PBDB Taxon

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Toxodontia

Mammalia - Notoungulata

Taxonomy

Toxodontia was named by Ameghino (1887).

It was corrected as Toxodonta by McKenna (1956), Vucetich and Bond (1982) and Bond and López (1993); it was misspelled as Toxodonta by Paula Couto (1956), Simpson (1967), McKenna (1975), Carroll (1988), Shockey (1997), Shockey et al. (2009), Ribeiro et al. (2010), López et al. (2010), Billet (2011), Deraco and GarcÍa-López (2016) and Silva Lacerda et al. (2020).

It was assigned to Taxeopoda by Cope (1889); to Amphidactyla by Ameghino (1889); to Perissodactyla by Ameghino (1894); to Ungulata by Flower and Lydekker (1891) and Gadow (1898); and to Notoungulata by Gregory (1910), McKenna (1956), Paula Couto (1956), Simpson (1967), McKenna (1975), Vucetich and Bond (1982), Carroll (1988), Bond and López (1993), Shockey (1997), Shockey et al. (2009), Ribeiro et al. (2010), López et al. (2010), Billet (2011), Deraco and GarcÍa-López (2016) and Silva Lacerda et al. (2020).

Subtaxa

Atryptheridae, Eutoxodontia, Haplodontheriidae, Homalodotheriidae, Isotemnidae, Lithops praevius, Nesotherium, Noaditherium, Notohippidae (syn. Rhynchippidae), Pachyrucidae, Periphragnis (syn. Coelodontotherium, Lemudeus, Tehuelia, Proasmodeus), Protoxodontidae, Rhadinotherium limitatum, Tembotheridae, Xotodontidae

Synonyms

Eurygeniops normalis was named by Ameghino (1897). Its type specimen is MACN A 51-85, a set of teeth (P4-M3), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Shockey (1997).
Lithops praevius was named by Ameghino (1887).

It was recombined as Palaeolithops praevius by Ameghino (1894); it was considered a nomen dubium by Scott (1912).
Notohippidae was named by Ameghino (1894). It is not extant. It was considered paraphyletic by Shockey (1997) and Shockey et al. (2009) and Deraco and GarcÍa-López (2016).

It was considered an invalid subgroup of Toxodontia by Martínez et al. (2020).

It was assigned to Litopterna by Ameghino (1894) and Ameghino (1897); to Toxodonta by Bond and López (1993); to Notoungulata by Cerdeño and Vera (2010); and to Toxodontia by Simpson (1967), Carroll (1988), Shockey (1997), Shockey et al. (2009), López et al. (2010) and Deraco and GarcÍa-López (2016).
Interhippus was named by Ameghino (1902).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Simpson (1967).

It was assigned to Notohippidae by Ameghino (1902) and Carroll (1988).
Rhynchippidae was named by Loomis (1914). Its type is Rhynchippus.

It was reranked as the subfamily Rhynchippinae by Simpson (1945); it was synonymized subjectively with Notohippidae by Simpson (1967).

It was assigned to Notohippidae by Simpson (1945).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1887	Lithops praevius Ameghino
1887	Toxodontia Ameghino
1889	Toxodontia Ameghino p. 355
1889	Toxodontia Cope p. 876
1891	Toxodontia Flower and Lydekker p. 90
1894	Notohippidae Ameghino
1894	Toxodontia Ameghino p. 20
1894	Notohippidae Ameghino p. 27
1894	Palaeolithops praevius Ameghino p. 27
1897	Notohippidae Ameghino p. 456
1897	Eurygeniops normalis Ameghino p. 466
1898	Toxodontia Gadow p. 45
1902	Interhippus Ameghino p. 13
1910	Toxodontia Gregory p. 466
1914	Rhynchippidae Loomis p. 89
1945	Rhynchippinae Simpson
1956	Toxodonta McKenna p. 736
1956	Toxodonta Paula Couto p. 102
1967	Notohippidae Simpson
1967	Toxodontia Simpson
1975	Toxodontia McKenna p. 43
1982	Toxodonta Vucetich and Bond
1988	Interhippus Carroll
1988	Notohippidae Carroll
1988	Toxodontia Carroll
1993	Notohippidae Bond and López
1993	Toxodonta Bond and López
1997	Notohippidae Shockey
1997	Toxodontia Shockey
2009	Notohippidae Shockey et al.
2009	Toxodontia Shockey et al.
2010	Notohippidae Cerdeño and Vera
2010	Notohippidae López et al.
2010	Toxodontia López et al.
2010	Toxodontia Ribeiro et al.
2011	Toxodontia Billet
2016	Notohippidae Deraco and GarcÍa-López p. 2
2016	Toxodontia Deraco and GarcÍa-López p. 2
2020	Toxodontia Silva Lacerda et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida

