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Plesiadapoidea

Mammalia - Primates

Taxonomy
Plesiadapoidea was named as a superfamily. It was considered monophyletic by Bloch et al. (2007).

It was reranked as the suborder Plesiadapoidea by Gingerich (1973).

It was assigned to Primates by Gingerich (1973); to Plesiadapiformes by Carroll (1988), Gunnell (1989), Fox (1990) and Fox (1991); and to Euprimateformes by Bloch et al. (2007) and Silcox et al. (2010).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1973Plesiadapoidea Gingerich p. 518
1988Plesiadapoidea Carroll
1989Plesiadapoidea Gunnell p. 12
1990Plesiadapoidea Fox p. 638
1991Plesiadapoidea Fox p. 334
2007Plesiadapoidea Bloch et al. p. 1162
2010Plesiadapoidea Silcox et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
RankNameAuthor
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—EuarchontogliresMurphy et al. 2001
—Euarchonta
orderPrimates
—Euprimateformes
superfamilyPlesiadapoidea
superfamilyPlesiadapoidea

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superfm. †Plesiadapoidea
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Fm. †Carpolestidae Simpson 1935
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Subfm. †Carpolestinae Russell 1964
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G. †Carpocristes Beard and Wang 1995
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†Carpocristes oriens Beard and Wang 1995
†Carpocristes rosei Beard 2000
G. †Carpodaptes Matthew and Granger 1921
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†Carpodaptes aulacodon Matthew and Granger 1921
†Carpodaptes cygneus Russell 1967
†Carpodaptes hazelae Simpson 1936
†Carpodaptes jepseni Rose 1975
Invalid names: Carpomegodon Bloch et al. 2001 [synonym]
G. †Carpolestes Simpson 1928
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†Carpolestes dubius Jepsen 1930
†Carpolestes nigridens Simpson 1928
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Invalid names: Carpolestes aquilae Simpson 1929 [synonym], Litotherium complicatum Simpson 1929 [synonym]
†Carpolestes simpsoni Bloch and Gingerich 1998
†Carpolestes twelvemilensis Mattingly et al. 2017
Invalid names: Litotherium Simpson 1929 [synonym]
G. †Elphidotarsius Gidley 1923
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†Elphidotarsius florencae Gidley 1923
†Elphidotarsius russelli Krause 1978
G. †Subengius Smith et al. 2004
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†Subengius mengi Smith et al. 2004
G. †Chronolestes Beard and Wang 1995
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†Chronolestes simul Beard and Wang 1995
G. †Parvocristes Thewissen et al. 2001
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†Parvocristes oligocollis Thewissen et al. 2001
Invalid names: Chronolestinae Beard and Wang 1995 [empty]
Fm. †Picrodontidae Simpson 1937
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G. †Draconodus Tomida 1982
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†Draconodus apertus Tomida 1982
G. †Picrodus Douglass 1908
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†Picrodus calgariensis Scott and Fox 2005
†Picrodus canpacius Scott and Fox 2005
†Picrodus lepidus Scott and Fox 2005
†Picrodus silberlingi Douglass 1908
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Invalid names: Megopterna minuta Douglass 1908 [synonym]
Invalid names: Megopterna Douglass 1908 [synonym]
G. †Russellodon Sigé and Marandat 1997
