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Lystrosaurus

Dicynodontia - Lystrosauridae

Taxonomy

Lystrosaurus was named by Cope (1870). It is not extant. It was considered monophyletic by Maisch (2002).

It was assigned to Anomodontia by Broom (1913); to Dicynodontidae by Efremov (1940) and Sun (1973); to Lystrosaurini by King (1988), King and Jenkins (1997) and Battail and Surkov (2000); to Pristerodontia by Surkov et al. (2005); to Lystrosauridae by Kammerer and Angielczyk (2009); and to Lystrosauridae by Broom (1903), Cox (1965), Maisch (2002), Li and Sun (2008), Ivakhnenko (2008) and Kammerer et al. (2011).

Species

Dicynodon seeleyi, L. broomi, L. curvatus (syn. L. jorisseni, L. platyceps, L. wageri, L. andersoni, L. oviceps, L. theileri), L. declivis (syn. Ptychognathus declivis, Dicynodon (Ptychognathus) declivis, Ptychognathus alfredi, Dicynodon (Ptychognathus) latirostris, Ptychognathus depressus, L. wagneri, Ptychosiagum declivis, L. primitivus), L. georgi, L. hedini, L. maccaigi (syn. L. putterilli, L. amphibius), L. murrayi (syn. Prolystrosaurus natalensis, L. breyeri, L. rubidgei, Dicynodon copei, L. rajurkari, Ptychosiagum murrayi, Ptychognathus boopis, L. bothai, Dicynodon (Ptychognathus) verticalis, L. jeppei, L. frontosus, Dicynodon orientalis), L. robustus (syn. L. latifrons), L. shichanggouensis, L. weidenreichi, L. youngi, Prolystrosaurus strigops

Synonyms

Lystrosaurus weidenreichi was named by Young (1939). Its type specimen is IVPP RV 39061, a set of postcrania, and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Liu et al. (2002).
Prolystrosaurus was named by Haughton (1917).

It was synonymized subjectively with Lystrosaurus by Broom (1932).

It was assigned to Lystrosauridae by Cox (1965).
Ptychosiagum was named by Lydekker (1890). It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Lystrosaurus by Seeley (1898).
Dicynodon seeleyi was named by Broili (1908). It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Gryskop, Middelburg, which is in an Induan terrestrial horizon in South Africa.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Kammerer et al. (2011).
Dicynodon strigops was named by Broom (1913). Its type specimen is AMNH FARB 5581, a partial skull, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Harrismith Commonage, which is in an Induan/Olenekian terrestrial horizon in the Normandien Formation of South Africa.

It was recombined as Prolystrosaurus strigops by Haughton (1917); it was synonymized subjectively with Lystrosaurus murrayi by Cluver (1971) and Georgi (2006); it was considered a nomen dubium by Kammerer et al. (2011).
Dicynodon (Ptychognathus) was named by Owen (1860).

It was reranked as Ptychognathus by Owen (1861); it was replaced with Ptychosiagum by Lydekker (1890).

It was assigned to Dicynodon by Owen (1860); and to Dicynodontia by Owen (1861).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1860	Dicynodon (Ptychognathus) Owen p. 49
1861	Ptychognathus Owen p. 256
1870	Lystrosaurus Cope
1890	Ptychosiagum Lydekker
1903	Lystrosaurus Broom
1908	Dicynodon seeleyi Broili
1913	Dicynodon strigops Broom
1913	Lystrosaurus Broom
1917	Prolystrosaurus Haughton
1917	Prolystrosaurus strigops Haughton
1939	Lystrosaurus weidenreichi Young p. 127 figs. 1-9
1940	Lystrosaurus Efremov p. 131
1965	Lystrosaurus Cox
1965	Prolystrosaurus Cox
1973	Lystrosaurus Sun p. 65
1988	Lystrosaurus King
1997	Lystrosaurus King and Jenkins p. 150
2000	Lystrosaurus Battail and Surkov
2002	Lystrosaurus Maisch
2005	Lystrosaurus Surkov et al.
2008	Lystrosaurus Ivakhnenko
2008	Lystrosaurus Li and Sun p. 389
2008	Lystrosaurus weidenreichi Li and Sun p. 392
2009	Lystrosaurus Kammerer and Angielczyk
2011	Lystrosaurus Kammerer et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha

