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Camelidae (camel)

Mammalia - Camelidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1821Camelidae Gray p. 307
1850Camelidae Bonaparte p. 1
1856Protomeryx Leidy
1873Camelidae Leidy p. 317
1874Poebrotheriidae Cope p. 26
1883Camelidae Flower p. 184
1886Gomphotherium Cope p. 619 fig. 10
1887Eschatiidae Cope
1887Protolabididae Cope
1889Camelidae Cope p. 877
1889Eschatiidae Cope p. 877
1889Protolabididae Cope p. 877
1891Camelidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1891Poebrotheriidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1893Poebrotheriinae Zittel
1899Gomphotherium serus Douglass p. 12 figs. Plate 1
1901Protomeryx Matthew p. 422
1902Camelidae Hay p. 673
1902Poebrotheriinae Hay p. 675
1902Protomeryx Hay p. 676
1902Protomeryx serus Hay p. 676
1908Camelidae Lambe
1908Camelidae Matthew p. 561
1910Camelidae Gregory p. 466
1911Camelidae Jaekel p. 234
1929Altomeryx Frick p. 107
1940Camelidae Scott p. 604
1945Alticamelinae Simpson p. 150
1945Poebrotheriinae Simpson p. 150
1945Protomeryx Simpson p. 150
1955Poebrotheriinae Gazin
1965Aepycamelinae Webb p. 37
1966Alticamelinae Maglio p. 11
1980Camelidae Kurten and Anderson p. 301
1981Camelidae Thurmond and Jones p. 188
1988Camelidae Carroll
1990Camelidae Dingus p. 13
1991Camelidae Nowak
1996Camelidae Prothero p. 610
1997Aepycamelinae McKenna and Bell
2001Camelidae Thewissen et al. p. suppl.
2004Camelidae Webb and Meachen p. 350
2005Camelidae Whistler and Webb p. 5
2006Camelidae Hulbert and Whitmore p. 6
2007Camelidae Honey
2008Camelidae Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 974 figs. Fig. 2
2009Camelidae Spaulding et al.
2015Camelidae Baskin and Thomas p. 119
2023Camelidae Carbot-Chanona et al. p. 4

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
subclassSynapsida
Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
RankNameAuthor
Mammaliamorpha
Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
Theriiformes()
Trechnotheria
Cladotheria
Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
Eutheria()
Placentalia
Boreoeutheria
Laurasiatheria
Scrotifera
Euungulata
Artiodactylamorpha
Artiodactyla()
familyCamelidae
familyCamelidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Camelidae Gray 1821 [camel]
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G. Auchenia Illiger 1811
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Auchenia californica Leidy 1870
Auchenia cordubensis Ameghino 1889
Auchenia ensenadensis Ameghino 1889
Auchenia injanensis Ameghino 1889
Auchenia mesolithica Ameghino 1889
G. †Australocamelus Patton 1969
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Australocamelus orarius Patton 1969
Subfm. Camelinae Gray 1821
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G. †Alforjas Harrison 1979
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Alforjas taylori Harrison 1979
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Invalid names: Pliauchenia hemphillensis Dalquest 1980 [synonym]
Tr. Camelini Gray 1821
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G. †Camelops Leidy 1854
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Camelops hesternus Leidy 1873
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Invalid names: Camelops aransas Hay 1926 [synonym], Camelops huerfanensis Cragin 1892 [synonym], Camelops sulcatus Cope 1893 [synonym], Camelops traviswhitei Mooser and Dalquest 1975 [synonym]
Camelops kansanus Leidy 1854
Camelops minidokae Hay 1927
Invalid names: Camelops arenarum Hay 1927 [nomen dubium], Camelops maximus Hay 1921 [nomen dubium], Camelops nevadanus Hay 1927 [nomen dubium], Camelops nitidus Hay 1920 [nomen dubium], Camelops vacondae Hay 1927 [nomen dubium], Eschatius Cope 1884 [nomen dubium], Eschatius conidens Cope 1884 [nomen dubium], Megalomeryx Leidy 1858 [synonym]
G. Camelus Linnaeus 1758 [camel]
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Camelus antiquus Falconer and Cautley 1836
Camelus bactrianus Linnaeus 1758
Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus 1758
Camelus grattardi Geraads 2014
Camelus knoblochi Nehring 1901
Camelus sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1836
Camelus thomasi Pomel 1893
G. †Gigantocamelus Barbour and Schultz 1939
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Invalid names: Gigantocamelus fricki Barbour and Schultz 1939 [synonym]
G. †Megacamelus Frick 1929
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Megacamelus fricki Frick 1929
Megacamelus merriami Frick 1921
G. †Megatylopus Matthew and Cook 1909