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†Russellodon haininense Sigé and Marandat 1997
G. †Zanycteris Matthew 1917
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†Zanycteris honeyi Burger 2013
†Zanycteris paleocenus Matthew 1917
Fm. †Plesiadapidae Trouessart 1897
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Subfm. †Asioplesiadapinae Fu et al. 2002
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G. †Asioplesiadapis Fu et al. 2002
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†Asioplesiadapis youngi Fu et al. 2002
G. †Chiromyoides Stehlin 1916
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†Chiromyoides caesor Gingerich 1973
†Chiromyoides campanicus Stehlin 1916
†Chiromyoides gigas Burger and Honey 2008
†Chiromyoides gingerichi Secord 2008
†Chiromyoides kesiwah Beard et al. 2020
†Chiromyoides major Gingerich 1975
†Chiromyoides mauberti De Bast et al. 2018
†Chiromyoides minor Gingerich 1975
†Chiromyoides potior Gingerich 1975
G. †Jattadectes Thewissen et al. 2001
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†Jattadectes mamikheli Thewissen et al. 2001
G. †Megachiromyoides Weigelt 1933
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G. †Nannodectes Gingerich 1975
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†Nannodectes gazini Gingerich 1975
†Nannodectes gidleyi Matthew 1917
†Nannodectes lynasi Lofgren et al. 2014
†Nannodectes simpsoni Gazin 1956
G. †Platychoerops Charlesworth 1855
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†Platychoerops antiquus Boyer et al. 2012
†Platychoerops boyeri De Bast et al. 2018
†Platychoerops daubrei Lemoine 1880
†Platychoerops richardsoni Charlesworth 1855
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Invalid names: Miolophus planiceps Owen 1865 [objective synonym]
†Platychoerops russelli Gingerich 1976
Invalid names: Miolophus Owen 1865 [objective synonym], Plesiadapis (Subunicuspidens) Lemoine 1887 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Plesiadapis Gervais 1877
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†Plesiadapis anceps Simpson 1936
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Invalid names: Plesiadapis jepseni Gazin 1956 [synonym]
†Plesiadapis berruensis Jehle et al. 2018
†Plesiadapis churchilli Gingerich 1975
†Plesiadapis cookei Jepsen 1930
†Plesiadapis dubius Matthew 1915
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Invalid names: Plesiadapis pearcei Gazin 1956 [synonym], Plesiadapis rubeyi Gazin 1942 [synonym]
†Plesiadapis fodinatus Jepsen 1930
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Invalid names: Plesiadapis farisi Dorr 1952 [synonym]
†Plesiadapis insignis Piton 1940
†Plesiadapis ploegi De Bast et al. 2018
†Plesiadapis praecursor Gingerich 1975
†Plesiadapis remensis Lemoine 1887
†Plesiadapis rex Gidley 1923
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Invalid names: Plesiadapis paskapooensis Russell 1964 [synonym]
†Plesiadapis russelli Gingerich 1976
†Plesiadapis simonsi Gingerich 1975
†Plesiadapis tricuspidens Gervais 1877
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Invalid names: Platychoerops georgei Hooker 1994 [synonym], Plesiadapis (Tricuspidens) gervaisii Lemoine 1887 [synonym]
†Plesiadapis walbeckensis Russell 1964
Invalid names: Menatotherium Piton 1940 [synonym], Nothodectes Matthew 1915 [synonym], Plesiadapis (Ancepsoides) Russell 1964 [invalid subgroup], Plesiadapis (Tricuspidens) Lemoine 1887 [invalid subgroup], Plesiadapis chevillionii Lemoine 1880 [nomen nudum]