Rank	Name	Author
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Afrotheria	Stanhope et al. 1998
—	Paenungulatomorpha
—	Paenungulata	Simpson 1945
—	Sudamericungulata
order	Notoungulata
suborder	Toxodontia	Ameghino 1887
suborder	Toxodontia	Ameghino 1887

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subor. †Toxodontia Ameghino 1887

show all | hide all

Unr. †Eutoxodontia Martínez et al. 2020

G. †Argyrohippus Ameghino 1902

†Argyrohippus fraterculus Ameghino 1902

Invalid names: Argyrohippus boulei Ameghino 1902 [synonym]

†Argyrohippus praecox Patterson 1935

G. †Eomorphippus Ameghino 1901

†Eomorphippus bondi Wyss et al. 2018

†Eomorphippus neilopdykei Wyss et al. 2018

†Eomorphippus obscurus Ameghino 1901

Invalid names: Eurystomus stehlini Roth 1902 [synonym], Lonkus rugei Roth 1902 [synonym], Pseudostylops subquadratus Ameghino 1901 [synonym]

Invalid names: Eurystomus Roth 1902 [synonym], Pleurystomus Ameghino 1902 [synonym], Pseudostylops Ameghino 1901 [synonym]

G. †Eurygenium Ameghino 1894

†Eurygenium latirostris Ameghino 1894

†Eurygenium normalis Ameghino 1897

†Eurygenium pacegnum Shockey 1997

Invalid names: Eurygeniops Ameghino 1897 [objective synonym]

Fm. †Leontiniidae Ameghino 1894

G. †Anayatherium Shockey 2005

†Anayatherium ekecoa Shockey 2005

†Anayatherium fortis Shockey 2005

G. †Ancylocoelus Ameghino 1895

†Ancylocoelus frequens Ameghino 1894

Invalid names: Ancylocoelus minor Ameghino 1901 [objective synonym], Henricofilholia inaequilatera Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Leontinia garzoni Ameghino 1894 [synonym], Rodiotherium armatum Ameghino 1894 [synonym]

†Ancylocoelus lentus Ameghino 1901

G. †Colpodon Burmeister 1885

†Colpodon antucoensis Shockey et al. 2012

†Colpodon distinctus Ameghino 1902

†Colpodon plicatus Ameghino 1904

†Colpodon propinquus Burmeister 1885

G. †Coquenia Deraco et al. 2008

†Coquenia bondi Deraco et al. 2008

G. †Elmerriggsia Shockey et al. 2012

†Elmerriggsia fieldia Shockey et al. 2012

G. †Gualta Cerdeño and Vera 2015

†Gualta cuyana Cerdeño and Vera 2015

G. †Henricofilholia Ameghino 1901

†Henricofilholia cingulata Ameghino 1894

†Henricofilholia circumdata Ameghino 1901

†Henricofilholia intercincta Ameghino 1904

†Henricofilholia lustrata Ameghino 1901

†Henricofilholia vucetichia Ribeiro et al. 2010

G. †Huilatherium Villarroel and Guerrero Diaz 1985

†Huilatherium pluripicatum Villarroel and Guerrero Diaz 1985

Invalid names: Laventatherium hylei Colwel 1965 [replaced]

Invalid names: Laventatherium Colwel 1965 [replaced]

