov (2000); to Gorgodontia by Ivakhnenko (2003); to Gorgodontia by Ivakhnenko (2008); and to Eutherapsida by Rubidge and Sidor (2001) and Kammerer et al. (2011).
It was corrected as Dinocephali by Jaekel (1911); it was reranked as the order Dinocephalia by Nopcsa (1923) and Roxo (1937); it was reranked as the infraorder Dinocephalia by King (1988); it was reranked as the unranked clade Dinocephalia by Ivakhnenko (2008).
It was assigned to Therosuchia by Seeley (1895); to Therapsidi by Jaekel (1911); to Theromorpha by Nopcsa (1923); to Theromorpha by Swinton (1934) and Kuhn (1946); to Anomodontia by Boonstra (1969); to Anomodontia by King (1988); to Therapsida by Broom (1913), Roxo (1937), Haughton and Brink (1954), Gauthier et al. (1989) and Cheng and Ji (1996); to Therapsida by Huene (1954), Olson (1962), Kemp (1982), Carroll (1988), Rubidge (1991) and Battail and Surkov (2000); to Gorgodontia by Ivakhnenko (2003); to Gorgodontia by Ivakhnenko (2008); and to Eutherapsida by Rubidge and Sidor (2001) and Kammerer et al. (2011).
Subtaxa
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1894 | Dinocephalia Seeley p. 226 |
1895 | Dinocephalia Seeley |
1911 | Dinocephali Jaekel p. 182 |
1913 | Dinocephalia Broom |
1923 | Dinocephalia Nopcsa |
1934 | Dinocephalia Swinton p. 51 |
1937 | Dinocephalia Roxo p. 43 |
1946 | Dinocephalia Kuhn p. 57 |
1954 | Brithopus bashkyricus Efremov |
1954 | Brithopus ponderus Efremov |
1954 | Dinocephalia Haughton and Brink p. 5 |
1954 | Dinocephalia Huene p. 30 |
1962 | Deinocephalia Olson p. 48 |
1969 | Dinocephalia Boonstra |
1982 | Dinocephalia Kemp p. 348 |
1988 | Dinocephalia Carroll |
1988 | Dinocephalia King |
1989 | Dinocephalia Gauthier et al. p. 341 |
1991 | Dinocephalia Rubidge |
1996 | Dinocephalia Cheng and Ji pp. 124, 132 |
2000 | Dinocephalia Battail and Surkov p. 94 |
2001 | Dinocephalia Rubidge and Sidor |
2003 | Dinocephalia Ivakhnenko |
2008 | Dinocephalia Ivakhnenko |
2011 | Dinocephalia Kammerer et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subor. †Dinocephalia Seeley 1894
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Superfm. †Anteosauria Boonstra 1962
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Fm. †Anteosauridae Boonstra 1954
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Subfm. †Anteosaurinae Boonstra 1954
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G. †Anteosaurus Watson 1921
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†Anteosaurus magnificus Watson 1921
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Invalid names: Anteosaurus abeli Boonstra 1954 [synonym], Anteosaurus acutirostris Boonstra 1954 [synonym], Anteosaurus crassifrons Boonstra 1954 [synonym], Anteosaurus cruentus Boonstra 1954 [synonym], Anteosaurus laticeps Boonstra 1954 [synonym], Anteosaurus levops Boonstra 1954 [synonym], Anteosaurus lotzi Broili and Schröder 1935 [synonym], Anteosaurus minor Broom 1929 [synonym], Anteosaurus minusculus Boonstra 1954 [synonym], Anteosaurus parvus Boonstra 1954 [synonym], Anteosaurus vorsteri Broom 1936 [synonym], Paranteosaurus primus Boonstra 1954 [synonym]
†Anteosaurus major Boonstra 1937
Invalid names: Micranteosaurus Boonstra 1954 [synonym], Oudenodon rugosus Trautschold 1884 [nomen dubium], Paranteosaurus Boonstra 1954 [synonym], Pseudanteosaurus Boonstra 1954 [synonym], Titanognathus Broili and Schröder 1935 [synonym]
G. †Titanophoneus Efremov 1940
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†Titanophoneus adamanteus Orlov 1958
Invalid names: Doliosauriscus Kuhn 1961 [synonym]
G. †Sinophoneus Cheng and Ji 1996
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†Sinophoneus yumenensis Cheng and Ji 1996
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Invalid names: Stenocybus acidentatus Cheng and Li 1997 [synonym]
Invalid names: Stenocybus Cheng and Li 1997 [synonym]
Subfm. †Syodontinae Ivachnenko 1994
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G. †Syodon Kutorga 1838
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†Syodon biarmicum Kutorga 1838
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Invalid names: Cliorhizodon orenburgensis Twelvetrees 1880 [synonym], Syodon efremovi Orlov 1940 [synonym]