G. †Pronothodectes Gidley 1923
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†Pronothodectes gaoi Fox 1990
†Pronothodectes jepi Gingerich 1975
†Pronothodectes matthewi Gidley 1923
G. †Trogolemur Matthew 1909
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†Trogolemur amplior Beard et al. 1992
†Trogolemur fragilis Beard et al. 1992
†Trogolemur myodes Matthew 1909
†Trogolemur storeri Perry et al. 2023
Invalid names: Platychoeropidae Lydekker 1887 [synonym]
Fm. †Saxonellidae Russell 1964
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G. †Saxonella Russell 1964
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†Saxonella crepaturae Russell 1964
†Saxonella naylori Fox 1991
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsuperf
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: arborealsuperf
Diet: herbivoresuperf
Reproduction: viviparoussuperf
Created: 2005-08-24 13:55:49
Modified: 2005-08-24 15:55:49
Source: superf = superfamily, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Carroll 1988, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range: base of the Torrejonian to the top of the Duchesnean or 63.80000 to 37.00000 Ma

Collections (295 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Puercan66.0 - 63.3USA (Montana) Plesiadapidae indet. (14809)
Danian66.0 - 61.6USA (North Dakota) Carpodaptes cygneus, Carpodaptes hobackensis, Plesiadapis rex (14962)
Danian66.0 - 61.6Belgium (Hainaut) Russellodon haininense (132949)
To263.8 - 60.9Canada (Alberta) Pronothodectes matthewi, Picrodontidae indet. (14894)
Torrejonian63.8 - 60.9USA (Montana) Elphidotarsius florencae, Picrodus silberlingi, Pronothodectes matthewi (14874 14906) Picrodus silberlingi (14913) Picrodus silberlingi, Pronothodectes matthewi (14876)
Torrejonian63.8 - 60.9USA (Wyoming) Elphidotarsius florencae, Picrodus silberlingi, Pronothodectes jepi (14912) Picrodus silberlingi (14886) Pronothodectes jepi (14881 14896 14905) Pronothodectes jepi, Picrodus silberlingi (14898)
Torrejonian63.8 - 60.9Canada (Alberta) Pronothodectes matthewi (143200) Pronothodectes sp. (14822)
Torrejonian63.8 - 60.9USA (Utah) Draconodus apertus (14830)
Torrejonian63.8 - 60.9USA (Texas) Chiromyoides minor (14975) Zanycteris sp., Chiromyoides caesor, Plesiadapis gidleyi (14956)
Torrejonian - Tiffanian63.8 - 56.8USA (Wyoming) Plesiadapidae indet. (14851) Plesiadapis sp. (14852 14854)
Ti161.7 - 56.8USA (Montana) Plesiadapis praecursor (15026)
Ti161.7 - 56.8Canada (Alberta) Plesiadapis sp., Plesiadapis praecursor (14938 195856) Pronothodectes sp., Carpodaptes hazelae, Elphidotarsius russelli, Nannodectes intermedius, Plesiadapis anceps, Plesiadapis praecursor, Picrodus silberlingi (14939)
Ti361.7 - 56.8Canada (Alberta) Carpodaptes hazelae, Elphidotarsius wightoni, Zanycteris paleocenus, Plesiadapis rex, Saxonella crepaturae, Picrodus sp. (14992) Saxonella sp., Carpodaptes hazelae, Elphidotarsius wightoni, Plesiadapis rex, Pronothodectes gaoi (14928)
Ti361.7 - 56.8USA (Colorado) Nannodectes simpsoni (99821)
Ti461.7 - 56.8Canada (Saskatchewan) Plesiadapis churchilli, Carpodaptes cygneus (14978)
Ti561.7 - 56.8USA (Wyoming) Plesiadapis simonsi (46654)