G. †Leontinia Ameghino 1895

†Leontinia gaudryi Ameghino 1894

Invalid names: Leontinia fissicolis Ameghino 1897 [synonym], Leontinia lapidosa Ameghino 1894 [synonym], Leontinia oxyrhyncha Ameghino 1897 [synonym], Leontinia stenognatha Ameghino 1897 [synonym]

†Leontinia tertiaria Ameghino 1902

G. †Martinmiguelia Bond and López 1995

†Martinmiguelia fernandezi Bond and López 1995

G. †Purperia Paula Couto 1982

†Purperia cribatidens Paula Couto 1981

G. †Pyralophodon Ameghino 1904

†Pyralophodon pyriformis Ameghino 1904

G. †Rodiotherium

G. †Scaphops

†Scaphops grypus Ameghino 1894

G. †Scarrittia Simpson 1934

†Scarrittia barranquensis Ribeiro et al. 2010

†Scarrittia canquelensis Simpson 1934

†Scarrittia robusta Ubilla et al. 1994

G. †Stenogenium

†Stenogenium sclerops Ameghino 1894

G. †Taubatherium Soria and Alvarenga 1989

†Taubatherium paulacoutoi Soria and Alvarenga 1989

Invalid names: Taubatherium major Soria and Alvarenga 1989 [objective synonym]

G. †Termastherium Wyss et al. 2018

†Termastherium flacoensis Wyss et al. 2018

G. †Mendozahippus Cerdeño and Vera 2010

†Mendozahippus fierensis Cerdeño and Vera 2010

G. †Moqueguahippus Shockey et al. 2006

†Moqueguahippus glycisma Shockey et al. 2006

G. †Morphippus Ameghino 1897

†Morphippus complicatus Ameghino 1897

†Morphippus fraternus Ameghino 1901

†Morphippus hypselodus Ameghino 1897

†Morphippus imbricatus Ameghino 1897

†Morphippus quadrilobus Ameghino 1901

G. †Notohippus Ameghino 1891

†Notohippus toxodontoides Ameghino 1890

G. †Pascualihippus Shockey 1997

†Pascualihippus boliviensis Shockey 1997

G. †Patagonhippus López et al. 2010

†Patagonhippus canterensis López et al. 2010

†Patagonhippus dukei López et al. 2010

G. †Rosendo Wyss et al. 2018

†Rosendo pascuali Simpson 1967

G. †Teushentherium Martínez et al. 2020

†Teushentherium camaronensis Martínez et al. 2020

Fm. †Toxodontidae Scott 1873

G. †Alitoxodon Rovereto 1914

†Alitoxodon vetustus Rovereto 1914

G. †Charruatoxodon Ferrero et al. 2022

†Charruatoxodon uruguayensis Ferrero et al. 2022

G. †Dilobodon Ameghino 1882

Invalid names: Dilobodon lujanensis Ameghino 1886 [nomen dubium], Dilobodon lutarius Ameghino 1886 [nomen dubium]

Subfm. †Dinotoxodontinae Madden 1997

G. †Dinotoxodon Mecerat 1895

†Dinotoxodon paranensis Burmeister 1885

Invalid names: Palaeotoxodon paranensis Laurillard 1842 [synonym]

G. †Gyrinodon Hopwood 1928

†Gyrinodon quassus Hopwood 1928

G. †Pericotoxodon Madden 1997

†Pericotoxodon platignathus Madden 1997

G. †Hemixotodon Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931

†Hemixotodon chasicoensis Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931

G. †Hyperoxotodon Mercerat 1895

†Hyperoxotodon speciosus Ameghino 1887

G. †Mixotoxodon Van Frank 1957

†Mixotoxodon larensis Van Frank 1957

G. †Nesodonopsis Roth 1898

†Nesodonopsis burckhardti Roth 1898

†Nesodonopsis deformis Roth 1898

†Nesodonopsis speciosus Roth 1898

Subfm. †Nesodontinae Murray 1866

G. †Adinotherium Ameghino 1887

†Adinotherium corriguenense Ameghino 1907

†Adinotherium haplodontoides Ameghino 1891

†Adinotherium karaikense Ameghino 1891

†Adinotherium nitidum Ameghino 1887

†Adinotherium ovinum Owen 1846

Invalid names: Acrotherium kobyi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Acrotherium mutabile Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adinotherium ferum Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adinotherium magister Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adinotherium proximum Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adinotherium robustum Ameghino 1891 [synonym]