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Megatylopus cochrani Hibbard and Riggs 1949
Megatylopus gigas Matthew and Cook 1909
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Invalid names: Paracamelus brevirostris Macdonald 1959 [synonym]
Megatylopus matthewi Webb 1965
Megatylopus primaevus Patton 1969
G. †Paracamelus Schlosser 1903
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Paracamelus agguirrei Morales 1984
Paracamelus alexejevi Khavesson 1950
Paracamelus alutensis Stefanescu 1895
Paracamelus gigas Schlosser 1903
Paracamelus khersonensis Pavlow 1903
Invalid names: Paracamelus arenicola Reed and Longnecker 1932 [nomen nudum]
G. †Titanotylopus Barbour and Schultz 1934
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Titanotylopus nebraskensis Barbour and Schultz 1934
G. †Hesperocamelus Macdonald 1949
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Hesperocamelus stylodon Macdonald 1949
Tr. Lamini Webb 1965
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G. †Aepycamelus Macdonald 1956
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Aepycamelus alexandrae Davidson 1923
Aepycamelus bradyi Macdonald 1956
Aepycamelus elrodi Douglass 1909
Aepycamelus giraffinus Matthew 1909
Aepycamelus major Leidy 1886
Aepycamelus priscus Matthew and Cook 1909
Aepycamelus procerus Matthew and Cook 1909
Aepycamelus robustus Leidy 1858
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Invalid names: Homocamelus caninus Leidy 1869 [synonym], Procamelus madisonius Douglass 1899 [synonym], Protolabis prehensilis Cope 1881 [synonym]
Aepycamelus stocki Henshaw 1942
Invalid names: Alticamelus Matthew 1901 [synonym]
G. †Blancocamelus Dalquest 1975
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Blancocamelus meadei Dalquest 1975
G. †Eulamaops Ameghino 1889
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Eulamaops parallelus Ameghino 1884
G. †Hemiauchenia Gervais and Ameghino 1880
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Hemiauchenia edensis Frick 1921
Hemiauchenia gracilis Meachen 2005
Hemiauchenia guanajuatensis Dalquest and Mooser 1980
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Invalid names: Camelus americanus Wortman 1898 [synonym], Lama hollomani Hay and Cook 1930 [synonym], Lama stevensi Merriam and Stock 1925 [synonym], Tanupolama seymourensis Hibbard and Dalquest 1962 [synonym]
Hemiauchenia minima Leidy 1886
Hemiauchenia paradoxa Gervais and Ameghino 1880
Invalid names: Tanupolama Stock 1928 [synonym]
G. Lama Cuvier 1800
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Subg. Lama (Lama) Menegaz et al. 1989
Lama castelnaudi Gervais 1855
Lama glama Linnaeus 1758
Lama gracilis Gervais and Ameghino 1980
Lama guanicoe Müller 1776 [guanaco]
Lama intermedia Gervais 1855
Lama mesolithica Ameghino 1889
Lama pacos Linnaeus 1758
G. †Palaeolama Gervais 1869
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Subg. †Palaeolama (Astylolama) Churcher 1965
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Subg. †Palaeolama (Protauchenia) Branco 1883
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Palaeolama brevirostris Rusconi 1930
Palaeolama castelnaudi Gervais 1854
Palaeolama crassa Hoffstetter 1952
Palaeolama crequii Boule and Thevenin 1920
Palaeolama leptognata Ameghino 1889
Palaeolama mirifica Simpson 1929 [stout-legged llama]
Palaeolama niedae Guérin and Faure 1999
Palaeolama promesolithica Ameghino 1889
Palaeolama weddeli Gervais 1855
Palaeolama weddelli Gervais 1855
G. †Pleiolama Webb and Meachen 2004
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Pleiolama mckennai Webb and Meachen 2004
Pleiolama vera Matthew 1909
G. †Pliauchenia Cope 1875
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Subg. †Pliauchenia (Megatylopus) Matthew and Cook 1909
Pliauchenia magnifontis Gregory 1939
Pliauchenia minima Wortman 1898
Pliauchenia raki Frick 1921
G. †Procamelus Leidy 1858
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Procamelus grandis Gregory 1939
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Invalid names: Procamelus dakotensis Green 1956 [synonym]
Procamelus leptocolon Matthew 1909
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Invalid names: Procamelus lacustris Douglass 1899 [synonym]
Invalid names: Homocamelus Leidy 1869 [synonym]
G. Vicugna Lesson 1842
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Lama (Vicugna) gracilis Gervais and Ameghino 1881