Tiffanian61.7 - 56.8Canada (Alberta) Carpodaptes cygneus, Plesiadapis fodinatus (14973) Carpodaptes hazelae (14930 14968) Carpodaptes hazelae, Elphidotarsius russelli, Elphidotarsius wightoni, Picrodus silberlingi (14953) Carpodaptes hazelae, Elphidotarsius wightoni, Nannodectes simpsoni, Plesiadapis rex, Zanycteris paleocenus, Saxonella sp. (14954) Carpodaptes hazelae, Elphidotarsius wightoni, Pronothodectes gaoi, Carpodaptes cygneus (14929) Carpodaptes hazelae, Plesiadapis churchilli (14951) Carpodaptes hobackensis (14941) Elphidotarsius wightoni, Picrodus canpacius (14925) Nannodectes sp., Carpodaptes cygneus (14934) Picrodus sp., Carpodaptes hazelae (14959) Plesiadapidae indet., Carpolestes cygneus, Plesiadapis gidleyi (14995) Plesiadapis rex, Pronothodectes gaoi (14949) Pronothodectes gaoi (14957)
Tiffanian61.7 - 56.8USA (Montana) Carpolestidae indet., Nannodectes intermedius, Picrodus silberlingi (15047) Elphidotarsius russelli (15030) Elphidotarsius russelli, Nannodectes intermedius, Picrodus silberlingi, Plesiadapis praecursor (15025) Nannodectes intermedius, Picrodus silberlingi (15008) Nannodectes sp., Carpodaptes hazelae, Plesiadapis anceps (15064) Nannodectes sp., Elphidotarsius russelli (15010) Picrodus sp., Nannodectes gidleyi, Nannodectes simpsoni, Plesiadapis churchilli, Carpodaptes hobackensis (15048) Plesiadapis anceps (14955 14993 15002) Plesiadapis churchilli, Carpodaptes jepseni (15033) Plesiadapis rex, Carpodaptes sp. (15037) Trogolemur sp., Carpodaptes hazelae, Plesiadapis rex (14937)
Tiffanian61.7 - 56.8USA (Wyoming) Carpodaptes hazelae, Chiromyoides minor, Plesiadapis rex, Picrodus silberlingi (14936) Carpodaptes hazelae, Picrodus silberlingi, Plesiadapis rex (15017) Carpolestes dubius (15029 15068 190414) Carpolestes dubius, Plesiadapis churchilli (190489) Carpolestes dubius, Plesiadapis churchilli, Plesiadapis fodinatus (15049 190423) Carpolestes dubius, Plesiadapis fodinatus (15032 26569 190421 190437 190448 190490) Carpolestes dubius, Plesiadapis fodinatus, Chiromyoides potior (15065) Carpolestes nigridens, Plesiadapis dubius (190419 190462) Carpolestes nigridens, Plesiadapis sp. (15058) Carpolestes sp., Nannodectes gidleyi, Picrodus silberlingi, Plesiadapis fodinatus (14974) Carpolestes twelvemilensis (187515) Chiromyoides caesor (14987) Chiromyoides caesor, Nannodectes gidleyi, Plesiadapis churchilli (14980) Chiromyoides caesor, Plesiadapis churchilli (14982) Chiromyoides caesor, Plesiadapis churchilli, Plesiadapis fodinatus (15059 85096) Chiromyoides caesor, Plesiadapis simonsi (190411) Chiromyoides potior, Plesiadapis fodinatus, Carpodaptes hobackensis (14944) Nannodectes gazini, Plesiadapis jepseni, Picrodus silberlingi (14989) Nannodectes gidleyi, Plesiadapis churchilli (14981) Nannodectes gidleyi, Plesiadapis churchilli, Carpodaptes sp., Chiromyoides caesor (14952) Nannodectes intermedius (198262 198263 198264) Nannodectes intermedius, Plesiadapis praecursor (15014 15015) Nannodectes simpsoni, Plesiadapis fodinatus (15001) Picrodus canpacius (55227) Plesiadapis anceps (15061 15062) Plesiadapis churchilli (14986 190424 190425 190436 190442 190452) Plesiadapis churchilli, Plesiadapis fodinatus (15007 190410) Plesiadapis dubius (190413 190418 190420 190443 190457 190459 190463 190468 190476 190477 190478 190479 190481) Plesiadapis dubius, Plesiadapis gingerichi (190412 190417) Plesiadapis farisi, Carpodaptes sp. (15036) Plesiadapis fodinatus (14997 14999 53059 190429 190438 190444 190469 190473 190475 190488) Plesiadapis fodinatus, Chiromyoides caesor (14979) Plesiadapis fodinatus, Plesiadapis simonsi, Carpolestes sp. (15057) Plesiadapis jepseni (14990) Plesiadapis jepseni, Pronothodectes simpsoni, Carpocristes rosei, Plesiadapis fodinatus (14964) Plesiadapis praecursor (15013) Plesiadapis rex (14926 15031 15060) Plesiadapis simonsi (87907 190402 190403 190406) Plesiadapis sp. (15056) Plesiadapis sp. A, Zanycteris sp., Carpodaptes hobackensis (15034) Plesiadapis sp., Carpodaptes hazelae, Elphidotarsius shotgunensis, Nannodectes intermedius, Picrodus silberlingi (15067) Pronothodectes matthewi (14965)
