PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Bos (ox)

Mammalia - Bovidae

Taxonomy

Bos was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant. It is the type genus of Bovinae, Bovina.

It was assigned to Pecora by Linnaeus (1758); to Bovina by Gray (1825); to Ruminantia by Owen (1848); to Ruminantia by Leidy (1860); to Bovina by Hassanin and Douzery (1999); to Bovidae by Lydekker (1878), Lydekker (1880), Wilson (1967), Carroll (1988), Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi (1995) and Burney et al. (2008); to Bovinae by Kurten and Anderson (1980) and Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008); and to Bovini by Grubb (2001), Hassanin and Douzery (2003) and Gentry (2010).

Species

B. acutifrons, B. bubaloides (syn. B. praeafricanus), B. caffer, B. chinensis, B. frontalis, B. gaurus, B. grunniens (syn. B. bunnelli), B. indicus, B. javanicus, B. makapaani, B. namadicus (syn. B. falconerianus), B. palaethiopicus, B. planifrons, B. platyrhinus, B. primigenius, B. sauveli, B. taurus

Species lacking formal opinion data

B. buiaensis, B. elatus

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1758	Bos Linnaeus p. 71
1825	Bos Gray p. 342
1848	Bos Owen p. 139
1860	Bos Leidy p. 110
1878	Bos Lydekker
1880	Bos Lydekker
1967	Bos Wilson p. 219
1980	Bos Kurten and Anderson p. 339
1988	Bos Carroll
1995	Bos Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi p. 252
1999	Bos Hassanin and Douzery p. 899
2001	Bos Grubb p. 375
2003	Bos Hassanin and Douzery p. 212
2008	Bos Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 979 figs. Fig. 5
2008	Bos Burney et al. p. 19
2010	Bos Gentry p. 755

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia

Rank	Name	Author
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Artiodactylamorpha
—	Artiodactyla	()
—	Ruminantiamorpha
—	Ruminantia	(Scopoli 1777)
—	Pecora	()
family	Bovidae
subfamily	Bovinae	(Gray 1821)
tribe	Bovini	Gray 1821
genus	Bos

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Bos Linnaeus 1758 [ox]

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†Bos acutifrons Lydekker 1877

†Bos bubaloides Arambourg 1979

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Invalid names: Bos praeafricanus Arambourg 1979 [synonym]

†Bos caffer Sparman 1779 [African buffalo]

†Bos chinensis Gray 1873

Bos frontalis Lambert 1804 [gayal]

Bos gaurus Smith 1827

Bos grunniens Linnaeus 1766 [yak]

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Invalid names: Bos bunnelli Frick 1937 [synonym]

Bos indicus Linnaeus 1758

Bos javanicus d'Alton 1823

†Bos makapaani Broom 1937

†Bos namadicus Falconer and Cautley 1847

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Invalid names: Bos falconerianus Falconer 1860 [objective synonym]

†Bos palaethiopicus Arambourg 1979

†Bos planifrons Lydekker 1877

†Bos platyrhinus Lydekker 1878

†Bos primigenius Bojanus 1827

Bos sauveli Urbain 1937

Bos taurus Linnaeus 1758 [cow]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

grazerf

Diet 2:

browserf

Reproduction:

viviparousf

Created:

2005-06-08 10:11:09

Modified:

2005-09-22 12:01:17

Source: f = family, o = order, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Hendy et al. 2009, Nowak 1999, Carroll 1988, Nowak 1991

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Pliocene to the top of the Holocene or 3.60000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 2.588 Ma

Collections (196 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Middle Miocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene	15.97 - 0.781	Netherlands	Bos taurus (189573)
Pliocene - Pleistocene	5.333 - 0.0117	India (Himachal Pradesh)	Bos platyrhinus (232188)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.588	India	Bos sp. (39209 39210)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Ethiopia	Bos makapania (21785)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Turkey	Bos primigenius (39314)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	China (Yunnan)	Bos sp. (71055)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	France (Alpes Maritimes)	Bos primigenius (50342)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Spain (Granada)	Bos sp. (34943)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Greece (Dodecanese)	Bos elatus (204662)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	United Kingdom (England)	Bos primigenius (77751)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Netherlands	Bos sp., Bos taurus (189574)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Germany (Thüringen)	Bos primigenius (43020 45065 45070) Bos sp. (45072)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Eritrea (Buia)	Bos buiaensis (193126)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Algeria (Northern Algeria)	Bos bubaloides, Bos praeafricanus (197944)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Algeria	Bos bubaloides (69723) Bos palaethiopicus (224087)
Early/Lower Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Italy (Sicily)	Bos primigenius (94328)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	United Kingdom (Scotland)	Bos longifrons (224266)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	France	Bos sp. (22651)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Italy (Verona)	Bos sp. (43656 43658)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Egypt (Kom Ombo Plain)	Bos primigenius (22508 22511 22512 22513 22515 22516 22517 22518 22521 22523 22524 22541 22545)