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Taxonomy
Hyaenidae was named by Gray (1821). It is extant.
It was assigned to Digitigradae by Gray (1821); to Fissipedia by Cope (1889); to Cynoidea by Hay (1902); to Felidi by Jaekel (1911); to Fissipedia by Flower and Lydekker (1891), Hendey (1974) and Kurten and Anderson (1980); to Feloidea by Flynn and Galiano (1982); to Carnivora by Cope (1875), Kurten (1968) and Nowak (1991); to Aeluroidea by Mivart (1882), Flower (1883), Galiano and Frailey (1977), Carroll (1988), Hunt (1989) and Hunt (1998); and to Viverroidea by Hassanin et al. (2021).
It was assigned to Digitigradae by Gray (1821); to Fissipedia by Cope (1889); to Cynoidea by Hay (1902); to Felidi by Jaekel (1911); to Fissipedia by Flower and Lydekker (1891), Hendey (1974) and Kurten and Anderson (1980); to Feloidea by Flynn and Galiano (1982); to Carnivora by Cope (1875), Kurten (1968) and Nowak (1991); to Aeluroidea by Mivart (1882), Flower (1883), Galiano and Frailey (1977), Carroll (1988), Hunt (1989) and Hunt (1998); and to Viverroidea by Hassanin et al. (2021).
Subtaxa
Adcrocuta (syn. Hyena), Allohyaena (syn. Xenohyaena), Belbus, Chasmaporthetes (syn. Ailuraena), Crocuta, Euryboas, Gansuyaena, Hyaena (syn. Euhyaena), Hyaenictis, Hyaenictitherium, Hyaeninae, Hyaenotherium, Ictitheriinae, Ictitherium, Ikelohyaena, Leecyaena, Lepthyaena, Lycaena, Lycyaena, Lycyaenops, Mesoviverrops, Miohyaenotherium, Pachycrocuta, Palinhyaena, Parahyaena, Pliocrocuta, Plioviverrops, Proteles (syn. Geocyon), Protoviverrops, Thalassictis (syn. Miohyaena, Palhyaena), Tongxinictis, Tungurictis
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1821 | Hyaenadae Gray p. 302 |
1821 | Hyaenidae Gray p. 302 |
1869 | Protelidae Flower p. 37 |
1875 | Hyaenidae Cope p. 5–6 |
1882 | Hyaenidae Mivart p. 140 |
1882 | Protelinae Mivart p. 143 |
1883 | Hyaenidae Flower p. 185 |
1883 | Protelidae Flower p. 185 |
1889 | Hyaenidae Cope p. 876 |
1889 | Protelidae Cope p. 876 |
1891 | Hyaenidae Flower and Lydekker p. 91 |
1891 | Protelidae Flower and Lydekker p. 91 |
1902 | Hyaenidae Hay p. 776 |
1911 | Hyaenidae Jaekel p. 228 |
1968 | Hyaenidae Kurten p. 63 |
1974 | Hyaenidae Hendey p. 90 |
1977 | Hyaenidae Galiano and Frailey |
1980 | Hyaenidae Kurten and Anderson p. 198 |
1982 | Hyaenidae Flynn and Galiano p. 47 |
1988 | Hyaenidae Carroll |
1989 | Hyaenidae Hunt, Jr. p. 28 |
1990 | Protelidae Koehler and Richardson p. 1 |
1991 | Hyaenidae Nowak |
1998 | Hyaenidae Hunt, Jr. p. 62 |
2021 | Hyaenidae Hassanin et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. Hyaenidae Gray 1821 [hyaena]
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G. †Chasmaporthetes Hay 1921
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†Chasmaporthetes australis Hendey 1974
†Chasmaporthetes borissiaki Khomenko 1932
†Chasmaporthetes exitelus Kurten and Werdelin 1988
†Chasmaporthetes kani Galiano and Frailey 1977
†Chasmaporthetes lunensis Del Campana 1914
†Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer 1955
†Chasmaporthetes ossifragus Hay 1921
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Invalid names: Ailuraena johnstoni Stirton and Christian 1940 [synonym]
Invalid names: Ailuraena Stirton and Christian 1940 [synonym]
G. Crocuta Erxleben 1777 [spotted hyaena]
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Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777 [spotted hyaena]
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†Crocuta crocuta spelaea Goldfuss 1823
Invalid names: Crocotta kibotonensis Lönnberg 1908 [synonym], Crocotta panganensis Lönnberg 1908 [synonym], Crocuta crocuta fisi Heller 1914 [synonym], Crocuta crocuta fortis Allen 1924 [synonym], Crocuta nyassae Cabrera 1911 [synonym], Crocuta nzoyae Cabrera 1911 [synonym], Crocuta rufopicta Cabrera 1911 [synonym], Crocuta thomasi Cabrera 1911 [synonym], Hyaena (Crocotta) gariepensis Matschie 1900 [synonym], Hyaena (Crocotta) germinans Matschie 1900 [synonym], Hyaena (Crocotta) leontiewi Satunin 1905 [synonym], Hyaena (Crocotta) noltei Matschie 1900 [synonym], Hyaena (Crocotta) thierryi Matschie 1900 [synonym], Hyaena (Crocotta) togoensis Matschie 1900 [synonym], Hyaena (Crocotta) wismanni Matschie 1900 [synonym], Hyaena capensis Desmarest 1820 [synonym], Hyaena cuvieri Boitard 1842 [synonym], Hyaena maculata Odmann 1820 [synonym], Hyaena rufa Desmarest 1820 [synonym]
