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Protocetidae
Taxonomy
Protocetidae was named by Stromer (1908). It was considered paraphyletic by Uhen (2008) and Fitzgerald (2010).
It was assigned to Protocetoidea by Rice (1998), Gingerich (2005) and Rice (2009); to Archaeoceti by Stromer (1908), Abel (1914), Miller (1923), Kellogg (1928), Kellogg (1936), Simpson (1945), Barnes et al. (1985), Kumar and Sahni (1985), Carroll (1988), Benton (1993), Fordyce and Barnes (1994), Fordyce et al. (1995), McKenna and Bell (1997), Uhen (2001), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Rice (2002), Fordyce (2003), Geisler and Sanders (2003), McLeod and Barnes (2008), Uhen (2008), Gingerich et al. (2009), Fitzgerald (2010), Bianucci and Gingerich (2011), Gingerich (2012), Hautier et al. (2014), Gingerich and Zouhri (2015) and Gao and Ni (2015); to Archaeoceti by Slijper (1936), Bianucci and Landini (2007) and Gingerich (2019); to Cetacea by van Vliet (2004), Uhen et al. (2011), Uhen (2014), Marx et al. (2016), Berta (2017) and Lambert et al. (2019); and to Cetacea by Thewissen et al. (2001), Uhen and Berndt (2008), Uhen (2010), Godfrey et al. (2013), Bajpai and Thewissen (2014), Gingerich and Cappetta (2014) and Gibson et al. (2019).
It was assigned to Protocetoidea by Rice (1998), Gingerich (2005) and Rice (2009); to Archaeoceti by Stromer (1908), Abel (1914), Miller (1923), Kellogg (1928), Kellogg (1936), Simpson (1945), Barnes et al. (1985), Kumar and Sahni (1985), Carroll (1988), Benton (1993), Fordyce and Barnes (1994), Fordyce et al. (1995), McKenna and Bell (1997), Uhen (2001), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Rice (2002), Fordyce (2003), Geisler and Sanders (2003), McLeod and Barnes (2008), Uhen (2008), Gingerich et al. (2009), Fitzgerald (2010), Bianucci and Gingerich (2011), Gingerich (2012), Hautier et al. (2014), Gingerich and Zouhri (2015) and Gao and Ni (2015); to Archaeoceti by Slijper (1936), Bianucci and Landini (2007) and Gingerich (2019); to Cetacea by van Vliet (2004), Uhen et al. (2011), Uhen (2014), Marx et al. (2016), Berta (2017) and Lambert et al. (2019); and to Cetacea by Thewissen et al. (2001), Uhen and Berndt (2008), Uhen (2010), Godfrey et al. (2013), Bajpai and Thewissen (2014), Gingerich and Cappetta (2014) and Gibson et al. (2019).
Subtaxa
Aegyptocetus, Artiocetus, Babiacetus, Carolinacetus, Crenatocetus, Dhedacetus, Eocetus (syn. Mesocetus), Gaviacetus, Georgiacetinae, Georgiacetus, Indocetinae, Indocetus, Kharodacetus, Maiacetus, Makaracetinae, Makaracetus, Natchitochia, Pappocetinae, Pappocetus, Peregocetus, Phiomicetus, Protocetinae, Protocetus, Qaisracetus, Rodhocetus, Takracetus, Togocetus, Tupelocetus
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
---|---|
1908 | Protocetidae Stromer p. 148 |
1914 | Protocetidae Abel p. 220 |
1923 | Protocetidae Miller p. 40 |
1928 | Protocetidae Kellogg p. 32 figs. Table 1 |
1936 | Protocetidae Kellogg p. 231 |
1936 | Protocetidae Slijper p. 540 |
1945 | Protocetidae Simpson p. 100 |
1985 | Protocetidae Barnes et al. p. 25 |
1985 | Protocetidae Kumar and Sahni p. 166 |
1988 | Protocetidae Carroll |
1993 | Protocetidae Benton p. 761 |
1994 | Protocetidae Fordyce and Barnes p. 428 |
1995 | Protocetidae Fordyce et al. p. 379 |
1997 | Protocetidae McKenna and Bell p. 369 |
1998 | Protocetidae Rice |
2001 | Protocetidae Fordyce and de Muizon p. 176 |
2001 | Protocetidae Thewissen et al. p. 351 figs. Table 1 |
2001 | Protocetidae Uhen p. 135 |
2002 | Protocetidae Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1 |
2003 | Protocetidae Fordyce p. 156 figs. Figure 9.1 |
2003 | Protocetidae Geisler and Sanders p. 27 |
2004 | Protocetidae van Vliet p. 143 |
2005 | Protocetidae Gingerich p. 237 figs. Table 15.1 |
2007 | Protocetidae Bianucci and Landini p. 45 figs. Table 2.1 |
2008 | Protocetidae McLeod and Barnes p. 74 |
2008 | Protocetidae Uhen p. 559 |
2008 | Protocetidae Uhen and Berndt p. 57 |
2009 | Protocetidae Gingerich et al. p. 3 |
2009 | Protocetidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1 |
2010 | Protocetidae Fitzgerald p. 370 figs. Table 1 |
