Basic info | Taxonomic history | Classification | Included Taxa |
Morphology | Ecology and taphonomy | External Literature Search | Age range and collections |
Taxonomy
Hyaena was named by Brisson (1762) [conserved in ICZN Opinion 1894]. It is extant.
It was assigned to Hyaeninae by Mivart (1882); and to Hyaenidae by Kurten (1968), Carroll (1988), Werdelin and Solunias (1991), Koepfli et al. (2006) and Werdelin and Peigne (2010).
It was assigned to Hyaeninae by Mivart (1882); and to Hyaenidae by Kurten (1968), Carroll (1988), Werdelin and Solunias (1991), Koepfli et al. (2006) and Werdelin and Peigne (2010).
Species
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1762 | Hyaena Brisson p. 13 |
1868 | Euhyaena Falconer p. 464 |
1882 | Hyaena Mivart p. 143 |
1968 | Hyaena Kurten p. 63 |
1988 | Hyaena Carroll |
1991 | Hyaena Werdelin and Solunias |
2006 | Hyaena Koepfli et al. p. 604 |
2010 | Hyaena Werdelin and Peigne p. 641 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Hyaena Brisson 1762
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†Hyaena donnezani Viret 1954
†Hyaena gigantea Schlosser 1903
†Hyaena gigantea Holl 1829
†Hyaena hipparionum Gervais 1846
Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus 1758 [striped hyaena]
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Hyaena hyaena dubbah Meyer 1793
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Invalid names: Canis hyaenomelas Bruce 1820 [synonym], Hyaena bergeri Matschie 1910 [synonym], Hyaena dubia Schinz 1821 [synonym], Hyaena rendilis Lönnberg 1912 [synonym], Hyaena schillingsi Matschie 1900 [synonym]
Hyaena hyaena hyaena Linnaeus 1758
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Invalid names: Hyaena antiquorum Temminck 1820 [objective synonym], Hyaena fasciata Thunberg 1820 [objective synonym], Hyaena indica Blainville 1844 [objective synonym], Hyaena orientalis Tiedemann 1808 [objective synonym], Hyaena striata Zimmermann 1777 [synonym], Hyaena virgata Ogilby 1839 [objective synonym], Hyaena vulgaris Desmarest 1820 [synonym]
Hyaena hyaena sultana Pocock 1934
Hyaena hyaena syriaca Matschie 1900
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Invalid names: Hyaena bilkiewiczi Satunin 1905 [synonym], Hyaena bokcharensis Satunin 1905 [synonym], Hyaena satunini Matschie 1910 [synonym], Hyaena zarudnyi Satunin 1905 [synonym]
†Hyaena macrostoma Lydekker 1884
†Hyaena makapani Toerien 1952
†Hyaena perrieri Croizet and Jobert 1828
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Invalid names: Hyaena arvernensis Croziet and Jobert 1828 [synonym]
†Hyaena salonicae Andrews 1918
Invalid names: Euhyaena Falconer 1868 [objective synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Body mass estimates
estimate | equation | reference |
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22.4 kg | Mammalia femur diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
47.7 kg | Mammalia humerus diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
25.6 kg | Mammalia tibia diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
mean: 30.1 kg |
Measurements
part | N | mean | |||||
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femur diameter | 1 | 15.7 | |||||
humerus diameter | 1 | 21.7 | |||||
radius diameter | 1 | 11.5 | |||||
tibia diameter | 1 | 15.8 |
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Source: g = genus, f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Van Valkenburgh 1988, Nowak 1991, Lillegraven 1979 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the MN 4 to the top of the Holocene or 16.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.97 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.97 Ma
Collections (87 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
---|---|---|---|
Miocene | France (Vaucluse) | H. hipparionum (93328) | |
Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | H. bellax (22229) H. namaquensis (22228) | |
MN 4 | Egypt | H. sp. (53970) | |
Serravallian | Moldova | H. eximia (60271) | |
Serravallian | Ukraine (Odessa) | H. eximia (75786) | |
