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Falco (falcon)
Taxonomy
Falco was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant. Its type is Falco subbuteo. It is the type genus of Falconidae, Falconinae, Falconoidae.
It was assigned to Falconinae by Hay (1930), Wetmore (1956) and Becker (1987); to Accipitridae by Worthy and Grant-Mackie (2003); to Falconini by del Hoyo et al. (2014); and to Falconidae by Lambrecht (1933), Schultz and Howard (1935), Wetmore (1940), Howard (1982), Parmalee and Klippel (1982), Carroll (1988), Baird (1992), Parmalee (1992), Morgan (1994), Worthy (1997), Mlikovsky (2002), Burney et al. (2008), Clements et al. (2017) and Worthy and Nguyen (2020).
It was assigned to Falconinae by Hay (1930), Wetmore (1956) and Becker (1987); to Accipitridae by Worthy and Grant-Mackie (2003); to Falconini by del Hoyo et al. (2014); and to Falconidae by Lambrecht (1933), Schultz and Howard (1935), Wetmore (1940), Howard (1982), Parmalee and Klippel (1982), Carroll (1988), Baird (1992), Parmalee (1992), Morgan (1994), Worthy (1997), Mlikovsky (2002), Burney et al. (2008), Clements et al. (2017) and Worthy and Nguyen (2020).
Species
F. (Cerchneis), F. (Hierofalco), F. (Rhynchodon), F. alopex, F. altaicus, F. amurensis, F. ardosiaceus, F. bakalovi, F. berigora, F. biarmicus, F. cenchroides, F. cherrug, F. columbarius, F. concolor, F. cuvierii, F. deiroleucus, F. duboisi, F. eleonorae, F. falconellus, F. fasciinucha, F. femoralis, F. fuscocaerulescens, F. hypoleucos, F. jugger, F. longipennis, F. medius, F. melanaetus, F. mexicanus, F. naumanni, F. newtoni, F. novaeseelandiae, F. oregonus, F. peregrinus, F. punctatus, F. readi, F. rufigularis, F. rupicoloides, F. rusticolus, F. severus, F. sparverius, F. subbuteo (type species), F. subniger, F. tinnunculus, F. vespertinus
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Falco Linnaeus p. 88 |
| 1807 | Tinnunculus Vieillot |
| 1930 | Falco Hay p. 322 |
| 1933 | Falco Lambrecht p. 420 |
| 1935 | Falco Schultz and Howard p. 276 |
| 1940 | Falco Wetmore p. 40 |
| 1940 | Falco (Tinnunculus) Wetmore p. 41 |
| 1956 | Falco Wetmore p. 49 |
| 1956 | Falco (Tinnunculus) Wetmore p. 50 |
| 1982 | Falco Howard p. 10 |
| 1982 | Falco Parmalee and Klippel p. 366 |
| 1987 | Falco Becker p. 273 |
| 1988 | Falco Carroll |
| 1992 | Falco Baird p. 25 |
| 1992 | Falco Parmalee p. 311 |
| 1994 | Falco Morgan p. 467 |
| 1997 | Falco Worthy p. 103 |
| 2002 | Falco Mlikovsky p. 222 |
| 2003 | Falco Worthy and Grant-Mackie p. 449 |
| 2008 | Falco Burney et al. p. 18 |
| 2014 | Falco del Hoyo et al. |
| 2017 | Falco Clements et al. |
| 2020 | Falco Worthy and Nguyen p. 96 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Falco Linnaeus 1758 [falcon]
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Subg. †Falco (Cerchneis) Boie 1826
Subg. Falco (Rhynchodon) Nitzsch 1829
Falco alopex Heuglin 1861 [Fox kestrel]
Falco altaicus Menzbier 1891 [Altai falcon]
Falco amurensis Radde 1863 [Amur falcon]
Falco ardosiaceus Vieillot 1823 [Grey kestrel]
†Falco bakalovi Boev 1999
Falco berigora Vigors and Horsfield 1827 [Brown falcon]
Falco biarmicus Temminck 1825 [Lanner falcon]
Falco cenchroides Vigors and Horsfield 1827 [Australian kestrel]
Falco cherrug Gray 1834 [Saker falcon]
Falco columbarius Linnaeus 1758 [merlin]
Falco concolor Temminck 1825 [Sooty falcon]
Falco cuvierii Smith 1830 [African hobby]
Falco deiroleucus Temminck 1825 [Orange-breasted falcon]
†Falco duboisi Cowles 1994 [Réunion kestrel]
Falco eleonorae Gené 1839 [Eleonora's falcon]
†Falco falconellus Shufeldt 1915
Falco fasciinucha Reichenow and Neumann 1895 [Taita falcon]
Falco femoralis Temminck 1822 [Aplomado falcon]
Falco fuscocaerulescens Vieillot 1817
Falco hypoleucos Gould 1841 [Grey falcon]
Falco jugger Gray 1834 [Laggar falcon]
Falco longipennis Swainson 1837 [Australian hobby]
†Falco medius Umans'ka 1981
Falco melanaetus Linnaeus 1758
Falco mexicanus Schlegel 1850 [Prairie falcon]
Falco naumanni Fleischer 1818 [Lesser kestrel]
Falco newtoni Gurney 1863 [Madagascar kestrel]
Falco novaeseelandiae Gmelin 1788 [New Zealand falcon]
†Falco oregonus Howard 1946
Falco peregrinus Tunstall 1771 [Peregrine falcon]
Falco punctatus Temminck 1821 [Mauritius kestrel]
†Falco readi Brodkorb 1959
Falco rufigularis Daudin 1800 [Bat falcon]
Falco rupicoloides Smith 1829 [Greater kestrel]
Falco rusticolus Linnaeus 1758 [gyrfalcon]
Falco severus Horsfield 1821 [Oriental hobby]
