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Bison (bison)

Mammalia - Bovidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1827Bison Hamilton-Smith
1846Harlanus Owen
1860Bison Leidy p. 109
1873Bison Leidy p. 318
1878Bison Lydekker
1902Bison Hay p. 688
1930Simobison Hay and Cook
1933Stelabison Figgins
1935Bison Schultz and Howard p. 292
1967Bison Wilson p. 219
1980Bison Kurten and Anderson p. 335
1988Bison Carroll
1999Bison Hassanin and Douzery p. 899
2001Bison Grubb p. 375
2008Bison Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 980 figs. Fig. 5

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
RankNameAuthor
—Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
—Theriiformes()
—Trechnotheria
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—Laurasiatheria
—Scrotifera
—Euungulata
—Artiodactylamorpha
—Artiodactyla()
—Ruminantiamorpha
—Ruminantia(Scopoli 1777)
—Pecora()
familyBovidae
subfamilyBovinae(Gray 1821)
tribeBoviniGray 1821
subtribeBovinaGray 1821
genusBisonHamilton-Smith 1827

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Bison Hamilton-Smith 1827 [bison]
show all | hide all
†Bison alaskensis Rhoads 1897
+
Invalid names: Bison aguascalentensis Mooser and Dalquest 1975 [synonym], Bison chaneyi Cook 1928 [synonym]
†Bison antiquus Leidy 1852
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Invalid names: Bison californicus Rhoads 1897 [synonym], Bison figginsi Hay and Cook 1928 [synonym], Bison kansensis McClung 1905 [synonym], Bison occidentalis Lucas 1898 [synonym], Bison oliverhayi Figgins 1933 [synonym], Bison pacificus Hay 1927 [synonym], Bison taylori Hay and Cook 1928 [synonym], Bison texanus Hay and Cook 1928 [synonym], Bos scaphoceras [synonym]
Bison bison Linnaeus 1758 [American bison]
+
Invalid names: Bos americanus Gmelin 1788 [synonym]
Bison bonasus Linnaeus 1758
+
Invalid names: Bison europaeus Owen 1849 [synonym]
†Bison francisi Frick 1937
†Bison latifrons Harlan 1825
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Invalid names: Bison alleni Marsh 1877 [synonym], Bison angularis Figgins 1933 [synonym], Bison ferox Marsh 1877 [synonym], Bison regius Hay 1913 [synonym], Bison rotundus Figgins 1933 [synonym], Bos arizonica Blake 1898 [synonym], Bos crampianus Cope 1894 [synonym], Sus americanus Harlan [synonym]
†Bison palaeosinensis Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930
†Bison priscus Bojanus 1827
+
Invalid names: Bison crassicornis Richardson 1854 [synonym], Bison geisti Skinner and Kaisen 1947 [synonym], Bison praeoccidentalis Skinner and Kaisen 1947 [synonym], Bison willistoni Martin 1924 [synonym]
†Bison sivalensis Falconer 1847
†Bison sylvestris Hay 1915
Invalid names: Harlanus Owen 1846 [synonym], Simobison Hay and Cook 1930 [synonym], Stelabison Figgins 1933 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
partNmean
M1 height148.6
M2 height157.7
m1 height147.1
m2 height161.3
m3 height142.5

Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialo
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingf
Diet: grazerg
Reproduction: viviparousf
Comments: based on Walker (1975); also a grazer during the Pleistocene based on stable isotopes (MacFadden and Cerling 1996)g
Created: 2009-01-04 10:41:41
Modified: 2009-01-04 13:00:55
Source: g = genus, f = family, o = order, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Nowak 1999, Hendy et al. 2009, Nowak 1991, MacFadden and Cerling 1996, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Clarendonian to the top of the Holocene or 12.50000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 9.4 Ma

Collections (309 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Middle Miocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene15.97 - 0.781Netherlands Bison priscus (189573)
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Texas) Bison sp. (18611)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.588Russian Federation (Rostovskaya Oblast') Bison sp. (39409)
Pliocene - Pleistocene5.333 - 0.0117Spain (Granada) Leptobos sp. (40986)
Blancan4.9 - 1.8USA (Texas) Bison sp. (20022)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588Mexico (México) Bos latifrons (163820)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.588India Bison sp. (39209 39210)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene3.6 - 0.781China (Hebei) Bison palaeosinensis (231023)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Greece Bison degiulii (230277)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Greece (Mygdonia) Bison sp. (200083 200084)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Mongolia Bison sp. (71060)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Romania Bison schoetensacki (33974 34009)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781France (Auvergne) Bison schoetensacki (47830) Bison sp. (47831)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Russian Federation (Respublika Saha (Jakutija)) Bison sp. (48580)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Kyrgyzstan Bison sp. (34447)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Spain (Castilla-Leon) Bison sp. (34916)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Georgia Bison georgicus (56733) Bison sp. (40401)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781China (Hebei) Bison palaeosinensis (197069)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Russian Federation (West Siberia) Bison sp. (40495)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.588 - 0.781Greece (central Macedonia ) Bison sp. (197943 204658)