Invalid names: Cliorhizodon Twelvetrees 1880 [synonym]
Invalid names: Admetophoneus Efremov 1954 [nomen dubium], Admetophoneus kargalensis Efremov 1954 [nomen dubium], Archaeosuchus Broom 1905 [nomen dubium], Archaeosuchus cairncrossi Broom 1905 [nomen dubium], Eccasaurus Broom 1909 [nomen dubium], Eccasaurus priscus Broom 1909 [nomen dubium]
Subor. †Dinocephalida Ivakhnenko 2008
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Infraor. †Eotitanosuchida Ivakhnenko 2003
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Superfm. †Microuranioidea Ivakhnenko 1995
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Fm. †Microuraniidae Ivakhnenko 1995
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G. †Microurania Ivakhnenko 1995
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†Microurania mikia Ivakhnenko 2003
†Microurania minima Ivakhnenko 1995
G. †Phreatosuchus Efremov 1954
Infraor. †Tapinocephalia
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G. †Deuterosaurus Eichwald 1848
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†Deuterosaurus biarmicus Eichwald 1846
†Deuterosaurus jubilaei Nopcsa 1928
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Invalid names: Uraniscosaurus watsoni Nopcsa 1928 [objective synonym]
Invalid names: Mnemejosaurus Nopcsa 1928 [synonym], Ulemosaurus minutus Vjuschkov 1955 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Tapinocephalidae Owen 1876
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Subfm. †Moschopinae Boonstra 1969
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G. †Criocephalosaurus Kammerer and Sidor 2002
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†Criocephalosaurus vanderbyli Broom 1928
Invalid names: Criocephalus Broom 1928 [replaced]
G. †Moschops Broom 1911
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†Moschops romeri Bryne 1937
Invalid names: Agnosaurus Boonstra 1952 [synonym], Agnosaurus pienaari Boonstra 1952 [nomen dubium], Moschognathus Broom 1914 [synonym], Moschoides Bryne 1937 [synonym], Pnigalion Watson 1914 [synonym]
Subfm. †Riebeeckosaurinae Boonstra 1969
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Subfm. †Struthiocephalinae Boonstra 1969
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G. †Struthiocephaloides Boonstra 1952
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†Struthiocephaloides cavifrons Boonstra 1952
†Struthiocephaloides duplessisi Boonstra 1952
G. †Struthiocephalus Haughton 1915
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†Struthiocephalus whaitsi Haughton 1915
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Invalid names: Moschosaurus longicesps Haughton 1915 [synonym], Struthiocephalellus parvus Boonstra 1955 [synonym], Struthiocephalus akraalensis Boonstra 1952 [synonym], Struthiocephalus kitchingi Brink 1958 [synonym], Struthiocephalus milleri Olson and Broom 1937 [synonym], Struthiocephalus rheederi Broom 1937 [synonym]
Invalid names: Moschosaurus Haughton 1915 [synonym], Struthiocephalellus Boonstra 1955 [synonym]
Subfm. †Tapinocephalinae Lydekker 1890
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Invalid names: Riebeeckosaurini Boonstra 1963 [empty], Struthiocephalini Boonstra 1963 [empty], Tapinocephalini Gregory 1962 [empty]
G. †Taurosaurus
Invalid names: Lamiasaurus Watson 1914 [nomen dubium], Lamiasaurus newtoni Watson 1914 [nomen dubium]
Superfm. †Tapinocephaloidea Owen 1876
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Fm. †Ulemosauridae Ivakhnenko 1994
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G. †Ulemosaurus Riabinin 1938
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†Ulemosaurus gigas Efremov 1954
†Ulemosaurus svijagensis Riabinin 1938
Invalid names: Brithopus Kutorga 1838 [nomen dubium], Brithopus priscus Kutorga 1838 [nomen dubium], Orthopus Kutorga 1838 [nomen dubium], Orthopus primaevus Kutorga 1838 [nomen dubium]
Infraor. †Titanosuchida
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Superfm. †Deuterosauroidea Seeley 1894
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G. †Planipes Demathieu and Gand 1995
Superfm. †Titanosuchoidea Broom 1903