†Adinotherium splendidum Ameghino 1887

Invalid names: Adinotherium antiquum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adinotherium koby Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adinotherium pulchrum Mercerat 1891 [synonym]

G. †Berroia Kraglievich 1931

G. †Gronotherium Ameghino 1887

Invalid names: Protoxodon Ameghino 1887 [synonym]

G. †Nesodon Owen 1846

†Nesodon andium Ameghino 1891

†Nesodon brachycephalus Ameghino 1894

†Nesodon cavifrons Ameghino 1894

†Nesodon imbricatus Owen 1846

Invalid names: Acrotherium intermedium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Acrotherium variegatum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium ligatum Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adelphotherium lutarium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium pumilum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium repandum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium rothi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Adelphotherium trivium Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Gronotherium decrepitum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesodon conspurcatus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Nesodon cornutus Scott 1912 [synonym], Nesodon marmoratus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Nesodon oweni Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesodon typicus Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium argentinum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium nehringi Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium rufum Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Nesotherium studeri Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon clemens Fernández and Muñoz 2019 [synonym], Protoxodon henseli Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon obliteratus Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Protoxodon speciosus Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Protoxodon sullivani Owen 1846 [synonym], Scophotherium cyclops Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Toxodon patagonensis Ameghino 1887 [synonym]

†Nesodon limitatum Mercerat 1891

†Nesodon taweretus Forasiepi et al. 2015

Invalid names: Acrotherium Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Adelphotherium Ameghino 1887 [synonym]

G. †Phobereotherium Ameghino 1887

†Phobereotherium silvaticum Mercerat 1891

G. †Probereotherium Ameghino 1887

†Probereotherium silvaticum Ameghino 1887

G. †Pronesodon

†Pronesodon cristatus Ameghino 1894

†Pronesodon robustus Ameghino 1894

†Pronesodon vates Ameghino 1902

G. †Rhadinotherium Ameghino 1887

G. †Senodon

†Senodon platyarthrus Ameghino 1894

G. †Xotoprodon Ameghino 1891

†Xotoprodon maximus Ameghino 1891

†Xotoprodon solidus Ameghino 1891

G. †Ocnerotherium Pascual 1954

†Ocnerotherium intermedium Pascual 1954

G. †Oriadubitherium

G. †Palaeotoxodon Ameghino 1904

Invalid names: Palaeotoxodon protoburmeisteri Ameghino 1887 [nomen dubium]

G. †Palyeidodon Roth 1898

†Palyeidodon obtusum Roth 1898

G. †Paratrigodon Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931

†Paratrigodon euguii Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931

G. †Pisanodon Zetti 1972

†Pisanodon nazari Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931

Invalid names: Palaeotoxodon nazari Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931 [objective synonym]

G. †Posnanskytherium Liendo Lazarte 1943

†Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi Liendo Lazarte 1943

†Posnanskytherium inchasense Anaya and MacFadden 1995

†Posnanskytherium viscachanense Saint-André 1999

G. †Proadinotherium Ameghino 1894

†Proadinotherium angustidens Ameghino 1897

†Proadinotherium leptognathum Ameghino 1894

†Proadinotherium muensteri Ameghino 1902

†Proadinotherium saltoni Shockey and Anaya 2008

G. †Prototrigodon Kraglievich 1930

†Prototrigodon rothi Kraglievich 1930

G. †Stenotephanos Ameghino 1886

†Stenotephanos plicidens Ameghino 1885

Invalid names: Eutomodus elautus Ameghino 1886 [synonym], Palaeotoxodon virgatus Ameghino 1886 [synonym]