Tortonian | Moldova | H. eximia (75801 75802) H. eximia, H. sp. (75803) | |
Tortonian | Ukraine (Odessa) | H. exima (75797) H. eximia (75794) | |
Tortonian | Ukraine | H. eximia (75800) | |
Tortonian | Georgia | H. eldarica, H. sp. (73901) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | Greece (Thessaloniki) | H. salonicae (210627) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | Greece (Aegean) | H. eximia (202120) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | Greece (Chalkidona) | H. eximia (182745 182750) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | China (Shanxi) | H. variabilis (179050) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | China | H. honanensis (195286) H. variabilis (195284) H. variabilis, H. honanensis (195287) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | Greece (Attica) | H. eximia, H. chaeretis (182754) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | Algeria (Oran) | H. algeriensis (136913) | |
Late/Upper Miocene | Moldova (Tighina Departement) | H. exima (36143) | |
Turolian | Tajikistan (Sor) | H. sp. (34392) | |
Messinian - Piacenzian | South Africa (Cape) | H. namaquensis (59167 115166) | |
Zanclean | Kenya (Turkana District) | H. sp. (21336) | |
Ruscinian | Spain (Soria) | H. pyrenaica (40548) | |
Pliocene | Spain (La Rioja) | H. marini (38892) | |
Pliocene | Ethiopia | H. sp. (21754 21755) | |
Pliocene | South Africa | H. hyaena (22339 22357) H. makapani (22356) | |
Pliocene | Spain (Albacete) | H. sp. (40564) | |
Pliocene - Calabrian | South Africa | H. hyaena (21791) | |
MN 15 - MN 16 | Ukraine | H. sp. (50943) | |
Late/Upper Pliocene | Egypt | H. sp. (22592) | |
Late/Upper Pliocene | Russian Federation | H. sp. (76530) | |
Late/Upper Pliocene | Egypt (Al Buhayrah) | H. sp. (42119) | |
Piacenzian | Chad | H. sp. (22506) | |
Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene | Kenya (Rift Valley) | H. hyaena (21291 21293) | |
Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Hebei) | H. sp. (231023) | |
Late/Upper Pliocene - Pleistocene | South Africa | H. bellax (22334) | |
Pleistocene - Neogene | Greece | H. pyrenaica (34607) | |
Gelasian | Kenya (Rift Valley) | H. hyaena (21305 21354) | |
Gelasian | United Kingdom (England) | H. sp. (48093) | |
MN 17 | Spain (Teruel) | H. perrieri (36112) | |
Early/Lower Pleistocene | Netherlands | H. perrieri (189574) | |
Early/Lower Pleistocene | Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz) | H. sp. (50000) | |
Early/Lower Pleistocene | France (Auvergne) | H. sp. (47830) | |
Early/Lower Pleistocene | Greece (Dodecanese) | H. sp. (204662) | |
Gelasian - Calabrian | Ethiopia (Ethiopian Rift) | H. sp. (22492 22498) | |
Pleistocene | China (Yunnan) | H. sp. (36584 36585 36587) | |
Pleistocene | Egypt | H. hyaena (21892 21898 21906) | |
Pleistocene | Kenya | H. hyaena (21963) | |
Pleistocene | Greece (Chalkidiki) | Pliohyaena perrieri (183123) | |
Pleistocene | Italy (Toscana) | H. sp. (36373) | |
Pleistocene | Israel | H. prisca (39252) | |
Pleistocene - Holocene | Morocco | H. hyaena (21856) | |
Pleistocene - Holocene | Egypt (Kom Ombo Plain) | H. hyaena (22536) | |
Pleistocene - Holocene | Egypt | H. hyaena (21900) | |
Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Bayern) | H. sp. (36220) | |
Middle Pleistocene | Austria (Niederoesterreich) | H. striata (50258) | |
Middle Pleistocene | France (Haute-Pyrenees) | H. prisca (49094) | |
Middle Pleistocene | China (Guangxi) | H. sp. (38649) | |
Middle Pleistocene | France (Languedoc-Roussillon) | H. sp. (47832) | |
Middle Pleistocene | Morocco | H. hyaena (34287 34330 42866) | |
Middle Pleistocene | United Kingdom (England) | H. sp. (49989) | |
Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | Kenya | H. hyaena (21277) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Israel (Mount Carmel) | H. prisca (11803) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Greece (Peloponnesus) | H. sp. (184243) | |
Holocene | Tanzania | H. hyaena (21690) | |
Holocene | Sudan | H. hyaena (21902 21958 208786 208787) |