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Ciconiiformes
Taxonomy
Ciconiiformes was named by Bonaparte (1854). It is extant.
It was reranked as the suborder Ciconiiformes by Zittel (1890), Jaekel (1911), Hay (1930) and Mayr (2005).
It was assigned to Carinatae by Gadow (1898); to Pelargomorphae by Jaekel (1911); to Carinatae by Zittel (1890) and Hay (1930); to Neognathae by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Wetmore (1960) and Carroll (1988); to Neognathae by Mayr (2005); to Neoaves by Slack et al. (2006); to Ciconiimorphae by Livezey and Zusi (2007); to Aves by Martin et al. (2000) and Louchart et al. (2008); to Aves by Thurmond and Jones (1981), Guthrie (1992), Wang et al. (2012), Smith et al. (2013) and del Hoyo et al. (2014); and to Pelecanimorphae by Sangster and Mayr (2021).
It was reranked as the suborder Ciconiiformes by Zittel (1890), Jaekel (1911), Hay (1930) and Mayr (2005).
It was assigned to Carinatae by Gadow (1898); to Pelargomorphae by Jaekel (1911); to Carinatae by Zittel (1890) and Hay (1930); to Neognathae by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Wetmore (1960) and Carroll (1988); to Neognathae by Mayr (2005); to Neoaves by Slack et al. (2006); to Ciconiimorphae by Livezey and Zusi (2007); to Aves by Martin et al. (2000) and Louchart et al. (2008); to Aves by Thurmond and Jones (1981), Guthrie (1992), Wang et al. (2012), Smith et al. (2013) and del Hoyo et al. (2014); and to Pelecanimorphae by Sangster and Mayr (2021).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1854 | Ciconiiformes Bonaparte |
| 1890 | Ciconiiformes Zittel p. 839 |
| 1898 | Ciconiiformes Gadow p. 32 |
| 1911 | Ciconiiformes Jaekel p. 178 |
| 1930 | Ciconiiformes Hay p. 293 |
| 1940 | Ciconiiformes Wetmore p. 14 |
| 1956 | Ciconiiformes Wetmore p. 18 |
| 1960 | Ciconiiformes Wetmore p. 25 |
| 1981 | Ciconiiformes Thurmond and Jones p. 164 |
| 1988 | Ciconiiformes Carroll |
| 1992 | Ciconiiformes Guthrie p. 321 |
| 2000 | Ciconiiformes Martin et al. p. 54 |
| 2005 | Ciconiiformes Mayr p. 318 |
| 2006 | Ciconiiformes Slack et al. p. 1150 |
| 2007 | Ciconiiformes Livezey and Zusi p. 91 |
| 2008 | Ciconiiformes Louchart et al. p. 156 |
| 2012 | Ciconiiformes Wang et al. |
| 2013 | Ciconiiformes Smith et al. |
| 2014 | Ciconiiformes del Hoyo et al. |
| 2021 | Ciconiiformes Sangster and Mayr p. 50 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Ciconiiformes Bonaparte 1854
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Subor. Ciconiae
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Superfm. Threskiornithoidea Lambrecht 1933
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Fm. Plataleidae Bonaparte 1838 [spoonbill]
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G. †Apteribis Olsen and Wetmore 1976
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†Apteribis brevis Olson and James 1991
†Apteribis glenos Olson and Wetmore 1976
G. †Xenibis
Invalid names: Ciconioidea [empty], Pelagodornithoidea Wetmore 1962 [empty]
Fm. Ciconiidae Sundevall 1836 [stork]
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G. Anastomus Bonnaterre 1791
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Anastomus lamelligerus Temminck 1823 [African openbill]
Anastomus oscitans Boddaert 1783 [Asian openbill]
G. Ciconia Brisson 1760
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Ciconia abdimii Lichtenstein 1823 [Abdim's stork]
Ciconia boyciana Swinhoe 1873 [oriental stork]
Ciconia ciconia Linnaeus 1758 [white stork]
Ciconia episcopus Boddaert 1783 [Asian woollyneck]
†Ciconia gaudryi Lambrecht 1933
†Ciconia kahli Haarhoff 1988
†Ciconia louisebolesae Boles 2005
†Ciconia lydekkeri Ameghino 1889
Ciconia maguari Gmelin 1789 [Maguari stork]
†Ciconia maltha Miller 1910 [asphalt stork]
Ciconia microscelis Gray 1848 [African woollyneck]
†Ciconia nana De Vis 1888
Ciconia nigra Linnaeus 1758 [black stork]
†Ciconia sarmatica Grigorescu and Kessler 1977
†Ciconia stehlini Jánossy 1992
Ciconia stormi Blasius 1896 [Storm's stork]
G. Ephippiorhynchus Bonaparte 1855
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Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus Latham 1790 [black-necked stork]
Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Shaw 1800 [saddlebill]
