PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Loxolophus

Mammalia - Procreodi - Arctocyonidae

Taxonomy

Loxolophus was named by Cope (1885). Its type is Chriacus hyattianus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Protochriacus by Matthew (1897).

It was assigned to Mammalia by Cope (1885); to Oxyclaenidae by Scott (1892), Hay (1902) and Hay (1930); to Loxolophinae by Eberle (2003); and to Arctocyonidae by Matthew (1937), McKenna and Bell (1997), Archibald (1998) and Tabuce et al. (2011).

Species

Deltatherium interruptum, L. attenuatus, L. criswelli, L. faulkneri, L. grangeri, L. hyattianus (syn. Mimotricentes mirielae, L. adapinus), L. kimbetovius, L. pentacus (syn. Chriacus ruetimeyerianus), L. priscus, L. schizophrenus, L. spiekeri (syn. Protogonodon biathales), L. stenognathus

Synonyms

Deltatherium interruptum was named by Cope (1882). It is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Mioclaenus interruptus by Cope (1888); it was considered a nomen dubium by Matthew (1937).
Paradoxodonta was named by Strand (1943) [replacement name for "Paradoxon" of Scott 1892].

It was synonymized subjectively with Loxolophus by Van Valen (1978).
Protochriacus was named by Scott (1892).

It was synonymized subjectively with Loxolophus by Hay (1902), Hay (1930), Simpson (1937) and Matthew (1937).

It was assigned to Oxyclaenidae by Scott (1892) and Matthew (1897).
Protogonodon was named by Scott (1892). Its type is Mioclaenus pentacus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Loxolophus by Van Valen (1969), Van Valen (1971), Van Valen (1978), Tomida (1981), Middleton (1983), Robison (1986), Archibald et al. (1987), Cifelli et al. (1995), Williamson (1996) and Eberle and Lillegraven (1998).

It was assigned to Phenacodontidae by Hay (1902); and to Oxyclaenidae by Hay (1930).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1882	Deltatherium interruptum Cope p. 463
1883	Deltatherium interruptum Cope p. 282
1885	Loxolophus Cope p. 386
1888	Mioclaenus interruptus Cope p. 328
1892	Protogonodon Scott
1892	Protochriacus Scott p. 296
1892	Loxolophus Scott p. 297
1892	Protogonodon Scott p. 322
1897	Protochriacus Matthew p. 268
1902	Protogonodon Hay p. 603
1902	Loxolophus Hay p. 745
1902	Deltatherium interruptum Hay p. 751
1930	Loxolophus Hay p. 460
1930	Deltatherium interruptum Hay p. 462
1930	Protogonodon Hay p. 462
1937	Loxolophus Matthew
1943	Paradoxodonta Strand
1997	Loxolophus McKenna and Bell
1998	Loxolophus Archibald
2003	Loxolophus Eberle p. 153
2011	Loxolophus Tabuce et al. p. 152

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
order	Procreodi	Matthew 1915
family	Arctocyonidae	Murray 1866
genus	Loxolophus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Loxolophus Cope 1885

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†Loxolophus attenuatus Osborn and Earle 1895

†Loxolophus criswelli Rigby, Jr. 1980

†Loxolophus faulkneri Eberle and Lillegraven 1998

†Loxolophus grangeri Simpson 1936

†Loxolophus hyattianus Cope 1885

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Invalid names: Loxolophus adapinus Cope 1885 [synonym], Mimotricentes mirielae Van Valen 1978 [synonym]

†Loxolophus kimbetovius Matthew 1937

†Loxolophus pentacus Cope 1888

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Invalid names: Chriacus ruetimeyerianus Cope 1888 [synonym]

†Loxolophus priscus Cope 1888

†Loxolophus schizophrenus Johnston and Fox 1984

†Loxolophus spiekeri Gazin 1938

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Invalid names: Protogonodon biathales Gazin 1941 [synonym]

†Loxolophus stenognathus Matthew 1897

Invalid names: Deltatherium interruptum Cope 1882 [nomen dubium], Paradoxodonta Strand 1943 [synonym], Protochriacus Scott 1892 [synonym], Protogonodon Scott 1892 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

omnivoref

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-08-31 13:54:39

Modified:

2011-04-24 18:06:44

Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Lillegraven 1979, Archibald 1998, Carroll 1988, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range: base of the Torrejonian to the top of the Puercan or 63.80000 to 63.30000 Ma

Collections (32 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	USA (Utah)	L. pentacus (14670 14736) L. sp. (14739) L. sp., Protogonodon sp. (14790) L. spiekeri (14692)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	USA (Colorado)	L. hyattianus (14677 14683 14792) L. sp. (209874 209879 209890 209965)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	USA (Wyoming)	L. faulkneri (14706 14707) L. hyattianus (14728 14731) L. hyattianus, L. priscus (14797) L. priscus (14720) L. sp., L. faulkneri (14713)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	USA (New Mexico)	L. hyattianus (14794) L. hyattianus, L. kimbetovius (14703) L. hyattianus, L. pentacus, L. priscus (14795) L. hyattianus, L. pentacus, L. priscus, Protogonodon grangeri (14662) L. kimbetovius, Mimotricentes mirielae (14760)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	Canada (Saskatchewan)	L. schizophrenus (14691 14768)
Puercan	66.0 - 63.3	USA (Montana)	L. sp., L. schizophrenus (14745) L. sp., Protogonodon pentacus (14809)
Torrejonian	63.8 - 60.9	USA (Utah)	L. pentacus (14883) Protogonodon biatheles, Protogonodon spiekeri (14830)
Torrejonian	63.8 - 60.9	USA (New Mexico)	L. sp. (14888)
Torrejonian	63.8 - 60.9	USA (Wyoming)	Protogonodon criswelli (14886)