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Invalid names: Auchenia frontosa Gervais and Ameghino 1880 [synonym], Auchenia lujanensis Ameghino 1889 [synonym], Auchenia minuta Burmeister 1891 [synonym], Hemiauchenia pristina Ameghino 1891 [synonym]
Vicugna vicugna Molina 1782
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Invalid names: Vicugna provicugna Hoffstetter 1963 [synonym]
Invalid names: Procamelus edensis raki Frick 1921 [nomen vanum], Tanupolama parvus Olson 1940 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Camelopini Webb 1965 [empty], Procamelus minor Leidy 1886 [nomen dubium], Prochenia [nomen nudum], Protolabidini Webb 1965 [empty]
Subfm. †Floridatragulinae Maglio 1966
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G. †Aguascalientia Stevens 1977
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Aguascalientia minuta Rincon et al. 2012
Aguascalientia panamaensis Rincon et al. 2012
Aguascalientia wilsoni Dalquest and Mooser 1974
G. †Floridatragulus White 1940
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Invalid names: Floridatragulus barbouri White 1947 [synonym], Hypermekops olseni White 1942 [synonym]
Floridatragulus nanus Patton 1969
Floridatragulus texanus Patton 1969
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Invalid names: Floridatragulus hesperus Patton 1969 [synonym]
Invalid names: Hypermekops White 1942 [synonym]
G. †Stevenscamelus Prothero et al. 2023
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Stevenscamelus franki Wilson 1974
G. †Matthewlabis Prothero 2011
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Matthewlabis cedrensis Matthew 1901
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Invalid names: Protomeryx campester Matthew 1901 [synonym], Pseudolabis (Paralabis) matthewi Lull 1921 [synonym]
Invalid names: Paralabis Lull 1921 [replaced]
Subfm. †Miolabinae Hay 1902
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G. †Capricamelus Whistler and Webb 2005
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Capricamelus gettyi Whistler and Webb 2005
G. †Cuyamacamelus Kelly 1992
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Cuyamacamelus jamesi Kelly 1992
G. †Miolabis Hay 1899
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Subg. †Miolabis (Paratylopus) Matthew 1904
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Miolabis californicus Maxson 1930
Miolabis fissidens Cope 1876
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Invalid names: Protolabis princetonianus Sinclair 1915 [synonym]
Miolabis fricki Kelly 1992
Miolabis longiceps Matthew 1909
Miolabis montanus Douglass 1899
G. †Nothotylopus Patton 1969
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G. †Paramiolabis Kelly 1992
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Paramiolabis minutus Pagnac 2005
Paramiolabis singularis Matthew 1918
Paramiolabis taylori Kelly 1992
Paramiolabis tenuis Matthew 1924
Subfm. †Nothokemadinae White 1947
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G. †Gentilicamelus Loomis 1936
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Gentilicamelus cameloides Wortman 1898
G. †Nothokemas White 1947
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Nothokemas floridanus Simpson 1932
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Invalid names: Paratylopus grandis White 1940 [synonym]
Nothokemas hidalgensis Patton 1969
Nothokemas waldropi Frailey 1978
G. †Oxydactylus Peterson 1904
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Invalid names: Procamelus concerptus Hay 1924 [synonym], Protolabis francisi Hay 1924 [synonym]
Oxydactylus lacota Matthew and Macdonald 1960
Oxydactylus longipes Peterson 1904
Oxydactylus lulli Loomis 1911
Oxydactylus wyomingensis Loomis 1936
G. †Palauchenia del Castillo 1869
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Palauchenia mexicana del Castillo 1869
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Invalid names: Palauchenia magna Owen 1870 [synonym]
G. †Paratylopus Matthew 1904
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Paratylopus labiatus Cope 1881
Paratylopus matthewi Lull 1921
Paratylopus primaevus Matthew 1904
Paratylopus wortmani Lull 1921
Invalid names: Protomeryx halli Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium]
G. †Poebrodon Gazin 1955
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Poebrodon kayi Gazin 1955
G. †Poebrotherium Leidy 1847
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Poebrotherium chadronense Prothero 1996
Poebrotherium wilsoni Leidy 1847
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Invalid names: Poebrotherium andersoni Troxell 1917 [synonym]