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Fm. †Titanosuchidae Broom 1903
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G. †Jonkeria Hoepen 1916
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†Jonkeria koupensis Boonstra 1955
†Jonkeria parva Boonstra 1955
†Jonkeria rossouwi Boonstra 1955
†Jonkeria vanderbyli Broom 1929
Invalid names: Dinophoneus Broom 1923 [synonym], Dinopolus Broom 1936 [synonym], Dinopolus atrox Broom 1936 [nomen dubium], Dinosphageus Broom 1929 [synonym], Phoneosuchus Broom 1929 [synonym]
G. †Titanosuchus Owen 1876
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†Titanosuchus ferox Owen 1879
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Invalid names: Parascapanodon avifontis Boonstra 1955 [synonym], Scapanodon duplessisi Broom 1904 [synonym], Scapanodon septemfontis Boonstra 1955 [synonym]
Invalid names: Parascapanodon Boonstra 1955 [synonym], Scapanodon Broom 1904 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dinartamus Broom 1923 [nomen dubium], Dinartamus vanderbyli Broom 1923 [nomen dubium], Enobius Broom 1923 [nomen dubium], Enobius strubeni Broom 1923 [nomen dubium], Scullya Broom 1929 [nomen dubium], Scullya gigas Broom 1929 [nomen dubium], Titanosuchinae Broom 1903 [empty], Titanosuchus cloetei Broom 1903 [nomen dubium], Titanosuchus dubius Haughton 1915 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Syodontidae Ivakhnenko 1994 [empty]
Invalid names: Brithopia Kemp 1982 [empty], Brithopus bashkyricus Efremov 1954 [nomen dubium], Brithopus ponderus Efremov 1954 [nomen dubium], Estemmenosuchia Kemp 1982 [empty], Estemmenosuchoidea Tchudinov 1960 [empty], Mormosauridae Boonstra 1936 [empty], Moschopidae Boonstra 1936 [empty], Moschosauridae Boonstra 1936 [empty], Stenocybusidae Cheng and Li 1997 [empty]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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H. G. Seeley 1895 | Temporal vacuities small. Cerebral region between them wide, and usually expanded above the brain-case. Skull bones are enormously thick; no interior cartilage to the brain-case. Palato-nares far forward. Occipital condyle singel, convex. Teeth with canines sometimes developed. Molar teeth pointed, convex in front, concave behind, with serrated borders, and a transverse inwardly developed ledge. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 |
Age range: base of the Guadalupian to the top of the Vyatkian or 273.01000 to 257.40000 Ma
Collections (92 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Ufimian | Russian Federation (Perm Krai) | Syodon biarmicum (187716) | |
Ufimian - Late/Upper Kazanian | Russian Federation (Tatarstan) | Microsyodon sp. (84717) | |
Ufimian - Late/Upper Kazanian | Russian Federation (Udmurtia) | Microsyodon orlovi (187322) | |
Kungurian - Roadian | USA (Texas) | Driveria ponderosa (80689) Mastersonia driverensis (85170) | |
Guadalupian | South Africa (Western Cape) | Titanosuchus ferox, Mormosaurus seeleyi (177007) | |
Guadalupian | Zambia (Southern) | Anteosauridae indet., Tapinocephalidae indet. (171619) | |
Kazanian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Davletkulia gigantea (189582) | |
Late/Upper Kazanian - Urzhumian | Russian Federation (Arkhangelsk) | Biarmosuchus tagax (187646 187653) Biarmosuchus tagax, Niaftasuchus sp. (187645) Niaftasuchus zekkeli (187647) Niaftasuchus zekkeli, Alrausuchus tagax (187648) | |
Roadian | China (Gansu) | Stenocybus acidentatus, Sinophoneus yumenensis (85431) | |
Urzhumian | Russian Federation (Bashkortostan) | Brithopus priscus, Orthopus primaevus (187931) | |
Urzhumian | Russian Federation (Perm) | Archaeosyodon praeventor, Chthomaloporus lenocinator (87102) | |
Urzhumian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Cliorhizodon orenburgensis, Admetophoneus kargalensis, Mnemejosaurus jubilaei (87039) Dinocephalia indet. (189968) Syodon sp. (189974) Titanophoneus sp. (85487 179656 189973) | |
Urzhumian | Russian Federation (Kirov) | Syodon sp. (87040) | |
Wordian | Russian Federation | Dinocephalia indet. (197588 197767) | |
Wordian | South Africa (Western Cape) | Australosyodon nyaphuli (94778) Tapinocaninus pamelae (94649) | |