†Stenotephanos speciosus Ameghino 1887

G. †Toxodon Owen 1837

†Toxodon antiquus Moreno 1888

†Toxodon bilobidens Ameghino 1887

†Toxodon chapalmalensis Ameghino 1908

†Toxodon darwinii Burmeister 1866

†Toxodon excavatus Rovereto 1914

†Toxodon expansidens Cope 1885

†Toxodon gezi Ameghino 1917

†Toxodon giganteus Moreno 1888

†Toxodon gracilis Gervais and Ameghino 1880

†Toxodon platensis Owen 1837

Invalid names: Toxodon angustidens Owen 1846 [synonym], Toxodon burmeisteri Giebel 1866 [synonym], Toxodon ensenadensis Ameghino 1887 [synonym], Toxodon gervaisii Gervais and Ameghino 1880 [synonym], Toxodon paradoxus Ameghino 1882 [synonym]

†Toxodon protoburmeisteri Ameghino 1887

†Toxodon virgatus Ameghino 1886

Subfm. †Toxodontinae Owen 1837

G. †Andinotoxodon Madden 1997

G. †Calchaquitherium Nasif et al. 2000

†Calchaquitherium mixtum Nasif et al. 2000

G. †Eutomodus Ameghino 1889

Invalid names: Tomodus Ameghino 1886 [synonym]

G. †Falcontoxodon Carrillo et al. 2018

†Falcontoxodon aguilerai Carrillo et al. 2018

G. †Hoffstetterius Saint-André 1993

†Hoffstetterius imperator Saint-André 1993

G. †Mesenodon Paula Couto 1982

G. †Minitoxodon Paula Couto 1982

G. †Neotoxodon Paula Couto 1982

G. †Nonotherium Castellanos 1942

†Nonotherium hennigi Castellanos 1942

G. †Piauhytherium Guérin and Faure 2013

†Piauhytherium capivarae Guérin and Faure 2013

G. †Xotodon Ameghino 1887

†Xotodon ambrosettii Rovereto 1914

†Xotodon caravela Armella et al. 2018

†Xotodon catamarcensis Lydekker 1894

†Xotodon cristatus Moreno and Mercerat 1891

†Xotodon doellojuradoi Frenguelli 1920

†Xotodon foricurvatus Ameghino 1885

Invalid names: Toxodon parvulus Burmeister 1885 [synonym]

†Xotodon maimarensis Bonini et al. 2017

†Xotodon major Rovereto 1914

†Xotodon prominens Ameghino 1889

†Xotodon smaltatus Kraglievich 1932

Invalid names: Morphippus corrugatus Ameghino 1899 [nomen dubium]

Fm. †Haplodontheriidae Ameghino 1907

G. †Abothrodon Paula Couto 1944

†Abothrodon pricei Paula Couto 1956

G. †Ceratoxodon Ameghino 1907

†Ceratoxodon corniculatus Ameghino 1907

G. †Haplodontherium Ameghino 1885

†Haplodontherium wildei Ameghino 1885

Invalid names: Haplodontherium limun Ameghino 1886 [synonym], Toxodon paranensis D'Orbigny 1842 [synonym], Toxodontherium compressum Ameghino 1883 [synonym], Toxodontherium listai Cozzuol 2006 [synonym], Toxodontherium reverendum Ameghino 1889 [synonym]

Invalid names: Pachynodon Burmeister 1891 [synonym]

