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Taxonomy
Cynomys was named by Rafinesque (1817). It is extant. Its type is Cynomys socialis.
It was assigned to Sciuridae by Rafinesque (1817), Schultz and Howard (1935), Kurten and Anderson (1980) and McKenna and Bell (1997); and to Marmotini by Mercer and Roth (2003) and Helgen et al. (2009).
It was assigned to Sciuridae by Rafinesque (1817), Schultz and Howard (1935), Kurten and Anderson (1980) and McKenna and Bell (1997); and to Marmotini by Mercer and Roth (2003) and Helgen et al. (2009).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1817 | Cynomys Rafinesque |
| 1819 | Monax Warden |
| 1935 | Cynomys Schultz and Howard p. 279 |
| 1980 | Cynomys Kurten and Anderson p. 218 |
| 1997 | Cynomys McKenna and Bell |
| 2003 | Cynomys Mercer and Roth |
| 2009 | Cynomys Helgen et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Cynomys Rafinesque 1817 [prairie dog]
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Cynomys gunnisoni Baird 1855 [Gunnison's prairie dog]
†Cynomys hibbardi Eshelman 1975
Cynomys leucurus Merriam 1890 [white-tailed prairie dog]
Cynomys ludovicianus Ord 1815 [black-tailed prairie dog]
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Invalid names: Cynomys arizonensis Mearns 1890 [synonym], Cynomys cinereus Richardson 1829 [synonym], Cynomys grisea Rafinesque 1817 [synonym], Cynomys meadensis Hibbard 1956 [synonym], Cynomys pyrrotrichus Elliot 1905 [synonym], Cynomys socialis Rafinesque 1817 [synonym], Monax missouriensis Warden 1819 [synonym]
Cynomys mexicanus Merriam 1892 [Mexican prairie dog]
†Cynomys niobrarius Hay 1921
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Invalid names: Cynomys churcherii Burns and McGillivray 1989 [synonym], Cynomys spispiza Green 1960 [synonym]
Cynomys parvidens Allen 1905 [Utah prairie dog]
†Cynomys sappaensis Goodwin 1995
†Cynomys spenceri Goodwin 1995
†Cynomys vetus Hibbbard 1942
Invalid names: Monax Warden 1819 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
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| Source: g = genus, f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988, Nowak 1991, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Dunn and Rasmussen 2007 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Barstovian to the top of the Rancholabrean or 16.30000 to 0.01200 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 12.5 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 12.5 Ma
Collections (80 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Montana) | Cynomys sp. (18803) | |
| Blancan | USA (Kansas) | Cynomys hibbardi (19949) Cynomys vetus (19950 19953) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Texas) | Cynomys sp. (207372) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | USA (Texas) | Cynomys gunnisoni (93258) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Nebraska) | Cynomys niobrarius (20143 20347 20348 20375 20485 20500 20501) Cynomys niobrarius, Cynomys spenceri (20480) Cynomys sp. (20380 20523) Cynomys spenceri (20497) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Oklahoma) | Cynomys ludovicianus (20382) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Kansas) | Cynomys gunnisoni (20291) Cynomys gunnisoni, Cynomys ludovicianus (20516) Cynomys hibbardi (20427) Cynomys ludovicianus (20168 20295 20332) Cynomys sp. (20352 20371 20390 20391 20423) Cynomys spenceri (20165 20566) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (New Mexico) | Cynomys ludovicianus (20514) Cynomys sp. (20506 20507) Cynomys sp., Cynomys ludovicianus (20504 20505) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Texas) | Cynomys ludovicianus (20163 20164 20306 20318 20342 20413 20530 20533 20568) | |
| Irvingtonian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Cynomys meadensis (20563) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (South Dakota) | Cynomys sp. (20503) | |
| Irvingtonian | Canada (Alberta) | Cynomys leucurus (20418) Cynomys niobrarius (20529) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Colorado) | Cynomys sp. (20296 20477 20559) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (Colorado) | Cynomys sp. (20358) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (Nebraska) | Cynomys niobrarius (20162 20345) Cynomys niobrarius, Cynomys spenceri (20140 20156) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (Texas) | Cynomys ludovicianus (225289) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Montana) | Cynomys ludovicianus (162122 162126 162131 162132) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | Canada (Alberta) | Cynomys churcherii (93528) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Texas) | Cynomys sp. (20586) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Oklahoma) | Cynomys ludovicianus (74145 93178) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Idaho) | Cynomys niobrarius (20569) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Texas) | Cynomys ludovicianus (74473 79683 93527) Sciuridae indet. (85142) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | Canada (Alberta) | Cynomys leucurus (20615) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (New Mexico) | Cynomys gunnisoni (93141) Cynomys ludovicianus (93140 93281) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Colorado) | Cynomys gunnisoni, Cynomys ludovicianus (20617) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (New Mexico) | Cynomys sp. (76059 76060) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Cynomys ludovicianus (20635) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Mexico (Chihuahua) | Cynomys sp. (71263) |