Rank	Name	Author
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
suborder	Eupelycosauria
—	Therapsida	()
—	Anomodontia	(Owen 1859)
order	Dicynodontia	()
—	Dicynodontoidea	Cluver and King 1983
family	Lystrosauridae
genus	Lystrosaurus	Cope 1870

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Lystrosaurus Cope 1870

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†Lystrosaurus broomi Young 1939

†Lystrosaurus curvatus Owen 1876

Invalid names: Lystrosaurus andersoni Broom [synonym], Lystrosaurus jorisseni Van Hoepen 1916 [synonym], Lystrosaurus oviceps Haughton 1915 [synonym], Lystrosaurus platyceps Seeley 1898 [synonym], Lystrosaurus theileri Van Hoepen 1916 [synonym], Lystrosaurus wageri Van Hoepen 1916 [synonym]

†Lystrosaurus declivis Brink 1951

Invalid names: Dicynodon (Ptychognathus) latirostris Owen 1860 [synonym], Lystrosaurus primitivus Toerien 1954 [synonym], Lystrosaurus wagneri Van Hoepen 1916 [synonym], Ptychognathus alfredi Owen 1862 [synonym], Ptychognathus declivis Owen 1860 [objective synonym], Ptychognathus depressus Owen 1876 [synonym], Ptychosiagum declivis Lydekker 1890 [objective synonym]

†Lystrosaurus georgi Kalandadze 1975

†Lystrosaurus hedini Young 1935

†Lystrosaurus maccaigi Seeley 1898

Invalid names: Lystrosaurus amphibius Brink 1951 [synonym], Lystrosaurus putterilli Van Hoepen 1915 [synonym]

†Lystrosaurus murrayi Huxley 1859

Invalid names: Dicynodon (Ptychognathus) verticalis Owen 1860 [synonym], Dicynodon copei Seeley 1889 [synonym], Dicynodon orientalis Huxley 1865 [synonym], Lystrosaurus bothai Broom 1941 [synonym], Lystrosaurus breyeri Van Hoepen 1915 [synonym], Lystrosaurus frontosus Cope 1870 [synonym], Lystrosaurus jeppei Van Hoepen 1916 [synonym], Lystrosaurus rajurkari Tripathi and Satsangi 1963 [synonym], Lystrosaurus rubidgei Broom 1940 [synonym], Prolystrosaurus natalensis Haughton 1917 [synonym], Ptychognathus boopis Owen 1876 [synonym], Ptychosiagum murrayi Lydekker 1890 [synonym]

†Lystrosaurus robustus Sun 1973

Invalid names: Lystrosaurus latifrons Sun 1973 [synonym]

†Lystrosaurus shichanggouensis Cheng 1986

†Lystrosaurus youngi Sun 1964

Invalid names: Dicynodon seeleyi Broili 1908 [nomen dubium], Lystrosaurus weidenreichi Young 1939 [nomen dubium], Prolystrosaurus Haughton 1917 [synonym], Prolystrosaurus strigops Broom 1913 [nomen dubium], Ptychosiagum Lydekker 1890 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
M.W. Maisch 2002	No ectopterygoid

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialuc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Diet:

herbivoreg

Created:

2009-01-03 20:48:45

Modified:

2009-01-03 22:48:45

Source: g = genus, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade

References: Hendy et al. 2009, Benton 1983, Carroll 1988

Age range: base of the Capitanian to the top of the Olenekian or 265.10000 to 247.20000 Ma