G. †Mesotoxodon Paula Couto 1982

G. †Neotrigodon Spillmann 1949

†Neotrigodon utoquineae Spillman 1949

G. †Plesioxotodon Roth 1902

†Plesioxotodon tapalquensis Roth 1902

G. †Stereotoxodon Ameghino 1904

†Stereotoxodon ameghinoi Kraglievich 1930

†Stereotoxodon feruglioi Kraglievich 1930

†Stereotoxodon patagonicus Kraglievich 1930

†Stereotoxodon superbus Kraglievich 1930

†Stereotoxodon teheulche Ameghino 1904

G. †Toxodontherium Ameghino 1883

†Toxodontherium minus Lydekker 1894

†Toxodontherium triangulatum Rusconi 1944

G. †Trigodon Ameghino 1882

†Trigodon gaudryi Ameghino 1887

†Trigodon minor Lydekker 1893

G. †Trigodonops Kraglievich 1930

†Trigodonops lopesi Roxo 1821

Fm. †Homalodotheriidae Gregory 1910

G. †Asmodeus Ameghino 1894

†Asmodeus osborni Ameghino 1894

†Asmodeus petrasnerus Seoane and Cerdeño 2014

†Asmodeus scotti Ameghino 1894

G. †Asmodus

Subfm. †Chasicotheriinae Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931

G. †Chasicotherium Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931

†Chasicotherium rothi Cabrera and Kraglievich 1931

G. †Homalodotherium Huxley 1870

†Homalodotherium canepai Bordas 1941

†Homalodotherium crassum Ameghino 1894

†Homalodotherium cunninghami Flower 1884

†Homalodotherium excursum Ameghino 1894

†Homalodotherium segoviae Ameghino 1891

G. †Trigonolophodon Roth 1903

†Trigonolophodon elegans Roth 1904

†Trigonolophodon inflatus Roth 1904

Fm. †Isotemnidae Ameghino 1897

G. †Acoelohyrax Ameghino 1902

†Acoelohyrax complicatissimus Ameghino 1904

†Acoelohyrax coronatus Ameghino 1902

†Acoelohyrax sigma Ameghino 1901

Invalid names: Plexotemnus Ameghino 1904 [synonym]

G. †Anisotemnus Ameghino 1902

†Anisotemnus distentus Ameghino 1901

Invalid names: Isotemnus lophiodontoides Ameghino 1901 [synonym]

Invalid names: Toxotemnus Ameghino 1904 [synonym]

G. †Calodontotherium Roth 1903

G. †Coelostylodon Simpson 1970

†Coelostylodon caroloameghinoi Simpson 1970

†Coelostylodon florentinoameghinoi Simpson 1970

G. †Distylophorus Ameghino 1902

†Distylophorus alouatinus Roth 1902

Invalid names: Stylophorus Roth 1902 [replaced]

G. †Isotemnus Ameghino 1897

†Isotemnus ctalego Simpson 1935

†Isotemnus haugi Roth 1902

†Isotemnus latidens Ameghino 1901

Invalid names: Eochalicotherium crassidens Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Eochalicotherium robustum Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Isotemnus apicatus Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Isotemnus cuspidatus Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Isotemnus enecatus Ameghino 1901 [synonym]

†Isotemnus primitivus Ameghino 1897

Invalid names: Amphitemnus nucleatus Ameghino 1904 [synonym], Amphitemnus transitorius Ameghino 1904 [synonym], Eochalicotherium cretaceum Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Isotemnus conspiquus Ameghino 1897 [synonym], Trimerostephanos angustus Ameghino 1897 [synonym]

Invalid names: Amphitemnus Ameghino 1904 [synonym], Dimerostephanos Ameghino 1902 [synonym], Eochalicotherium Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Isotemnus colhuehuapiensis Ameghino 1902 [nomen vanum], Lelfunia Roth 1902 [synonym], Prostylops Ameghino 1897 [synonym], Prostylops typus Ameghino 1897 [nomen dubium]

G. †Lophocoelus Ameghino 1904

†Lophocoelus macrostomus Ameghino 1904

G. †Pampatemnus Vucetich and Bond 1982

†Pampatemnus deuteros Vucetich and Bond 1982

†Pampatemnus infernalis Vucetich and Bond 1982

G. †Pelurocoelodon

G. †Pleurocoelodon Ameghino 1894

†Pleurocoelodon cingulatus Ameghino 1894

†Pleurocoelodon wingei Ameghino 1894

G. †Pleurostylodon Ameghino 1897

†Pleurostylodon complanatus Ameghino 1902

Invalid names: Pleurostylodon irregularis Ameghino 1904 [synonym], Pleurostylodon neglectus Ameghino 1904 [synonym]

