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Phalacrocorax (cormorant)

Reptilia - Suliformes - Phalacrocoracidae

Taxonomy
Phalacrocorax was named by Brisson (1760). It is extant. Its type is Pelecanus carbo. It is the type genus of Phalacrocoracidae.

It was assigned to Steganopodes by Shufeldt (1891); to Podicipedidae by Brodkorb (1958); to Steganopodes by de Villalta (1963); to Phalacrocoracinae by Burchak-Abramovich and Nikolov (1984) and Chandler (1990); and to Phalacrocoracidae by Moreno and Mercerat (1891), Hay (1902), Hay (1930), Lambrecht (1933), Wetmore (1933), Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1943), Galbreath (1953), Brodkorb (1955), Wetmore (1956), Brodkorb (1956), Miller and Bowman (1958), Brodkorb (1963), Brodkorb (1967), Kurochkin and Ganea (1972), Howard (1972), Cheneval (1984), Olson (1985), Carroll (1988), Emslie (1992), Guthrie (1992), Baird (1992), Cheneval (1993), Emslie (1995), Mlikovsky (2002), Gohlich (2003), Worthy and Grant-Mackie (2003), Urbina and Stucchi (2005), Louchart et al. (2008), del Hoyo et al. (2014), Clements et al. (2017) and Worthy and Nguyen (2020).

Species
P. aristotelis (syn. Pelecanus graculus), P. auritus, P. bougainvillii, P. brasilianus (syn. Pelecanus olivaceus, P. pampeanus), P. capensis, P. capillatus (syn. Carbo filamentosus), P. carbo (syn. P. gregorii), P. carunculatus, P. chapalensis, P. featherstoni, P. femoralis, P. filyawi, P. fuscescens, P. fuscicollis, P. goletensis, P. ibericus, P. idahensis, P. intermedius, P. kennelli, P. lautus, P. leptopus, P. littoralis, P. longipes, P. macer, P. macropus, P. marinavis, P. mediterraneus, P. mongoliensis, P. neglectus, P. nigrogularis, P. novaezealandiae, P. pelagicus (syn. Stictocarbo kenyoni), P. penicillatus, P. perspicillatus, P. praecarbo, P. punctatus, P. purpurascens, P. reliquus, P. risgoviensis, P. rogersi, P. serdicensis, P. sulcirostris, P. varius (syn. P. vetustus), P. wetmorei, Stictocarbo kumeyaay
Species lacking formal opinion data
P. imbericum, P. wvetmorei

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1760Phalacrocorax Brisson
1850Graculus Reichenbach
1855Stictocarbo Bonaparte
1870Graculus Marsh p. 216
1891Phalacrocorax Moreno and Mercerat p. 35
1891Phalacrocorax Shufeldt p. 818
1902Phalacrocorax Hay p. 533
1930Phalacrocorax Hay p. 292
1933Australocorax Lambrecht p. 293
1933Phalacrocorax Lambrecht p. 294
1933Phalacrocorax Wetmore p. 5
1940Pliocarbo Tugarinov p. 197
1940Phalacrocorax Wetmore p. 13
1943Phalacrocorax Wetmore p. 68
1953Phalacrocorax Galbreath p. 40
1955Phalacrocorax Brodkorb p. 12
1956Phalacrocorax Brodkorb p. 367
1956Phalacrocorax Wetmore p. 16
1958Phalacrocorax Brodkorb p. 237
1958Phalacrocorax Miller and Bowman p. 12
1963Phalacrocorax Brodkorb p. 2
1963Phalacrocorax de Villalta p. 267
1963Phalacrocorax ibericum de Villalta p. 267
1967Phalacrocorax Brodkorb p. 108
1972Graculus Howard p. 7
1972Phalacrocorax Howard p. 7
1972Phalacrocorax Kurochkin and Ganea p. 47
1984Phalacrocorax Burchak-Abramovich and Nikolov p. 25
1984Phalacrocorax Cheneval p. 53
1985Phalacrocorax Olson p. 158
1988Phalacrocorax Carroll
1988Pliocarbo Carroll
1990Phalacrocorax Chandler p. 125
1990Stictocarbo Chandler p. 125
1992Phalacrocorax Baird p. 24
1992Phalacrocorax Emslie p. 252
1992Phalacrocorax Guthrie p. 321
1993Phalacrocorax Cheneval p. 89
1995Phalacrocorax Emslie
2002Phalacrocorax Mlikovsky p. 71
2002Phalacrocorax ibericus Mlikovsky p. 72
2003Phalacrocorax Gohlich p. 241
2003Phalacrocorax Worthy and Grant-Mackie p. 447
2003Stictocarbo Worthy and Grant-Mackie p. 447
2005Phalacrocorax Urbina and Stucchi p. 43
2008Phalacrocorax Louchart et al. p. 151
2010Phalacrocorax ibericum Göhlich and Mourer-Cauvire p. 62 figs. Table 1
2014Phalacrocorax del Hoyo et al.
2017Phalacrocorax Clements et al.
2020Phalacrocorax Worthy and Nguyen p. 91