†Crocuta dbaa Geraads 1997
†Crocuta dietrichi Petter and Howell 1989
†Crocuta macrodonta Liu et al. 1978
†Crocuta sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1867
G. Hyaena Brisson 1762
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†Hyaena donnezani Viret 1954
†Hyaena gigantea Holl 1829
†Hyaena gigantea Schlosser 1903
†Hyaena hipparionum Gervais 1846
Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus 1758 [striped hyaena]
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Hyaena hyaena dubbah Meyer 1793
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Invalid names: Canis hyaenomelas Bruce 1820 [synonym], Hyaena bergeri Matschie 1910 [synonym], Hyaena dubia Schinz 1821 [synonym], Hyaena rendilis Lönnberg 1912 [synonym], Hyaena schillingsi Matschie 1900 [synonym]
Hyaena hyaena hyaena Linnaeus 1758
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Invalid names: Hyaena antiquorum Temminck 1820 [objective synonym], Hyaena fasciata Thunberg 1820 [objective synonym], Hyaena indica Blainville 1844 [objective synonym], Hyaena orientalis Tiedemann 1808 [objective synonym], Hyaena striata Zimmermann 1777 [synonym], Hyaena virgata Ogilby 1839 [objective synonym], Hyaena vulgaris Desmarest 1820 [synonym]
Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock 1934
Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matschie 1900
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Invalid names: Hyaena bilkiewiczi Satunin 1905 [synonym], Hyaena bokcharensis Satunin 1905 [synonym], Hyaena satunini Matschie 1910 [synonym], Hyaena zarudnyi Satunin 1905 [synonym]
†Hyaena macrostoma Lydekker 1884
†Hyaena makapani Toerien 1952
†Hyaena perrieri Croizet and Jobert 1828
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Invalid names: Hyaena arvernensis Croziet and Jobert 1828 [synonym]
†Hyaena salonicae Andrews 1918
Invalid names: Euhyaena Falconer 1868 [objective synonym]
G. †Hyaenictis Gaudry 1861
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†Hyaenictis almerai Villalta and Crusafont Pairo 1945
†Hyaenictis graeca Gaudry 1861
†Hyaenictis hendeyi Werdelin et al. 1994
†Hyaenictis preforfex Hendey 1974
G. †Hyaenictitherium Kretzoi 1938
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†Hyaenictitherium barbarum Geraads 1997
†Hyaenictitherium hyaenoides Zdansky 1924
†Hyaenictitherium intuberculatum Ozansoy 1965
†Hyaenictitherium minimum de Bonis et al. 2005
†Hyaenictitherium namaquensis Stromer 1931
†Hyaenictitherium parvum Khomenko 1914
†Hyaenictitherium pilgrimi Werdelin and Solunias 1991
†Hyaenictitherium wongi Koufos 2000
Subfm. †Ictitheriinae Dietrich 1927
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G. †Protictitherium Kretzoi 1938
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†Protictitherium cingulatum Schmidt-Kittler 1976
†Protictitherium crassum Deperet 1892
†Protictitherium gaillardi Forsyth Major 1903
†Protictitherium llopisi Crusafont Pairo and Petter 1969
†Protictitherium punicum Kurten 1976
†Protictitherium thessalonikensis Koufos 2012
G. †Ictitherium Wagner 1848
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†Ictitherium ibericum Meladze 1967
†Ictitherium intuberculatum Ozansoy 1965
†Ictitherium kurteni Werdelin 1988
†Ictitherium pannonicum Kretzoi 1952
†Ictitherium sivalense Lydekker 1877
†Ictitherium tauricum Borissiak 1915
†Ictitherium viverrinum Roth 1854
G. †Leecyaena Young and Liu 1948
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†Leecyaena bosei Matthew 1929
†Leecyaena lycyaenoides Young and Liu 1948
G. †Lycaena Hensel 1863
G. †Lycyaena Hensel 1863
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†Lycyaena chaeretis Gaudry 1861