G. †Priscocamelus Stevens et al. 1969
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Priscocamelus wilsoni Stevens et al. 1969
Subfm. †Protolabinae Zittel 1893
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G. †Michenia Frick and Taylor 1971
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Michenia agatensis Frick and Taylor 1971
Michenia deschutensis Dingus 1990
Michenia exilis Matthew and Macdonald 1960
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Invalid names: Michenia australis Stevens 1977 [synonym]
Michenia mudhillsensis Pagnac 2005
G. †Protolabis Cope 1876
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Protolabis coartatus Stirton 1929
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Invalid names: Protolabis notiochorinos Patton 1969 [synonym]
Protolabis gracilis Leidy 1858
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Invalid names: Procamelus foxi Macdonald 1960 [synonym]
Protolabis inaequidens Cope and Matthew 1915
Protolabis saxeus Matthew 1924
Protolabis yavapaiensis Honey and Taylor 1978
G. †Tanymykter Honey and Taylor 1978
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Tanymykter brachyodontus Peterson 1904
Tanymykter longirostris Peterson 1911
Subfm. †Stenomylinae Matthew 1910
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G. †Miotylopus Schlaikjer 1935
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Miotylopus gibbi Loomis 1911
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Invalid names: Dyseotylopus migrans Stock 1935 [synonym], Miotylopus bathygnathus Schlaikjer 1935 [synonym]
Miotylopus leonardi Loomis 1911
Miotylopus taylori Prothero 1996
Invalid names: Dyseotylopus Stock 1935 [synonym]
G. †Pseudolabis Matthew 1904
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Subg. †Pseudolabis (Paralabis) Lull 1921
Pseudolabis dakotensis Matthew 1904
Tr. †Stenomylini Prothero 1996
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G. †Blickomylus Frick and Taylor 1968
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Blickomylus galushai Frick and Taylor 1968
Blickomylus moroni Constenius and Dawson 2008
G. †Rakomylus Frick 1937
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Rakomylus raki Frick 1937
G. †Stenomylus Peterson 1907
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Stenomylus crassipes Loomis 1910
Stenomylus gracilis Peterson 1907
Stenomylus hitchcocki Loomis 1910
Stenomylus keelinensis Frick and Taylor 1968
Stenomylus taylori Cassiliano 2008
Stenomylus tubutamensis Ferrusquia-Villafranca 1990
Invalid names: Stenomylus (Pegomylus) Frick and Taylor 1968 [invalid subgroup], Stenomylus (Stenomylus) Frick and Taylor 1968 [invalid subgroup]
G. †Wyomylus Cassiliano 2008
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Wyomylus whitei Cassiliano 2008
Invalid names: Pseudolabidinae Simpson 1945 [synonym]
G. †Stilauchenia Ameghino 1889
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Stilauchenia owenii Gervais and Ameghino 1880
G. †Teleopternus Cope 1899
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Invalid names: Aepycamelinae Webb 1965 [invalid subgroup], Altomeryx Frick 1929 [nomen nudum], Aucheniina Bonaparte 1850 [empty], Camelina Gray 1825 [empty], Eschatiidae Cope 1887 [synonym], Gomphotherium Cope 1886 [invalid subgroup], Gomphotherium serus Douglass 1899 [nomen dubium], Merycotheriina Bonaparte 1850 [empty], Nothokematinae Prothero 1996 [empty], Poebrotheriinae Zittel 1893 [invalid subgroup], Protolabididae Cope 1887 [synonym], Protomeryx Leidy 1856 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
D. R. Prothero 1996he Family Camelidae is united by the following shared characters that distinguish it from the remaining Tylopoda, and all other artiodactyls: fully selenodont, transversely compressed upper molars that are relatively high- crowned (compared to other primitive Tylopoda), with straight ectolophs, and with fossettes that are closed anteriorly and posteriorly after moderate wear. Relatively long, narrow rostrum. Postorbital processes well developed, and nearly or completely closed. Inflated tympanic bulla filled with cancellous bone and indented by a deep tympanohyal groove. Angular process on mandible with a distinctive dorsal "hook." Long, unfused to fused, distally divergent middle metapodials with metacarpals II and IV and metatarsals II and V reduced to nodules. Metatarsals III and IV have flattened dorsal surfaces and their distal keels do not extend to the dorsal side. Fibular facet on the calcaneum has a proximal convexity and a dorsal concavity.