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
—Romeriida
—Diapsida()
—Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
—Crocopoda
RankNameAuthor
—ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
—Eucrocopoda
—Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
—Ornithodira
—Dinosauromorpha
—Dinosauriformes
—Dinosauria()
—Theropoda()
—Neotheropoda
—AverostraPaul 2002
—Tetanurae
—Coelurosauria()
—Maniraptora
—Paraves
classAves
subclassNeornithesGadow 1893
—Aequornithes
—Feraequornithes
superorderPelecanimorphaeHuxley 1867
orderSuliformesSharpe 1891
familyPhalacrocoracidaeReichenbach 1850
genusPhalacrocoraxBrisson 1760

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Phalacrocorax Brisson 1760 [cormorant]
show all | hide all
Phalacrocorax aristotelis Linnaeus 1761 [European shag]
+
Invalid names: Pelecanus graculus Linnaeus 1766 [synonym]
Phalacrocorax auritus Lesson 1831 [double-crested cormorant]
Phalacrocorax bougainvillii Lesson 1837 [Guanay cormorant]
Phalacrocorax brasilianus Gmelin 1789 [neotropic cormorant]
+
Invalid names: Pelecanus olivaceus Humboldt 1805 [synonym], Phalacrocorax pampeanus Moreno and Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
Phalacrocorax capensis Sparrman 1788 [cape cormorant]
Phalacrocorax capillatus Temminck and Schlegel 1849 [Japanese cormorant]
+
Invalid names: Carbo filamentosus Temminck and Schlegel 1849 [synonym]
Phalacrocorax carbo Linnaeus 1758 [great cormorant]
+
Invalid names: Phalacrocorax gregorii De Vis 1905 [synonym]
Phalacrocorax carunculatus Gmelin 1789 [Rough-faced shag]
†Phalacrocorax chapalensis Alvarez 1977
Phalacrocorax featherstoni Buller 1873 [Pitt Island shag]
†Phalacrocorax femoralis Miller 1929
†Phalacrocorax filyawi Emslie 1995 [cormorant]
Phalacrocorax fuscescens Vieillot 1817 [Black-faced cormorant]
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens 1826 [Indian cormorant]
†Phalacrocorax goletensis Howard 1965
†Phalacrocorax intermedius Milne-Edwards 1867
†Phalacrocorax kennelli Howard 1949
†Phalacrocorax lautus Kurochkin and Ganea 1972
†Phalacrocorax leptopus Brodkorb 1961 [cormorant]
†Phalacrocorax littoralis Milne-Edwards 1863
†Phalacrocorax longipes Tugarinov 1940
†Phalacrocorax macer Brodkorb 1958
†Phalacrocorax marinavis Shufeldt 1915
†Phalacrocorax mediterraneus Shufeldt 1915
†Phalacrocorax mongoliensis Kurochkin 1971
Phalacrocorax neglectus Wahlberg 1855 [bank cormorant]
Phalacrocorax nigrogularis Ogilvie-Grant and Forbes 1899 [Socotra cormorant]
Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pallas 1811 [pelagic cormorant]
+
Invalid names: Stictocarbo kenyoni Siegel-Causey 1991 [synonym]
Phalacrocorax penicillatus Brandt 1837 [Brandt's cormorant]
†Phalacrocorax perspicillatus Pallas 1811 [Spectacled cormorant]
†Phalacrocorax praecarbo von Ammon 1918
Phalacrocorax punctatus Sparrman 1786 [spotted shag]
Phalacrocorax purpurascens von Brandt 1837 [Macquarie Island shag]
†Phalacrocorax reliquus Kurochkin 1976
†Phalacrocorax rogersi Howard 1932
†Phalacrocorax serdicensis Burchak-Abramovich and Nikolov 1984
Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Brandt 1837 [Little black cormorant]
Phalacrocorax varius Gmelin 1789 [pied cormorant]
+
Invalid names: Phalacrocorax vetustus De Vis 1905 [synonym]
†Phalacrocorax wetmorei Brodkorb 1955
Invalid names: Australocorax Lambrecht 1933 [synonym], Graculus Reichenbach 1850 [synonym], Phalacrocorax ibericus de Villalta 1963 [nomen nudum], Pliocarbo Tugarinov 1940 [synonym], Stictocarbo Bonaparte 1855 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: hydroxyapatiteo
Entire body: yeso
Adult length: 10 to < 100o
Adult width: 1.0 to < 10o
Adult height: 1.0 to < 10o
Architecture: compact or denseo
Ontogeny: accretion, modification of partso
Grouping: solitaryo
Environment: terrestrialo
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: ground dwellingo
Diet: carnivoresubo
Reproduction: oviparouso
Dispersal: direct/internalo
Dispersal 2: mobileo
Created: 2009-01-03 20:39:15
Modified: 2009-01-03 22:39:15
Source: subo = suborder, o = order
References: Marsh 1875, Benton 1983