2010 | Protocetidae Uhen p. 203 figs. Figure 1 |
2011 | Protocetidae Bianucci and Gingerich p. 1175 |
2011 | Protocetidae Uhen et al. p. 957 |
2012 | Protocetidae Gingerich p. 313 figs. Figure 4 |
2013 | Protocetidae Godfrey et al. p. 257 |
2014 | Protocetidae Bajpai and Thewissen p. 2 |
2014 | Protocetidae Gingerich and Cappetta p. 111 |
2014 | Protocetidae Hautier et al. p. e2 |
2014 | Protocetidae Uhen p. 1030 |
2015 | Protocetidae Gao and Ni p. 156 figs. Table 1 |
2015 | Protocetidae Gingerich and Zouhri p. 276 |
2016 | Protocetidae Marx et al. p. 98 |
2017 | Protocetidae Berta p. 159 |
2019 | Protocetidae Gibson et al. |
2019 | Protocetidae Gingerich p. 5 |
2019 | Protocetidae Lambert et al. p. 1 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. †Protocetidae Stromer 1908
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G. †Babiacetus Trivedy and Satsangi 1984
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†Babiacetus indicus Trivedy and Satsangi 1984
†Babiacetus mishrai Bajpai and Thewissen 1998
G. †Eocetus Fraas 1904
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†Eocetus drazindai Gingerich et al. 1997
†Eocetus schweinfurthi Fraas 1904
Invalid names: Mesocetus Fraas 1904 [replaced]
Subfm. †Georgiacetinae Gingerich et al. 2005
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G. †Qaisracetus Gingerich et al. 2001
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†Qaisracetus arifi Gingerich et al. 2001
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Invalid names: Qaisracetus spinalis Gingerich et al. 2001 [objective synonym]
G. †Rodhocetus Gingerich et al. 1994
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†Rodhocetus balochistanensis Gingerich et al. 2001
†Rodhocetus kasranii Gingerich et al. 1994
Invalid names: Indocetinae Gingerich et al. 1993 [empty], Makaracetinae Gingerich et al. 2005 [empty], Pappocetinae McLeod and Barnes 2008 [empty], Protocetinae Gingerich and Russell 1990 [empty]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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M. D. Uhen 2001 | Thewissen and others (1996) characterized members of the family Protocetidae as having a supraorbital shield, greatly enlarged mandibular foramina, a reduced nasopharyngeal duct (compared to Ambulocetus), and reduced hind limbs. All non-basilosaurid archaeocetes, including protocetids, are characterized by the retention of M3, lack of well-developed accessory denticles on the cheek teeth, and presence of innominata that lack a greatly elongated pubis, and possess a craniodorsally oriented ilium (rather than caudodorsally oriented as in Basilosauridae). The family Protocetidae is most likely paraphyletic, giving rise to the Basilosauridae (Thewissen and others, 1996; see below). | |
M. D. Uhen 2008 | Thewissen et al. (1996) characterized members of the family Protocetidae as having a supraorbital shield, greatly enlarged mandibular foramina, a reduced nasopharyngeal duct (compared to Ambulocetus), and reduced hind limbs. All non-basilosaurid archaeocetes, including protocetids, are characterized as retaining M3, lacking well-developed accessory denticles on the cheek teeth, and having normally oriented innominata that lack a greatly elongated pubis (Uhen, 1998b). The family Protocetidae is most likely paraphyletic, giving rise to the Basilosauridae (Thewissen et al., 1996). This taxonomy does not follow the subfamilial taxonomy erected by Gingerich et al. (2005), which may be valid, but was unsupported by phylogenetic analysis. | |
M. D. Uhen 2014 | Members of the Family Protocetidae have a well-developed supraorbital shield; greatly enlarged mandibular foramina; a reduced nasopharyngeal duct (compared to Ambulocetus); M3 present; well-developed accessory denticles on the cheek teeth absent; innominata oriented in a standard mammalian anatomical position with a well-developed ischium and ilium; greatly elongate pubis absent; 13 thoracic verte- brae, 6 lumbar vertebrae, and 4 sacral vertebrae (Thewissen et al. 1996, Uhen 1998b, Gingerich 2010, Uhen et al. 2011). |