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Struthioniformes

Reptilia - Struthioniformes

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1790Struthioniformes Latham
1933Struthioniformes Lambrecht p. 98
1960Struthioniformes Wetmore p. 23
1988Struthioniformes Carroll
2006Struthioniformes Slack et al. p. 1150
2007Struthioniformes Livezey and Zusi p. 89
2014Struthioniformes del Hoyo et al.
2020Struthioniformes Kampouridis et al. p. 3
2022Struthioniformes Mayr p. 29

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
—Romeriida
—Diapsida()
RankNameAuthor
—Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
—Crocopoda
—ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
—Eucrocopoda
—Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
—Ornithodira
—Dinosauromorpha
—Dinosauriformes
—Dinosauria()
—Theropoda()
—Neotheropoda
—AverostraPaul 2002
—Tetanurae
—Coelurosauria()
—Maniraptora
—Paraves
classAves
subclassNeornithesGadow 1893
superorderPalaeognathaePycraft 1900
orderStruthioniformesLatham 1790
orderStruthioniformesLatham 1790

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Struthioniformes Latham 1790
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Fm. †Eleutherornithidae Wetmore 1951
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G. †Proceriavis Harrison and Walker 1979
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†Proceriavis martini Harrison and Walker 1979
Fm. †Ergilornithidae Kozlova 1960
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G. †Amphipelargus Lydekker 1891
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†Amphipelargus majori Lydekker 1891
Invalid names: Urmiornis Mecquenem 1908 [synonym]
G. †Ergilornis Kozlova 1960
G. †Proergilornis Kozlova 1960
G. †Sinoergilornis Musser et al. 2020
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†Sinoergilornis guangheensis Musser et al. 2020
Fm. †Geranoididae Wetmore 1933
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G. †Eogeranoides Cracraft 1969
G. †Geranodornis Cracraft 1969
G. †Geranoides Wetmore 1933
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†Geranoides jepseni Wetmore 1933
G. †Paragrus Lambrecht 1933
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†Paragrus prentici Loomis 1906
Fm. †Palaeotididae Houde and Haubold 1987
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G. †Galligeranoides Bourdon et al. 2014
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†Galligeranoides boriensis Bourdon et al. 2014
G. †Palaeotis Lambrecht 1928
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†Palaeotis weigelti Lambrecht 1928
Fm. Struthionidae Vigors 1825 [ostrich]
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G. Struthio Linnaeus 1758 [ostrich]
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†Struthio anderssoni Lowe 1831
†Struthio asiaticus Milne-Edwards 1871 [Asian ostrich]
†Struthio barbarus Arambourg 1979
†Struthio bradydactylus Burchak-Abramovich 1939
Struthio camelus Linnaeus 1758 [common ostrich]
†Struthio chersonensis Brant 1873
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Invalid names: Palaeostruthio sternatus Burčak-Abramovič 1953 [synonym], Struthio novorossicus Alexejev 1916 [synonym], Struthio orlovi Kurochkin and Lungu 1970 [synonym], Struthiolithus adzalycensis Roščin 1962 [synonym], Struthiolithus alexejevi Roščin 1962 [synonym]
†Struthio coppensi Mourer-Chauviré et al. 1996
†Struthio karatheodoris Forsyth Major 1888
†Struthio linxiaensis Hou et al. 2005
Struthio molybdophanes Reichenow 1883 [Somali ostrich]
†Struthio mongolicus Lowe 1931
†Struthio wimani Lowe 1931
Invalid names: Pachystruthio Kretzoi 1954 [synonym], Palaeostruthio Burčak-Abramovič 1953 [synonym], Struthiolithus Brant 1873 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: hydroxyapatiteo
Entire body: yeso
Adult length: 10 to < 100o
Adult width: 1.0 to < 10o
Adult height: 1.0 to < 10o
Architecture: compact or denseo
Ontogeny: accretion, modification of partso
Grouping: solitaryo
Environment: terrestrialo
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: ground dwellingo
Diet: herbivoreo
Reproduction: oviparouso
Dispersal: direct/internalo
Dispersal 2: mobileo
Created: 2009-01-03 19:08:40
Modified: 2009-01-03 21:08:40
Source: o = order
References: Marsh 1875, Witmer and Rose 1991

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Wasatchian to the top of the Holocene or 55.80000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 50.3 Ma