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Oligocene to the top of the Holocene or 33.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma

Collections (186 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Oligocene33.9 - 23.03USA (Oregon) Phalacrocorax marinavis (176030)
Oligocene33.9 - 23.03USA (Colorado) Phalacrocorax mediterraneus (176031)
Aquitanian23.03 - 20.44Czech Republic Phalacrocorax intermedius (125336)
Aquitanian23.03 - 20.44France (Auvergne) Graculus littoralis, Phalacrocorax littoralis (125333)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97France Phalacrocorax intermedius (125334)
Langhian15.97 - 13.82Germany Phalacrocorax intermedius (125335)
MN 515.97 - 13.65Austria Phalacrocorax intermedius (51002)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.62Moldova (Chișinău) Phalacrocorax latus (210590)
Serravallian - Tortonian13.82 - 7.246Tunisia (Gafsa) Phalacrocorax littoralis (35281)
Badenian13.65 - 12.7Slovakia Phalacrocorax intermedius (73137)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246USA (Florida) Phalacrocorax wetmorei, Phalacrocorax auritus (122350) Phalacrocorax wetmorei, Phalacrocorax idahensis (122351)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Peru (Arequipa) Phalacrocorax sp. (45485)
Tortonian11.62 - 7.246Peru Phalacrocorax sp. (45486 96800)
Tortonian - Messinian11.62 - 5.333Peru Phalacrocorax sp. (46083)
Vallesian11.608 - 8.7Spain (Segovia) Phalacrocorax ibericus (40768)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Ukraine Phalacrocorax mongoliensis, Phalacrocorax longipes (187783)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333Ethiopia Phalacrocorax carbo (192298 192300 192301 192302) Phalacrocorax sp. (192299)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333USA (Oregon) Phalacrocorax leptopus (154947)
Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene11.608 - 3.6Chile (Copiapó) Phalacrocorax sp. (224050)
Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene11.608 - 3.6USA (California) Phalacrocorax femoralis (85203)