†Lycyaena crusafonti Kurten 1976
†Lycyaena dubia Zdansky 1924
†Lycyaena macrostoma Lydekker 1884
G. †Lycyaenops Kretzoi 1938
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†Lycyaenops rhomboideae Kretzoi 1938
†Lycyaenops silberbergi Broom 1946
G. Pachycrocuta Kretzoi 1938 [brown hyaena]
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†Pachycrocuta bellax Ewer 1954
†Pachycrocuta brevirostris Gervais 1850
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Invalid names: Hyaena robusta Weithofer 1889 [synonym], Hyaena sinensis Owen 1870 [synonym]
†Pachycrocuta licenti Pei 1934
G. Proteles Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1824
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Proteles cristatus Sparrman 1783 [aardwolf]
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Proteles cristatus cristatus Sparrman 1783
Proteles cristatus pallidior Cabrera 1910
Invalid names: Proteles lalandii Geoffroy 1824 [synonym], Proteles typicus Smith 1834 [synonym], Viverra hyenoides Desmarest 1820 [synonym]
Proteles cristatus septentrionalis Rothschild 1902
†Proteles transvaalensis Hendey 1974
Invalid names: Geocyon Wagler 1830 [synonym]
G. †Protoviverrops de Beaumont and Mein 1972
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†Protoviverrops gervaisi de Beaumont and Mein 1972
†Protoviverrops intermedium Schmidt-Kittler 1976
G. †Thalassictis Nordmann 1850
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†Thalassictis certa Forsyth Major 1903
†Thalassictis montadai Villalta and Crusafont Pairo 1943
†Thalassictis proava Pilgrim 1932
†Thalassictis robusta Gervais 1850
†Thalassictis sarmatica Pavlow 1908
†Thalassictis spelaea Semenov 1988
†Thalassictis wongii Zdansky 1924
Invalid names: Miohyaena Kretzoi 1938 [synonym], Palhyaena Gervais 1859 [synonym]
G. †Tongxinictis Werdelin and Solunias 1991
Invalid names: Hyaeninae Mivart 1882 [empty], Protelidae Flower 1869 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Lillegraven 1979, Nowak 1991, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the MN 4 to the top of the Holocene or 16.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.97 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.97 Ma
Collections (511 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Miocene | France (Vaucluse) | Adcrocuta eximia (201500) Hyaena hipparionum (93328) Ictitherium hipparionum, Ictitherium orbignyi, Adcrocuta eximia (201497) | |
Miocene | Kyrgyzstan (Kochkor) | Adcrocuta eximia (219042) | |
Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | Hyaena bellax (22229) Hyaena brunnea (22220) Hyaenidae indet., Hyaena namaquensis (22228) | |
Miocene - Pliocene | Uganda | Hyaenidae indet. (22410 22440) | |
Miocene - Pleistocene | South Africa | Hyaena brunnea (22230) | |
Burdigalian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Protictitherium gaillardi (69098) | |
Burdigalian - Tortonian | France | Protictitherium gaillardi (187580) | |
MN 4 | Egypt | Hyaena sp. (53970) | |
MN 4 | France (Gers) | Protictitherium gaillardi (69099) | |
Langhian | France | Protictitherium gaillardi (90354) | |
Langhian | Spain (Catalonia) | Protictitherium sp. (180192) | |
MN 5 | France (Midi-Pyrenees Region) | Protictitherium crassum (32071 32072) | |
MN 5 | Turkey (Bursa) | Protictitherium sp., Protictitherium gaillardi, Protictitherium intermedium (68547) | |
MN 5 | Germany | Protictitherium sp. (46955) | |
Astaracian | Morocco (Tadla-Azilal) | Ictitherium arambourgi, Hyaenictis graeca (48630) | |
Middle Miocene | Pakistan (Punjab) | Crocuta carnifex (13472) | |
Middle Miocene | Spain (Madrid) | Protictitherium sp. (197672) | |
Middle Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene | Spain (Catalonia) | Thalassictis robusta (199537) | |
Middle Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene | China (Nei Mongol) | Tungurictis spocki (28781) | |
Middle Miocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene | Netherlands | Crocuta crocuta (189573) |