Falco sparverius Linnaeus 1758 [American kestrel]
Falco subbuteo Linnaeus 1758 [Eurasian hobby]
Falco subniger Gray 1843 [Black falcon]
Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus 1758 [Common kestrel]
Falco vespertinus Linnaeus 1766 [Red-footed falcon]
Invalid names: Tinnunculus Vieillot 1807 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, o = order | |||||
| References: Marsh 1875, Naka 2004 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Bridgerian to the top of the Holocene or 50.30000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 46.2 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 46.2 Ma
Collections (124 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bridgerian | USA (Wyoming) | Falco falconella (16210) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Ukraine | Falco medius (39816) | |
| Hemphillian | USA (Idaho) | Falco sp. (19085) | |
| Hemphillian | USA (California) | Falco sp. (57909) | |
| Villanyian | Hungary (Barany) | Falco sp. (35368) | |
| Gelasian | USA (Florida) | Falco sparverius, Falco columbarius (20384) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Hungary (Barany) | Falco tinnunculus, Falco vespertinus (35457) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Spain (Mallorca) | Falco sp. (214536) | |
| Pleistocene | Greece (Chalkidiki) | Falco tinnunculus (183123) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (California) | Falco sparverius (176098) | |
| Pleistocene | United Kingdom | Falco peregrinus (124960) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | Cuba (Matanzas) | Falco femoralis (152870) | |
| Calabrian | Spain (Castilla-Leon) | Falco naumanni (34870) | |
| Calabrian | Italy | Falco peregrinus (197789) Falco peregrinus, Falco subbuteo (197790) | |
| Calabrian | Spain (Palencia) | Falco sp. (221570) Falco tinnunculus (205228) Falco tinnunculus, Falco rusticolus (213667) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Colorado) | Falco sp., Falco sparverius (152653) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Hungary | Falco tinnunculus (35045) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (California) | Falco sparverius (20639) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Siracusa) | Falco tinnunculus, Falco columbarius, Falco subbuteo, Falco eleonorae (175900) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | Monaco | Falco peregrinus, Falco tinnunculus (191730) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (California) | Falco sparverius, Falco mexicanus, Falco columbarius (161536) Falco sparverius, Falco mexicanus, Falco peregrinus, Falco columbarius (152008 192630) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (Florida) | Falco sparverius (20398) Falco sparverius, Falco peregrinus (20491) | |
| Rancholabrean - Holocene | USA (California) | Falco sparverius (84904) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Russian Federation | Falco altaicus (194807) Falco sp. (194811) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Spain | Falco sp., Falco tinnunculus, Falco naumanni, Falco vespertinus, Falco subbuteo (197938) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (California) | Falco sparverius, Falco peregrinus (155393) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Georgia) | Falco sparverius (84190) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Alabama) | Falco sparverius (84181) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Peru | Falco sp., Falco sparverius, Falco peregrinus, Falco femoralis (71346) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Virginia) | Falco sparverius (103991) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Bahamas (Great Abaco Island) | Falco sparverius (144663) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Falco sparverius (20638) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Tennessee) | Falco sparverius (82890) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | United Kingdom | Falco columbarius (124956) Falco tinnunculus (93837) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Australia (South Australia) | Falco berigora (136157 181314) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Oregon) | Falco oregonus (93251) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | Venezuela (Zulia) | Falco sparverius, Falco peregrinus (63515) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (New Mexico) | Falco peregrinus (76059) Falco sparverius (76060) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | East Timor | Falco sp. (204407) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Falco peregrinus (176102) Falco sp., Falco sparverius, Falco mexicanus, Falco peregrinus, Falco columbarius (190077) Falco sp., Falco sparverius, Falco mexicanus, Falco peregrinus, Falco columbarius, Falco swarthi (44954) Falco sparverius (74235 123918 125236 215552 218989) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | New Zealand (South Island) | Falco novaeseelandiae (87814) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Ecuador | Falco peregrinus, Falco femoralis (152599) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Jordan | Falco sp. (197945) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | France (Corse) | Falco tinnunculus (215363) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Portugal | Falco tinnunculus (197768) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greece (Peloponnesus) | Falco vespertinus (184245) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | Falco sparverius, Falco peregrinus (20595) Falco sparverius, Falco readi, Falco peregrinus (20573) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Azerbaijan | Falco peregrinus, Falco tinnunculus (193356) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Idaho) | Falco peregrinus (20569) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (New Mexico) | Falco sparverius, Falco mexicanus (93281) Falco sparverius, Falco mexicanus, Falco swarthi (71670) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greece (Crete) | Falco eleonorae (192957) Falco peregrinus, Falco tinnunculus, Falco eleonorae (192949) Falco peregrinus, Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Falco eleonorae (92902) Falco tinnunculus (192948 192954 192965) Falco tinnunculus, Falco eleonorae (192955 192959) Falco tinnunculus, Falco subbuteo, Falco eleonorae (192951) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Italy | Falco columbarius, Falco cherrug (194932) Falco sp. (197773 197787) Falco sp. 1, Falco sp., Falco tinnunculus, Falco vespertinus (197769) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Romania | Falco tinnunculus (197946) Falco vespertinus (197948) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | United Kingdom (Wales) | Falco subbuteo (124954) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Florida) | Falco sparverius, Falco peregrinus, Falco columbarius (154722) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Wyoming) | Falco sparverius, Falco mexicanus, Falco columbarius, Falco rusticolus (93277) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Bahamas (New Providence Island) | Falco sparverius (144649 194588) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | USA (Utah) | Falco sp., Falco mexicanus (93326) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Romania | Falco sp. (197949) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Russian Federation | Falco columbarius, Falco subbuteo (194812) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Cayman Islands | Falco columbarius (209852) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Nunavut) | Falco rusticolus (229484) | |
| Holocene | New Zealand | Falco novaeseelandiae (100554 194619 198088) | |
| Holocene | Madagascar | Falco newtoni (195020 236022) | |
| Holocene | France (Corse) | Falco peregrinus, Falco vespertinus, Falco subbuteo (215376) | |
| Holocene | Spain | Falco sp., Falco tinnunculus (194379) | |
| Holocene | Australia (Victoria) | Falco cenchroides (138410) | |
| Holocene | Mauritius | Falco punctatus (194166) | |
| Holocene | Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | Falco femoralis (194620) | |
| Holocene | New Zealand (South Island) | Falco novaeseelandiae (215392 215418) | |
| Holocene | Australia (South Australia) | Falco cenchroides (194979) | |
| Holocene | USA (California) | Falco columbarius (194912) Falco mexicanus, Falco peregrinus (194914) Falco peregrinus (194905) Falco peregrinus, Falco columbarius (194926) Falco sp. (194906 194908 194909) Falco sp., Falco peregrinus (194927) Falco sparverius (194913) | |
| Holocene | Madagascar (Toliara) | Falco newtoni (92733) | |
| Holocene | Peru | Falco sparverius (71328) | |
| Holocene | USA (Alaska) | Falco sp. (220460) | |
| Holocene | New Caledonia | Falco peregrinus (13221) | |
| Holocene | USA (Ohio) | Falco peregrinus (195062) | |
| Holocene | Reunion | Falco duboisi (193992 193993 193994) |