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Elephantidae (elephant)
Taxonomy
Elephantidae was named by Gray (1821). It is extant. Its type is Elephas. It is the type family of Elephantoidea.
It was assigned to Proboscidiae by Gray (1821); to Ungulata by Gray (1825); to Belluae by Bonaparte (1850); to Proboscidia by Lydekker (1880) and Cope (1889); to Proboscidea by Flower and Lydekker (1891); to Gomphotherioidea by Maglio (1973); to Euelephantoidea by Carroll (1988); to Proboscidea by Flower (1883), Abel (1919) and Nowak (1991); to Elephantiformes by Shoshani and Tassy (1996); to Elephantoidea by Lambert and Shoshani (1998); to Proboscidea by Cope (1889), Hay (1902), Stefani (1916), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Thurmond and Jones (1981) and Wilson and Reeder (2005); and to Elephantoidea by Kalb and Frohelich (1995), McKenna and Bell (1997), Mackaye et al. (2005), Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Shoshani et al. (2006) and Sanders (2007).
It was assigned to Proboscidiae by Gray (1821); to Ungulata by Gray (1825); to Belluae by Bonaparte (1850); to Proboscidia by Lydekker (1880) and Cope (1889); to Proboscidea by Flower and Lydekker (1891); to Gomphotherioidea by Maglio (1973); to Euelephantoidea by Carroll (1988); to Proboscidea by Flower (1883), Abel (1919) and Nowak (1991); to Elephantiformes by Shoshani and Tassy (1996); to Elephantoidea by Lambert and Shoshani (1998); to Proboscidea by Cope (1889), Hay (1902), Stefani (1916), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Thurmond and Jones (1981) and Wilson and Reeder (2005); and to Elephantoidea by Kalb and Frohelich (1995), McKenna and Bell (1997), Mackaye et al. (2005), Shoshani and Tassy (2005), Shoshani et al. (2006) and Sanders (2007).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1821 | Elephantidae Gray p. 305 |
| 1825 | Elephantidae Gray p. 342 |
| 1850 | Elephantidae Bonaparte p. 1 |
| 1880 | Elephantidae Lydekker |
| 1883 | Elephantidae Flower p. 185 |
| 1889 | Elephantidae Cope p. 192 |
| 1891 | Elephantidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90 |
| 1902 | Elephantidae Hay p. 707 |
| 1916 | Elephantidae Stefani p. 10 |
| 1919 | Elephantidae Abel p. 826 |
| 1973 | Elephantidae Maglio |
| 1980 | Elephantidae Kurten and Anderson p. 348 |
| 1981 | Elephantidae Thurmond and Jones p. 181 |
| 1988 | Elephantidae Carroll |
| 1991 | Elephantidae Nowak |
| 1995 | Elephantidae Kalb and Frohelich p. 729 |
| 1996 | Elephantidae Shoshani and Tassy p. 352 |
| 1997 | Elephantidae McKenna and Bell p. 502 |
| 1998 | Elephantidae Lambert and Shoshani p. 609 |
| 2005 | Elephantidae Mackaye et al. p. 766 |
| 2005 | Elephantidae Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2 |
| 2005 | Elephantidae Wilson and Reeder |
| 2006 | Elephantidae Shoshani et al. p. 17300 |
| 2007 | Elephantidae Sanders p. 7 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. Elephantidae Gray 1821 [elephant]
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Subfm. Elephantinae Gray 1821
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Tr. Elephantini Gray 1821
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G. Elephas Linnaeus 1758 [elephant]
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Subg. †Elephas (Euelephas) Leidy 1858
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†Elephas (Euelephas) hysudricus Falconer and Cautley 1875
†Elephas (Euelephas) namadicus Falconer 1846
Subg. Elephas (Loxodon) Müller and Henle 1838
†Elephas beyeri von Koenigswald 1956
†Elephas ekorensis Maglio 1970
†Elephas falconeri Busk 1867
Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758 [Asian elephant]
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Elephas maximus indicus Cuvier 1798
Elephas maximus maximus Linnaeus 1758
Invalid names: Elephas asiaticus Blumenbach 1797 [synonym], Elephas gigas Perry 1811 [synonym]
Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck 1847
†Elephas melitensis Falconer 1868
†Elephas moghrebiensis Arambourg 1970
†Elephas nawataensis Tassy 2003
†Elephas planifrons Falconer and Cautley 1846
†Elephas priscus Goldfuss 1821
Invalid names: Elephantus Geoffroy and Cuvier 1795 [objective synonym], Hesperoloxodon Osborn 1931 [synonym], Hypselephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Leithadamsia Matsumoto 1927 [synonym], Mastodon elephantoides Clift 1829 [nomen dubium], Omoloxodon Deraniyagala 1955 [synonym], Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto 1924 [synonym], Pilgrimia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Platelephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Sivalikia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Stegoloxodon Kretzoi 1950 [synonym]
G. †Mammuthus Brookes 1828 [mammoth]
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†Mammuthus chosaricus Dubrovo 1966
†Mammuthus columbi Falconer 1857 [Columbian mammoth]
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Invalid names: Elephas eellsi Hay 1926 [synonym], Elephas floridanus Osborn 1929 [synonym], Elephas jacksoni Mather 1838 [synonym], Elephas jeffersonii Osborn 1922 [synonym], Elephas maibeni Barbour 1925 [synonym], Elephas roosevelti Hay 1922 [synonym], Elephas washingtonii Osborn 1923 [synonym], Mammuthus imperator Leidy 1858 [synonym], Parelephas progressus Osborn 1942 [synonym]
†Mammuthus creticus Bate 1907
†Mammuthus exilis Maglio 1970 [pygmy mammoth]
†Mammuthus hayi Barbour 1915
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Invalid names: Elephas haroldcooki Hay 1928 [synonym], Elephas scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]