†Ephippiorhynchus tchoufour Louchart et al. 2008
G. Leptoptilos Lesson 1831
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Leptoptilos crumenifer Lesson 1831 [marabou]
Leptoptilos dubius Gmelin 1789 [greater adjutant]
†Leptoptilos falconeri Milne Edwards 1868
Leptoptilos javanicus Horsfield 1821 [Lesser adjutant]
†Leptoptilos patagonicus Noriega and Cladera 2008
†Leptoptilos pliocenicus Zubareva 1948
†Leptoptilos robustus Meijer and Awe Due 2010
†Leptoptilos siwalicensis Harrison 1974
†Leptoptilos titan Wetmore 1940
†Leptoptilus arvernensis Milne-Edwards 1871
G. Mycteria Linnaeus 1758
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Mycteria americana Linnaeus 1758 [wood stork]
Mycteria cinerea Raffles 1822 [Milky stork]
Mycteria ibis Linnaeus 1766 [yellow-billed stork]
Mycteria leucocephala Pennant 1769 [Painted stork]
†Mycteria milleri Short 1966
†Mycteria wetmorei Howard 1935
Invalid names: Dissourodes Short 1966 [synonym], Tantalus Linnaeus 1758 [synonym]
G. †Pelargodes Sharpe 1900
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†Pelargodes stehlini Gaillard 1908
Invalid names: Pelargocrex Milne-Edwards 1893 [synonym]
G. †Propelargus Lydekker 1891
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†Propelargus cayluxensis Lydekker 1891
†Propelargus elatus Milne-Edwards 1892
†Propelargus insolitus Mourer-Chauviré 1983
†Propelargus olseni Brodkorb 1963 [stork]
G. †Pseudotantalus Merriam and Stock 1925
G. Xenorhynchus Bonaparte 1855
Invalid names: Ciconiinae Sundevall 1836 [empty], Cygnus bilinicus Laube 1909 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Ciconiopsis Ameghino 1899
Fm. †Xenerodiopidae Rasmussen et al. 1987
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Invalid names: Ardeoidae Stejneger 1885 [empty], Phoenicopteroidea Stejneger 1885 [empty], Plataleoidae Hay 1930 [empty], Scopi [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, o = order | |||||
| References: Benton 1983, Marsh 1875 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Hauterivian to the top of the Holocene or 136.40000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 130.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 130.0 Ma
Collections (101 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early/Lower Hauterivian | France | Gallornis straeleni (61563) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Wyoming) | Ciconiiformes indet. (14585) | |
| Lutetian | Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt) | Eocathartes robustus (13322) | |
| Middle Eocene | China (Guangdong) | Sanshuiornis zhangi (196650) | |
| Rupelian | Egypt (Fayum) | Ciconiidae indet. (60127) Xenerodiops mycter (12954) Xenerodiops mycter, Palaeoephippiorhynchus dietrichi (12960) | |
| Aquitanian | France (Auvergne) | Grallavis edwardsi (125333) | |
| Aquitanian - Langhian | USA (North Carolina) | Ciconiidae indet., Ciconia speciesone (48887) | |
| Burdigalian | Uganda | Ciconiiformes indet. (192070) | |
| Burdigalian | Saudi Arabia | Mycteria cinereus (47088) Mycteria cinereus, Mycteria sp. (47021) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Florida) | Ciconiidae indet., Propelargus olseni (18586) | |
| MN 4 | Egypt | Leptoptilos sp. (53970) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Mycteria milleri (18109) | |
| Langhian | USA (California) | Ciconiidae indet. (59059) | |
| Serravallian - Tortonian | Tunisia (Gafsa) | Leptoptilos falconeri (35281) | |
| Clarendonian | USA (Texas) | Aves indet. (18610) | |
| Late/Upper Clarendonian | USA (Florida) | Ciconiidae indet. (18554) | |
| Tortonian - Messinian | Kenya | Ciconiidae indet. (22241) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Australia (Northern Territory) | Ciconiidae indet. (13315) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Greece (Attica) | Ciconia gaudryi (182754) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Argentina (Chubut) | Leptoptilos patagonicus (85116) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene | Chad | Ephippiorhynchus sp., Ciconiidae indet. (24181) | |
| early Early Hemphillian - late Early Hemphillian | USA (Idaho) | Ciconiiformes indet. (218111) | |
| Huayquerian | Argentina (Entre Rios) | Ciconia sp., Mycteria sp. (140471) | |