Tiffanian61.7 - 56.8USA (California) Nannodectes lynasi (224203 224205 224206) Plesiadapis anceps, Nannodectes lynasi (143202) Plesiadapis churchilli, Nannodectes lynasi (143201) Plesiadapis sp. (14963) Plesiadapis sp., Plesiadapis anceps, Nannodectes lynasi (14872)
Tiffanian61.7 - 56.8USA (Colorado) Carpodaptes aulacodon, Chiromyoides caesor, Zanycteris paleocenus, Nothodectes gidleyi (14967) Carpodaptes cygneus, Nannodectes gazini, Plesiadapis fodinatus, Zanycteris honeyi, Chiromyoides gigas (174227) Nothodectes gidleyi (14935)
Tiffanian61.7 - 56.8USA (North Dakota) Picrodontidae indet., Nannodectes sp., Plesiadapis rex, Carpodaptes cygneus (14931) Plesiadapis anceps (15006) Plesiadapis sp. (14927 14977) Plesiadapis sp., Plesiadapis fodinatus (15000)
Tiffanian - Clarkforkian61.7 - 54.9USA (Wyoming) Plesiadapis dubius (15035)
Selandian61.6 - 59.2Germany (Saxony-Anhalt) Saxonella crepaturae, Plesiadapis walbeckensis (74643)
Thanetian59.2 - 56.0France (Auvergne) Plesiadapis insignis (137805)
Thanetian59.2 - 56.0France (Champagne-Ardenne) Plesiadapis tricuspidens (87955 137125) Plesiadapis tricuspidens, Chiromyoides campanicus, Plesiadapis remensis (87925) Plesiadapis tricuspidens, Chiromyoides campanicus, Plesiadapis remensis, Platychoerops antiquus, Plesiadapis berruensis (68428) Plesiadapis tricuspidens, Plesiadapis remensis (87943 137126)
Thanetian - Early/Lower Eocene59.2 - 48.6France (Marne) Plesiadapis remensis, Platychoerops georgei (133367)
Gashatan58.7 - 55.8China (Nei Mongol) Subengius mengi (71076)
Late/Upper Paleocene58.7 - 55.8China (Xinjiang) Subengius mengi (174687)
Late/Upper Paleocene58.7 - 55.8France (Oise) Plesiadapis tricuspidens, Condylarthra indet., Platychoerops sp., Chiromyoides sp. (166598)
Late/Upper Paleocene58.7 - 55.8USA (Wyoming) Carpolestes dubius, Plesiadapis dubius, Plesiadapis simonsi (188220) Chiromyoides caesor, Plesiadapis churchilli, Plesiadapis fodinatus (15018) Chiromyoides gingerichi (209787) Chiromyoides kesiwah (209785 209786) Plesiadapis churchilli, Carpodaptes cygneus, Carpodaptes jepseni (15024)
Cf156.2 - 54.9USA (Wyoming) Carpolestes nigridens, Plesiadapis gingerichi (46649)
Cf256.2 - 54.9USA (Wyoming) Plesiadapis dubius (46651 46679)
Cf356.2 - 54.9USA (Wyoming) Plesiadapis dubius (46678)
Clarkforkian56.2 - 54.9USA (Colorado) Chiromyoides caesor, Plesiadapis dubius (15252) Chiromyoides sp. (15219) Plesiadapis dubius (15239 15241 15247 15257)
Clarkforkian56.2 - 54.9USA (Wyoming) Carpolestes nigridens (15201 190416 190432) Carpolestes nigridens, Carpolestes simpsoni, Chiromyoides major, Plesiadapis cookei, Plesiadapis dubius (15082) Carpolestes nigridens, Carpolestes simpsoni, Chiromyoides major, Plesiadapis cookei, Plesiadapis dubius, Plesiadapis gingerichi (15089) Carpolestes nigridens, Chiromyoides major, Plesiadapis dubius, Plesiadapis gingerichi (15183) Carpolestes nigridens, Plesiadapis cookei (15094) Carpolestes nigridens, Plesiadapis cookei, Plesiadapis dubius (15080 15092) Carpolestes nigridens, Plesiadapis cookei, Plesiadapis dubius, Chiromyoides