†Mammuthus lamarmorae Major 1883
†Mammuthus meridionalis Nesti 1825
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Invalid names: Archidiskodon nebrascensis Osborn 1932 [synonym], Archidiskodon scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]
†Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach 1799 [wooly mammoth]
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Invalid names: Elephas boreus Hay 1924 [synonym]
†Mammuthus trogontherii Pohlig 1885
Invalid names: Archidiskodon Pohling 1888 [synonym], Parelephas Osborn 1924 [synonym]
Invalid names: Elephantina Gray 1825 [empty], Loxodontina Osborn 1918 [empty]
Tr. Loxodontini Osborn 1918
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G. Loxodonta Cuvier 1825 [African elephant]
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†Loxodonta adaurora Maglio 1970
Loxodonta africana Blumenbach 1797 [African bush elephant]
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Elephas africanus knochenhaueri Matschie 1900
Elephas africanus oxyotis Matschie 1900
Invalid names: Elephas capensis Cuvier 1798 [synonym]
†Loxodonta atlantica Pomel 1879
†Loxodonta cookei Sanders 2007
Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900 [African forest elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephas africanus albertensis Lydekker 1907 [synonym], Elephas africanus fransseni Schouteden 1914 [synonym], Elephas africanus pumilio Noack 1906 [synonym]
†Loxodonta exoptata Dietrich 1941
Invalid names: Elephas africanus cottoni Lydekker 1908 [synonym]
G. †Primelephas Maglio 1970
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†Primelephas korotorensis Coppens 1965
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Invalid names: Primelephas gomphotheroides Maglio 1970 [synonym]
G. †Emmenodon Cope 1889
G. †Stegodon Falconer 1857
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†Stegodon bombifrons Falconer 1847
†Stegodon florensis Hooijer 1957
†Stegodon ganesa Falconer and Cautley 1875
†Stegodon kaisensis Hopwood 1939
†Stegodon luzonensis von Koenigswald 1956
†Stegodon mindanensis Naumann 1890
†Stegodon sompoensis Hooijer 1964
†Stegodon sondaari van den Bergh 1999
†Stegodon sumbaensis Sartono 1979
†Stegodon syrticus Petrocchi 1943
†Stegodon trigonocephalus Martin 1887
†Stegodon trigonocephalus ngandongensis Osborn 1936
†Stegodon yuanmouensis You et al. 1978
G. †Stegotetrabelodon Petrocchi 1941
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†Stegotetrabelodon lybicus Petrocchi 1943
†Stegotetrabelodon orbus Maglio 1970
†Stegotetrabelodon syrticus Petrocchi 1941
Invalid names: Stegodontinae Osborn 1918 [empty], Stegotetrabelodontinae Aguirre 1969 [empty], Suina Gray 1825 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Nowak 1991, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Serravallian to the top of the Holocene or 13.82000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 11.62 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 11.62 Ma
Collections (1354 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | Loxodonta sp., Stegodon sp. (22220) Mammuthus sp. (22228) Mammuthus subplanifrons (22229) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | Uganda | Elephantidae indet. (22413) Loxodonta sp. (22394 22395 22408 22428 22433) Loxodonta sp., Stegodon kaisensis (22393) Mammuthus sp. (22344) Stegodon kaisensis (22418 22420 22437) Stegotetrabelodon sp. (22453 22454) Stegotetrabelodon sp., Primelephas gomphotheroides (22451) | |
| Neogene | USA (West Virginia) | Mammuthus sp. (123931) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan (Taichung) | Stegodon insignis (76860) Stegodon insignis, Stegodon sinensis, Stegodon orientalis (76862) Stegodon orientalis (76861) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan (Tainan) | Elephas sp. (76866) | |
| Neogene | Myanmar | Mastodon elephantoides, Elephas clifti, Elephas insignis (215569) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan | Elephas sp. (76865) Stegodon sinensis (76863) | |
| Neogene | Greece (Kozani) | Stegodon sp. (202732) | |
| Miocene - Pleistocene | South Africa | Mammuthus subplanifrons (22230) | |
| Miocene - Pleistocene | Ethiopia | Elephantidae indet. (22128) | |
| Serravallian | Italy (Aulia) | Stegotetrabelodon syrticus (215201) | |
| Tortonian | Kenya | Elephantidae indet. (219711) | |
| Tortonian | Italy (Calabria) | Stegotetrabelodon syrticus (215217) | |
| Tortonian - Messinian | Kenya | Elephantidae indet. A, Elephantidae indet., Stegotetrabelodon orbus, Primelephas gomphotheroides (22241) | |
| Tortonian - Zanclean | Kenya | Stegotetrabelodon orbus, Primelephas gomphotheroides (22236) | |
| Tortonian - Zanclean | Ethiopia | Mammuthus subplanifrons, Primelephas gomphotheroides (22162) Mammuthus subplanifrons, Stegodibelodon schneideri, Primelephas gomphotheroides (22139) Mammuthus subplanifrons, Stegotetrabelodon orbus, Primelephas gomphotheroides (22179) Stegodon kenyensis, Stegotetrabelodon orbus, Stegodon kaisensis, Primelephas gomphotheroides (22158) Stegotetrabelodon orbus, Stegodibelodon schneideri (22159) Stegotetrabelodon orbus, Stegodon kaisensis (22161) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi) | Stegotetrabelodon grandincisivum (28245) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima) | Elephas sp., Stegodon sp. (144187) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Thailand (Nakorn Ratchasima) | Stegodon sp. (67172) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | China (Gansu) | Stegodon sp. (231009) | |