PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Miacis

Mammalia

Taxonomy

Miacis was named by Cope (1872). It was considered polyphyletic by Tomiya (2011).

It was synonymized subjectively with Vulpavus by Wortman and Matthew (1899) and Wortman (1901).

It was assigned to Caniformia by Flynn and Galiano (1982); to Miacinae by Hooker (1986); to Carnivora by Polly et al. (2006); to Carnivoramorpha by Tomiya (2011); to Carnivoraformes by Solé et al. (2014); and to Miacidae by Cope (1880), Cope (1880), Scott (1892), Matthew (1909), Matthew (1937), Flynn (1998), Wesley-Hunt and Werdelin (2005), Heinrich et al. (2008), Friscia and Rasmussen (2010), Rose et al. (2012) and Dawson and Constenius (2018).

Species

Harpalodon sylvestris, M. bathygnathus, M. boqinghensis, M. deutschi, M. edax, M. exiguus, M. gracilis, M. hookwayi, M. invictus, M. latidens, M. lushiensis, M. parvivorus, M. petilus, M. rundlei, M. vorax, M. vulpinus, Prodaphaenus uintensis

Synonyms

Prodaphaenus was named by Wortman and Matthew (1899).

It was synonymized subjectively with Miacis by Thorpe (1923), Stock (1934) and Friscia and Rasmussen (2010).

It was assigned to Uintacyonidae by Hay (1902); and to Miacidae by Matthew (1899), Peterson (1919) and Flynn (1998).
Harpalodon was named by Marsh (1872). Its type is Harpalodon sylvestris.

It was synonymized subjectively with Hyainailouros by Van Valen (1967); it was synonymized subjectively with Miacis by Matthew (1909), Thorpe (1923), Gazin (1976) and Wang and Tedford (1994).

It was assigned to Uintacyonidae by Hay (1902).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1872	Miacis Cope p. 2
1872	Harpalodon Marsh
1880	Miacis Cope
1892	Miacis Scott p. 320
1899	Prodaphaenus Matthew
1899	Prodaphaenus Wortman and Matthew p. 114
1902	Prodaphaenus Hay p. 760
1902	Harpalodon Hay p. 761
1909	Miacis Matthew
1919	Prodaphaenus Peterson p. 50
1937	Miacis Matthew
1982	Miacis Flynn and Galiano p. 50
1986	Miacis Hooker p. 336
1998	Miacis Flynn
1998	Prodaphaenus Flynn
2005	Miacis Wesley-Hunt and Werdelin p. 842
2006	Miacis Polly et al. p. 1023
2008	Miacis Heinrich et al.
2010	Miacis Friscia and Rasmussen p. 59
2011	Miacis Tomiya p. 16
2012	Miacis Rose et al.
2014	Miacis Solé et al.
2018	Miacis Dawson and Constenius p. 49

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Ferae	()
—	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
—	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
genus	Miacis

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Miacis Cope 1872

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†Miacis bathygnathus Scott 1888

†Miacis boqinghensis Huang et al. 1999

†Miacis deutschi Gingerich 1983

†Miacis edax Leidy 1872

†Miacis exiguus Matthew and Granger 1915

†Miacis gracilis Clark 1939

†Miacis hookwayi Stock 1934

†Miacis invictus Matthew and Granger 1925

†Miacis latidens Matthew and Granger 1915

†Miacis lushiensis Chow 1975

†Miacis parvivorus Cope 1872

†Miacis petilus Gingerich 1983

†Miacis rundlei Hooker 2010

†Miacis vorax Leidy 1872

†Miacis vulpinus Scott and Osborn 1887

Invalid names: Harpalodon Marsh 1872 [synonym], Prodaphaenus Wortman and Matthew 1899 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

arborealg

Diet:

insectivoresubc

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Comments:

more arboreal than the scansorial Prolimnocyon and "most closely" similar to "arboreal carnivorans" (Gebo and Rose 1993)g

Created:

2011-04-25 11:55:43

Modified:

2011-04-24 20:55:43

Source: g = genus, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Gebo and Rose 1993

Age range: base of the Lostcabinian to the top of the Late/Upper Eocene or 55.80000 to 33.90000 Ma

Collections (138 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	United Kingdom (England)	M. rundlei (38868)
Arshantan	56.0 - 37.71	Kazakhstan	M. sp. (31009)
Lostcabinian	55.8 - 50.3	USA (Wyoming)	M. exiguus, M. latidens, M. parvivorus (15915) M. latidens (15930) M. sp. (15917)
Wasatchian	55.8 - 50.3	USA (Wyoming)	M. deutschi (15458 15592 15594 15683 15727 15796 46647 46785 46809) M. exiguus (15468 15472 15513 15516 15520 15534 15540 15548 15549 15551 15552 15553 15554 15555 15556 15557 15558 15573 15575 15577 15578 15586 15694 15707 15710 15723 15756 15790 15805 15942 46727 46728 46729 46739 46765 46767 46773 46797 46808 46844) M. exiguus, M. petilus (15687 15702) M. latidens (15486 15714 15910) M. latidens, M. exiguus (15662 15964) M. petilus (15576 15618 15692 15703 46699 46704 46754) M. sp. (15559 46683 46731 46803 46831 46852) Oodectes herpestoides (15491)
Wasatchian	55.8 - 50.3	Canada (Northwest Territories)	M. sp. (15583)
Wasatchian	55.8 - 50.3	USA (Colorado)	M. exiguus (15220 15262 15450 15480 15485 15660 15725 15845 15868 15887) M. latidens (15278 15293 15393 15401)
Wasatchian	55.8 - 50.3	USA (Mississippi)	M. sp. (15719)
Wasatchian	55.8 - 50.3	USA (North Dakota)	M. sp. (15895)
Early/Lower Eocene	55.8 - 48.6	USA (Wyoming)	M. deutschi (154255) M. exiguus (15684) M. exiguus, M. petilus (15680 15700)
Early/Lower Eocene	55.8 - 48.6	Portugal (Região Centro)	M. sp. (79200)
Bridgerian	50.3 - 46.2	USA (Utah)	M. parvivorus (16396)
Bridgerian	50.3 - 46.2	USA (Wyoming)	Harpalodon sylvestris (223469 223504) M. exiguus (16254 16388) M. exiguus, M. latidens, M. parvivorus (16207) M. latidens, M. parvivorus (16415) M. parvivorus (16136 16228 16337 16339 16345 16418) M. sp. (15837) M. sylvestris (16647) Uintacyon vorax (16309)
Bridgerian	50.3 - 46.2	USA (Colorado)	M. parvivorus (16240) Uintacyon edax (15423)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	China (Beijing)	M. sp., Canidae indet. (174745)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	China (Henan)	M. lushiensis, M. invictus (46193)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	USA (Wyoming)	Uintacyon vorax (81455)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	China (Jiangsu)	M. lushiensis (37493)
Middle Eocene	47.8 - 37.71	China (Shanxi)	M. boqinghensis (174907)
Early/Lower Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Colorado)	Uintacyon vorax (16623)
Early/Lower Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Utah)	M. sp. (16572)
Late/Upper Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (California)	M. hookwayi (16585 16780)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (California)	M. hookwayi (16786) M. sp. (16797 16798)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Montana)	M. sp. (222915)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Utah)	M. uintensis (16646)
Uintan	46.2 - 39.7	USA (Wyoming)	M. sp. (16649)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	France (Picardie Region)	M. sp. (12847)
Bartonian	41.3 - 38.0	United Kingdom (England)	Mammalia indet. (39014)
Duchesnean - Chadronian	39.7 - 33.9	USA (Montana)	M. sp. (16840)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Spain (Catalonia)	M. exilis (31751)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Montana)	M. sp. (16990)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.2 - 33.9	Thailand	M. thailandicus (49078)
Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene	37.2 - 28.4	China (Henan)	M. invictus (46197) M. lushiensis (174738)