major (15072) Carpolestes simpsoni, Plesiadapis cookei (15119 15151 15152) Chiromyoides gingerichi (15197) Chiromyoides major (190434) Chiromyoides major, Carpolestes sp., Plesiadapis sp., Plesiadapis sp. (15216) Chiromyoides potior (15121) Plesiadapis cookei (15087 15100 15115 15118 15120 15126 15137 15150 15154 15155 15175 15186 15191 15202 15218) Plesiadapis cookei, Carpolestes dubius, Plesiadapis rubeyi, Plesiadapis pearcei (15075) Plesiadapis cookei, Carpolestes nigridens (15085 15099 15111 15156) Plesiadapis cookei, Chiromyoides potior (15159) Plesiadapis dubius (15109 15124 15132 15142 15168 15178 15212 164513) Plesiadapis dubius, Plesiadapis gingerichi (15213) Plesiadapis dubius, Plesiadapis gingerichi, Carpolestes sp. (15176 15204) Plesiadapis fodinatus (15028) Plesiadapis gingerichi (15210 190455)
Clarkforkian56.2 - 54.9USA (Montana) Carpolestes nigridens, Chiromyoides potior, Plesiadapis dubius (15079)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Belgium (Hainaut) Plesiadapis remensis (87947)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8United Kingdom (Surrey) Plesiadapidae indet. (184512)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8United Kingdom (England) Chiromyoides sp., Plesiadapis tricuspidens, Platychoerops georgei (133368) Platychoerops daubrei, Platychoerops russelli (174239) Platychoerops richardsonii (13299 68436) Platychoerops sp. (38868)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8Belgium (Brabant) Platychoerops daubrei (35531)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8France (Champagne-Ardenne) Platychoerops daubrei (87958)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8France (Marne) Platychoerops daubrei (35533 35535) Platychoerops richardsonii (35539) Plesiadapis remensis, Platychoerops daubrei (35537)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8France (Oise) Platychoerops sp. (68174)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8United Kingdom Chiromyoides sp., Plesiadapis remensis (87950)
Ypresian56.0 - 47.8France (Île-de-France) Plesiadapis russelli (68437)
Lostcabinian55.8 - 50.3USA (Wyoming) Omomyidae indet. (15930)
Wasatchian55.8 - 50.3USA (Wyoming) Plesiadapis dubius (15898) Trogolemur myodes (15842)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6Pakistan (North-West Frontier) Jattadectes mamikheli (87961)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6USA (Wyoming) Carpolestes nigridens (15081)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6United Kingdom Platychoerops richardsoni (87930)
Early/Lower Eocene55.8 - 48.6China (Shandong) Chronolestes simul (183188) Chronolestes simul, Carpocristes oriens, Asioplesiadapis youngi (77929)
MP 8 + 955.8 - 48.6France (Picardie) Platychoerops daubrei (84997)
Bridgerian50.3 - 46.2USA (Wyoming) Trogolemur amplior (15837 16098 16305) Trogolemur amplior, Trogolemur fragilis (16207) Trogolemur myodes (16226 16459 16460 16461 16462 16464 16465 16467 16468 16469 16471 16472 16474)
Bridgerian50.3 - 46.2USA (Nevada) Trogolemur myodes (16218)
Lutetian47.8 - 41.3Pakistan (Punjab) Parvocristes oligocollis (49844)
Late/Upper Uintan46.2 - 39.7Canada (Saskatchewan) Trogolemur storeri (16626)
Uintan46.2 - 39.7USA (Wyoming) Trogolemur myodes (16630) Trogolemur sp. (16514)
Uintan46.2 - 39.7USA (Montana) Trogolemur myodes (222915)
Duchesnean39.7 - 37.0USA (Wyoming) Trogolemur sp. (16884)
Duchesnean39.7 - 37.0Canada (Saskatchewan) Trogolemur sp. (16845 16846)