†Pleurostylodon crassiramis Ameghino 1902

†Pleurostylodon modicus Ameghino 1897

Invalid names: Anchistrum sulcosum Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Dialophus simus Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Dimerostephanos attritus Ameghino 1902 [synonym], Parastylops coelodus Ameghino 1897 [synonym], Paratemnus geminatus Ameghino 1904 [synonym], Pleurostylodon divisus Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Pleurostylodon limpidus Ameghino 1904 [synonym], Pleurostylodon obscurus Ameghino 1904 [synonym], Pleurostylodon plexus Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Pleurostylodon sinuosus Ameghino 1902 [synonym], Trimerostephanos biconus Ameghino 1897 [synonym], Tychostylops marculus Ameghino 1901 [synonym]

†Pleurostylodon recticrista Ameghino 1904

†Pleurostylodon similis Ameghino 1901

Invalid names: Coelostylops crassus Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Tychostylops simus Ameghino 1904 [synonym]

Invalid names: Anchistrum Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Coelostylops Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Dialophus Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Parastylops Ameghino 1897 [synonym], Paratemnus Ameghino 1904 [synonym], Pleurostylodon bifidus Ameghino 1904 [nomen dubium], Pleurostylodon notabilis Ameghino 1901 [nomen dubium], Porotemnus Ameghino 1902 [synonym], Tychostylops Ameghino 1901 [synonym]

G. †Rhyphodon Roth 1899

†Rhyphodon angusticephalus Roth 1904

†Rhyphodon lankesteri Roth 1899

Invalid names: Lemudeus proportionalis Roth 1904 [synonym], Pehuenia insigna Roth 1904 [synonym], Pehuenia wehrlii Roth 1902 [synonym], Setebos terribilis Roth 1902 [synonym]

Invalid names: Pehuenia Roth 1902 [synonym], Setebos Roth 1902 [synonym]

G. †Thomashuxleya Ameghino 1901

†Thomashuxleya externa Ameghino 1901

Invalid names: Thomashuxleya artuata Ameghino 1901 [synonym]

†Thomashuxleya rostrata Ameghino 1901

Invalid names: Thomashuxleya robusta Ameghino 1901 [synonym]

G. †Trimerostephanos Ameghino 1895

†Trimerostephanos coalitus Ameghino 1901

†Trimerostephanos coarctatus Ameghino 1901

†Trimerostephanos scabrus Ameghino 1894

†Trimerostephanos scalaris Ameghino 1897

Invalid names: Colhuapia Roth 1902 [nomen dubium], Colhuapia rosei Roth 1902 [nomen dubium], Colhuelia Roth 1902 [nomen dubium], Eurystephanodon crassatus Roth 1903 [nomen dubium], Interhippus deflexus Ameghino 1902 [nomen dubium], Lafkenia Roth 1902 [nomen dubium], Lafkenia schmidti Roth 1902 [nomen dubium], Lafkenia sulcifera Roth 1902 [nomen dubium], Pehuenia magna Roth 1904 [nomen dubium], Thomashuxleya principialis Ameghino 1902 [nomen dubium], Trigonolophodon modicus Roth 1904 [nomen dubium]

G. †Nesotherium Mercerat 1891

G. †Noaditherium Ameghino 1907

G. †Periphragnis Roth 1899

†Periphragnis circunflexus Ameghino 1901

†Periphragnis exauctus Ameghino 1902

†Periphragnis harmeri Roth 1899

Invalid names: Asmodeus armatus Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Calodontotherium varietatum Roth 1904 [synonym], Eurystephanodon cattanii Roth 1904 [synonym], Lemudeus angustidens Roth 1904 [synonym], Tehuelia regia Roth 1902 [synonym], Thomashuxleya rankei Roth 1902 [synonym]

†Periphragnis palmeri Roth 1904

Invalid names: Periphragnis cristatus Roth 1904 [synonym]

†Periphragnis vicentei Bradham et al. 2015

Invalid names: Coelodontotherium Roth 1903 [synonym], Lemudeus Roth 1903 [synonym], Proasmodeus Ameghino 1902 [synonym], Tehuelia Roth 1902 [synonym]