| Messinian | Chad | Ephippiorhynchus sp. (192294) Ephippiorhynchus sp., Ephippiorhynchus tchoufour (59839) Mycteria sp. (192292 192293) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Kenya | Leptoptilos crumeniferus (22242) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Kenya | Mycteria sp. (232486) | |
| Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | Ciconia speciestwo (52582) | |
| Zanclean | South Africa | Ciconiidae indet. (22221) Scopus xenopus, Ciconia kahli (22227) | |
| Zanclean | Australia (Queensland) | Xenorhynchus asiaticus, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (182159) | |
| Zanclean - Piacenzian | Kenya | Leptoptilos sp. (22235) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | France (Auvergne-Rhône-Alps) | Ciconia sp. (44231) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | Italy (Umbria) | Ciconiidae indet. (51684) | |
| Blancan | USA (Florida) | Ciconia maltha (19753) | |
| Piacenzian | Chad | Leptoptilos sp. B (22506) | |
| MN 17 | France (Rhone-Alpes) | Ciconia sp. (47150) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Ciconia maltha (154721) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | South Africa | Plataleidae indet. (21824) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene | Italy | Ciconia nigra (194929) | |
| Pleistocene | South Africa | Plataleidae indet. (21828 21829) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Ciconia maltha (227368) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Florida) | Ciconia maltha (20308 20334 20400 20415) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Ciconia maltha (195048 195049) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Indonesia (Jawa Timur) | Leptoptilos dubius, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus (77490) | |
| Rancholabrean | Mexico (Sonora) | Ciconiidae indet. (20495) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Congo-Kinshasa | Ciconiidae indet. 1, Ciconiidae indet. 2, Anastomus lamelligerus, Mycteria ibis (22066) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (South Carolina) | Ciconia maltha (152904) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | Ciconia maltha (20580 20636) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Hawaii) | Apteribis glenos (110072) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Florida) | Ciconia maltha (154722) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (Florida) | Ciconia maltha, Mycteria americana (154921) Jabiru mycteria (154771) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico (Jalisco) | Mycteria wetmorei (192628) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Idaho) | Ciconia maltha (20569) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Indonesia (Java) | Leptoptilos titan (74620) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | Venezuela (Zulia) | Ciconiidae indet. (63515) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico (Mexico) | Ciconia sp. (192627) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | United Kingdom | Ciconia ciconia (93837) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Ciconia maltha (20273 44954 192604) Ciconia maltha, Mycteria wetmorei (190077) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Ciconia maltha, Mycteria wetmorei, Mycteria americana (154773) Jabiru mycteria (74292) Jabiru weillsi, Mycteria americana (34269) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | China (Hubei) | Ciconia boyciana (92787) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Peru | Jabiru mycteria, Mycteria americana (71346) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara) | Leptoptilos robustus (68065 106280 193368 193369 193370) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Texas) | Ciconia maltha (85142) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Madagascar | Scopus umbretta (195018) | |
| Holocene | France | Ciconia ciconia (195041) | |
| Holocene | South Africa | Scopus umbretta (215441) | |
| Holocene | Madagascar | Anastomus lamelligerus (195019) | |
| Holocene | USA (Hawaii) | Apteribis glenos (110073 110074) Apteribis sp. (110075 110078 176474 176475 176477 176478 176480 176481 176482) Apteribis sp., Apteribis brevis (176476) |