Urzhumian - Early/Lower Severodvinian | Kazakhstan (Aktyubinsk) | Notosyodon gusevi (187717) | |
Urzhumian - Early/Lower Severodvinian | Russian Federation (Bashkortostan) | Deuterosaurus gigas, Deuterosaurus biarmicus, Brithopus ponderus, Brithopus bashkyricus (85962) | |
Urzhumian - Early/Lower Severodvinian | Russian Federation (Tatarstan) | Oudenodon rugosus (187747) Titanophoneus potens, Ulemosaurus svijagensis, Cliorhizodon efremovi, Doliosaurus yanschinovi (27931) | |
Urzhumian - Early/Lower Severodvinian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Deuterosaurus jubilaei (187749) Deuterosaurus sp. (187750) Deuterosaurus sp., Ulemosaurus gigas, Microurania minima (124278) Syodon biarmicum (189416) Syodon sp. (187190) Syodon sp., Doliosaurus adamanteus (187191) Syodon sp., Ulemosaurus minutus (36273) Titanophoneus sp. (187748) Ulemosaurus gigas (80875 187751) | |
Wordian - Capitanian | Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) | Pampaphoneus biccai (185751) Titanosuchidae indet., Tapinocephalidae indet., Brithopodinae indet., Anteosauroidea indet., Dinocephalia indet. (78657) | |
Wordian - Capitanian | Tanzania (Ruvuma) | Tapinocephalidae indet. (135686) | |
Wordian - Wuchiapingian | Brazil (Paraná) | Tapinocephalidae indet. (185753) | |
Capitanian | South Africa (Northern Cape) | Anteosaurus abeli (198714) Dinocephalia indet. (198666) Jonkeria ingens (230333) | |
Capitanian | South Africa (Western Cape) | Anteosaurus cruentus (198715) Anteosaurus minor (198694) Anteosaurus sp., Jonkeria sp. (198711) Anteosaurus sp., Tapinocephalia indet., Struthiocephalus whaitsi (198718) Criocephalosaurus sp. (171638 171639) Delphinognathus conocephalus, Moschognathus whaitsi (179623) Dinosphageus haughtoni (198719) Eccasaurus priscus, Archaeosuchus cairncrossi (198665) Jonkeria cloetei, Moschops capensis, Titanosuchus ferox, Agnosaurus pienaari, Struthiocephaloides cavifrons (176250) Jonkeria crassus (93085) Jonkeria ingens, Phocosaurus megischion (93086) Jonkeria parva (198678) Jonkeria sp. (198700) Jonkeria sp., Struthiocephalus whaitsi, Jonkeria koupensis, Anteosaurus abeli (176314) Jonkeria sp., Titanosuchus ferox, Paranteosaurus primus, Struthiocephalus whaitsi, Parascapanodon avifontis, Anteosaurus levops (93096) Keratocephalus moloch (176244) Mormosaurus sp., Parascapanodon sp. (198710) Moschops romeri (13004) Moschops sp., Avenantia kruisvleiensis, Anteosaurus acutirostris (198675) Moschops sp., Keratocephalus sp., Struthiocephaloides sp., Anteosaurus magnificus, Struthiocephalus whaitsi, Keratocephalus moloch, Anteosaurus crassifrons (176355) Parascapanodon avifontis, Anteosaurus abeli (93097) Pelosuchus priscus (198664) Phocosaurus sp. (176356) Phocosaurus sp., Parascapanodon sp., Anteosaurus major (92646) Pnigalion oweni (176349) Riebeeckosaurus longirostris (198717) Scapanodon duplessisi (176247) Scapanodon septemfonsis (198721) Struthiocephalus kitchingi (92648) Struthiocephalus milleri, Dinosuchus vorsteri (198720) Struthiocephalus rheederi (198702) Struthiocephalus whaitsi, Anteosaurus laticeps (198723) Struthiocephalus whaitsi, Moschosaurus longicesps (31777) Tamboeria maraisi, Anteosaurus magnificus (93084) Taurops macrodon (198663) Titanognathus lotzi (198697) Titanosuchus ferox, Jonkeria haughtoni (198703) Titanosuchus ferox, Parascapanodon sp. (176248) Titanosuchus ferox, Tapinocephalus atherstonei, Parascapanodon avifontis (89650) Titanosuchus strubeni, Struthiocephalus intermedius, Titanosuchus ferox, Titanosuchus cloetei, Scapanodon duplessisi, Criocephalus vanderbyli, Anteosaurus magnificus, Jonkeria truculenta, Dinartamus vanderbyli, Titanosuchus dubius, Struthiocephalus whaitsi, Taurocephalus lerouxi, Keratocephalus moloch, Phoneosuchus angusticeps, Jonkeria koupensis, Jonkeria vanderbyli, Dinopolus atrox, Struthiocephalellus parvus (86388) | |
Wuchiapingian | South Africa (Northern Cape) | Dinophoneus ingens, Jonkeria pugnax (178870) | |
Wuchiapingian | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | Moschops capensis (144271) | |
Vyatkian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Microurania mikia (86484) |