Collections (115 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8France (Aude) Galligeranoides boriensis (182641)
Wasatchian55.8 - 50.3USA (Wyoming) Geranoides jepseni (74618)
Bridgerian50.3 - 46.2USA (Wyoming) Geranoididae indet. (16296)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt) Palaeotis weigelti (13322)
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Kazakhstan (Aktyubinsk) Ergilornithidae indet. (175921)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588South Africa Struthio sp. (22220)
Middle Miocene15.97 - 11.608Namibia Struthionidae indet. (21855)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Ukraine (Cherson) Struthio asiaticus (60256)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Moldova Urmiornis sp. (60271)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Kenya (Central Nyanza) Struthio sp. (21340)
Serravallian - Tortonian13.82 - 7.246Tunisia (Gafsa) Struthio sp. (35279 35281)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Ukraine Urmiornis sp., Struthio brachydactylus, Palaeostruthio sternatus (75800)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Moldova Struthio sp. (152254)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Ukraine (Odessa) Struthio novorossicus (75794) Struthio sp. (75796 75797)
Tortonian - Messinian11.62 - 5.333Kenya Struthio indet. (22241) Struthio sp. (22243)
Vallesian11.608 - 8.7Iraq Struthio sp. (41735)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Morocco Struthio sp. (210194)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Bulgaria (Blagoevgrad) Struthio karatheodoris (197445)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Greece (Aegean) Struthio caratheodoris (202120)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333South Africa (Namaqualand) Struthio oldawayi (51189)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Bulgaria (Blagoevgrard) Struthio karatheodoris (197446)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333China Sinoergilornis guangheensis (224381)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi) Struthionidae indet. (28245)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Algeria (Oran) Struthio sp. (136913)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Algeria Struthio sp. (34643)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Greece (Euboea) Aves indet. (195435) Struthio karatheodoris (195432)
MN 118.7 - 7.75Greece Struthio karatheodoris (73869)
Turolian8.7 - 5.333Greece (Makedonia Thraki) Amphipelargus sp. (157582)
MN 127.75 - 7.246Ukraine (Odessa) Struthio asiaticus (167995)
MN 12 - MN 137.75 - 4.9China (Gansu) Struthio linxiaensis (96188)
Messinian - Zanclean7.246 - 3.6Kenya Struthio indet. (22242)
Messinian - Piacenzian7.246 - 2.588South Africa (Cape) Struthio sp., Struthio australis (59167)
Messinian - Piacenzian7.246 - 2.588Kenya Struthio sp. (22237)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Kenya Struthio sp. (232486)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Moldova Struthio sp. (198590)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6South Africa Struthio sp. (22221 22222)
Ruscinian5.333 - 3.2Turkey (Ankara) Struthio sp. (34370)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Malawi (Northern) Struthio daberasensis (226065)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Tanzania (Eastern Drift Valley) Struthionidae indet. (32050)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588South Africa Struthionidae indet. (74791)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Russian Federation (Rostovskaya Oblast') Struthio sp. (39409)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Kyrgyzstan Struthio transcaucasicus (34439)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Russian Federation (West-Siberia) Struthio chersonensis (44866)
Zanclean - Piacenzian5.333 - 2.588Kenya Struthio indet. (22235) Struthio sp. (22239)
Zanclean - Piacenzian5.333 - 2.588Tanzania (Eastern Rift Valley) Struthionidae indet. (22597 22599)
Pliocene - Pleistocene5.333 - 0.0117China (Nei Mongol) Struthionidae indet. (28793)
MN 15 - MN 164.2 - 2.588Ukraine Struthio chersonensis (50943)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588Egypt (Al Buhayrah) Struthio sp. (42119)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588Morocco Struthio sp. (32054) Struthionidae indet., Struthio asiaticus (32052)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588Egypt Struthio sp. (22592)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.588Ethiopia (Afar) Struthio sp. (224654)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Pleistocene3.6 - 0.0117South Africa Struthio sp. (22332)
MN 163.2 - 2.588Greece (Thessaly) Struthio chersonensis (205043)
Villanyian3.2 - 2.588Hungary (Fejer) Pachystruthio pannonicus (35374)
Gelasian2.588 - 1.806Tanzania Struthio sp. (22593 22595) Struthionidae indet. (22596)
Gelasian2.588 - 1.806Ethiopia (Afar) Struthio sp. (224655)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Greece Pachystruthio dmanisensis (230277)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Turkey Struthio sp. (39321)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Georgia Struthio dmanisensis (56733)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781China Struthio sp. (51471)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Algeria Struthio barbarus (224087)
Gelasian - Calabrian2.588 - 0.774Tanzania Struthio sp. (21969 21973) Struthionidae indet. (22471 22624)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117South Africa Struthio camelus (21920 21953) Struthio camelus, Struthio australis (21931) Struthio sp. (21825 21829)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Morocco Struthio sp. (34332)
Pleistocene2.588 - 0.0117Turkmenistan Struthio asiaticus (40687)
Pleistocene - Holocene2.588 - 0.0South Africa Struthio australis (21711) Struthio camelus (21950)
Pleistocene - Holocene2.588 - 0.0Tanzania Struthio camelus (22188)
Pleistocene - Holocene2.588 - 0.0Congo-Kinshasa Struthio camelus (22074)
Pleistocene - Holocene2.588 - 0.0Sudan Struthio camelus (21872)
Calabrian1.8 - 0.774Tanzania Struthio sp. (21970 21971 22041 22064 22464 22627 22628) Struthionidae indet. (22470)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Morocco Struthio sp. (42866)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene0.774 - 0.0117Kenya Struthio sp. (22272)
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene0.774 - 0.0117South Africa Struthio camelus (198625)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117South Africa Struthio australis (21709)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Congo-Kinshasa Struthio camelus (22066)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117South Africa (Namaqualand) Struthio camelus (51187)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0South Africa (Orange Free) Struthio camelus (21858 21861)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Sudan Struthio camelus (21902 21903 21904 21958)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0South Africa Struthio camelus (21896 21914)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Niger Struthio camelus (83303 83304)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Congo-Kinshasa Struthio camelus (22068)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Egypt Struthio camelus (21878 21907)