Collections (63 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Capitanian	265.1 - 259.9	South Africa (Northern Cape)	L. sp. (85515)
Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian	259.9 - 252.17	South Africa (Eastern Cape)	L. maccaigi (176312) L. rubidgei (176336)
Changhsingian	254.17 - 252.17	China (Xinjiang)	L. robustus, L. latifrons (178201)
Changhsingian	254.17 - 252.17	South Africa (Free State)	L. maccaigi (195279 195280)
Induan	252.17 - 251.2	Russian Federation (Nizhnii Novgorod)	L. georgi (189460)
Induan	252.17 - 251.2	South Africa (Eastern Cape)	Dicynodon curvatus, L. murrayi, L. maccaigi, L. declivis (176503) Dicynodon latirostris, Dicynodon verticalis, L. murrayi, Ptychognathus alfredi, L. curvatus, L. declivis (144320) Dicynodon seeleyi (178125) L. declivis (195281)
Induan	252.17 - 251.2	South Africa (Northern Cape)	Dicynodon murrayi (177589) L. murrayi, L. declivis (105718)
Induan	252.17 - 251.2	South Africa (Free State)	L. murrayi, L. curvatus, L. declivis (195278) L. murrayi, L. oviceps, L. curvatus, L. declivis (80140) L. sp., L. murrayi, L. declivis (144333)
Induan	252.17 - 251.2	China (Xinjiang)	L. hedini (143485) L. hedini, L. murrayi (143474) L. shichanggouensis (196534) L. youngi (112284 143481)
Early/Lower Triassic	252.17 - 247.2	South Africa (East Cape)	L. sp. (188978)
Early/Lower Triassic	252.17 - 247.2	Antarctica	L. curvatus (87414) Lystrosaurus indet. (87420) L. maccaigi (27265 27266)
Early/Lower Triassic	252.17 - 247.2	China (Xinjiang)	L. hedini (224361)
Early/Lower Triassic	252.17 - 247.2	South Africa (Free State)	L. murrayi, L. maccaigi, L. platyceps, L. curvatus, L. declivis (117183)
Early/Lower Triassic	252.17 - 247.2	South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal)	L. murrayi, L. oviceps, L. declivis (105603)
Early/Lower Triassic	252.17 - 247.2	South Africa (Eastern Cape)	L. amphibius, L. primitivus (196533) L. bothai (196535) L. murrayi, L. curvatus, L. declivis (105606) L. murrayi, L. declivis (117176 117184)
Early/Lower Triassic	252.17 - 247.2	South Africa	L. sp. (190132)
Induan - Olenekian	252.17 - 247.2	South Africa (Free State)	L. murrayi (181689) L. murrayi, L. curvatus, L. declivis (98602) L. murrayi, L. declivis (105607) L. murrayi, L. maccaigi, L. breyeri, L. putterilli, L. jeppei, L. wageri, L. wagneri, L. jorisseni, L. theileri, L. curvatus, L. declivis, Dicynodon strigops (88282) L. murrayi, L. maccaigi, L. declivis (181690) L. murrayi, L. platyceps (144326)
Induan - Olenekian	252.17 - 247.2	South Africa (Eastern Cape)	L. murrayi, L. curvatus, L. declivis (177605) L. murrayi, L. maccaigi, L. curvatus, L. declivis (105610) L. murrayi, L. oviceps, L. declivis (85948) L. murrayi, L. platyceps, L. curvatus, L. declivis (181691)
Induan - Olenekian	252.17 - 247.2	South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)	L. murrayi, L. curvatus, L. declivis (34815)
Induan - Smithian	252.17 - 247.2	India (West Bengal)	Dicynodon orientalis (117188) L. maccaigi (174085) L. murrayi (136562 136564 136565) L. murrayi, L. maccagi (136560) L. murrayi, L. rajurkari, L. platyceps (136563) L. orientalis (98624 136552 136553 136555 136556 136557 136558 136559) L. sp. (117187)
Olenekian	251.2 - 247.2	South Africa (Eastern Cape)	L. sp. (92309)