Fm. †Xotodontidae Ameghino 1889

G. †Palaeolithops Ameghino 1891

Invalid names: Lithops Ameghino 1887 [replaced]

Invalid names: Atryptheridae Ameghino 1889 [empty], Lithops praevius Ameghino 1887 [nomen dubium], Notohippidae Ameghino 1894 [invalid subgroup], Pachyrucidae Lydekker 1894 [empty], Protoxodontidae Ameghino 1889 [empty], Rhadinotherium limitatum Mercerat 1891 [nomen dubium], Tembotheridae Moreno 1882 [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Maximum body mass:

798.4 kgs

Minimum body mass:

121.26 kgg

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

scansorialsubc

Diet:

herbivoreo

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2009-01-05 17:11:49

Modified:

2009-01-05 19:11:49

Source: s = species, g = genus, o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Madden 1997, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Vizcaíno et al. 2010, MacFadden et al. 1996

Age range: base of the Casamayoran to the top of the Holocene or 56.00000 to 0.00000 Ma

Collections (456 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Riochican	57.0 - 55.8	Argentina (Chubut)	Isotemnidae indet. (175728) Isotemnus ctalego, Isotemnidae indet. (14205) Isotemnus sp., Pleurostylodon sp., Isotemnus primitivus (13781)
Riochican - Mustersan	57.0 - 42.0	Argentina	Pleurostylodon sp. (176460)
Casamayoran	56.0 - 48.0	Argentina (Chubut)	Isotemnus primitivus, Pleurostylodon modicus, Prostylops typus, Parastylops coelodus, Thomashuxleya rostrata, Thomashuxleya artuata, Thomashuxleya robusta, Thomashuxleya externa, Isotemnus cuspidatus, Pleurostylodon similis, Pleurostylodon plexus, Pleurostylodon notabilis, Eochalicotherium cretaceum, Acoelohyrax coronatus, Thomashuxleya principialis, Pleurostylodon sinuosus, Pleurostylodon complanatus, Pleurostylodon irregularis, Pleurostylodon limpidus, Pleurostylodon bifidus, Pleurostylodon neglectus (176285) Pleurostylodon obscurus (176283) Pleurostylodon sp. (176304) Pleurostylodon sp., Pleurostylodon similis (49899) Pleurostylodon sp., Thomashuxleya sp. (48176 175743) Thomashuxleya externa, Pleurostylodon similis (39295)
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	Argentina (Chubut)	Isotemnus sp. (133040)
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	Argentina (Salta)	Pampahippus secundus (176659)
Casamayoran - Mustersan	56.0 - 42.0	Argentina (Chubut)	Leontiniidae indet. (176462)
Ypresian - Lutetian	56.0 - 41.3	Argentina (Salta)	Pampahippus sp. (41712)
Eocene - Oligocene	56.0 - 23.03	Argentina (Chubut)	Pleurostylodon sp., Rhynchippus equinus (38877)
Eocene - Pliocene	56.0 - 2.588	Brazil (Acre)	Toxodontidae indet. (217776 217781)
Early/Lower Eocene - Middle Eocene	55.8 - 37.71	Argentina (Chubut)	Lelfunia haugi (175735)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Guatemala (El Petén)	Mixotoxodon larensis (189383)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	Brazil (Acre)	Toxodontidae indet. (203910 203911)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial)	0.129 - 0.0117	Venezuela (Zulia)	Mixotoxodon larensis (63515)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	Brazil (Bahia)	Toxodon platensis (212472) Toxodontidae indet. (212449)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	Brazil (Sergipe)	Toxodontinae indet. (147191)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte)	Toxodontidae indet. (148309)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	Argentina (Santiago del Estero)	Toxodon sp. (216693)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene	0.129 - 0.0	Argentina (Buenos Aires)	Toxodon platensis (191127)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Brazil (Acre)	Toxodontidae indet. (217862 217869)
Holocene	0.0117 - 0.0	Brazil (Bahia)	Toxodontinae indet. (147605)