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Epicyon haydeni

Mammalia - Carnivora - Canidae

Taxonomy

Canis (Epicyon) haydeni was named by Leidy (1858) [type of subgenus Epicyon]. It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Niobrara River (coll. Hayden 1857), which is in a Barstovian/Clarendonian terrestrial horizon in the Loup Fork Formation of Nebraska.

It was recombined as Canis haydeni by Leidy (1873); it was recombined as Aelurodon haydeni by Scott and Osborn (1890), Matthew (1899), Hay (1902), Matthew and Gidley (1904), Matthew and Stirton (1930), VanderHoof and Gregory (1940), McGrew (1944), Bennett (1979) and Becker (1980); it was recombined as Epicyon haydeni by Baskin (1980), Voorhies (1990), Baskin (1998), Becker and McDonald (1998), Wang et al. (1999), Hulbert and Whitmore (2006) and Wang et al. (2008).

Subspecies

Aelurodon haydeni validus

Synonyms

Aelurodon aphobus was named by Merriam (1919) [also, but incorrectly said to be Stock 1928].

It was synonymized subjectively with Osteoborus ricardoensis by Stirton and VanderHoof (1933); it was recombined as Epicyon aphobus by Baskin (1980) and Whistler and Burbank (1992); it was synonymized subjectively with Epicyon saevus by Baskin (1998); it was synonymized subjectively with Epicyon haydeni by Munthe (1998) and Wang et al. (1999).
Osteoborus ricardoensis was named by Stirton and VanderHoof (1933). Its type specimen is LACM 6, a mandible (a lower jaw lacking condyle, p1 and m3), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Red Rock Canyon, which is in a Clarendonian terrestrial horizon in the Dove Spring Formation of California.

It was recombined as Aelurodon ricardoensis by Richey (1979); it was synonymized subjectively with Epicyon aphobus by Whistler (1991) and Whistler and Burbank (1992); it was synonymized subjectively with Epicyon haydeni by Baskin (1998) and Wang et al. (1999).
Osteoborus validus was named by Stirton and Vanderhoof (1933) [named as "Aelurodon haydeni validus" by Matthew and Cook 1909; raised to species level]. Its type locality is Aphelops Draw Quarries, which is in a Hemphillian terrestrial horizon in the Snake Creek Formation of Nebraska.

It was recombined as Aelurodon validus by Skinner et al. (1977), Bennett (1979) and Richey (1979); it was recombined as Epicyon validus by Baskin (1980), Munthe (1989) and Munthe (1998); it was synonymized subjectively with Epicyon haydeni by Lozinsky and Tedford (1991), Baskin (1998) and Wang et al. (1999).
Tephrocyon mortifer was named by Cook (1914). Its type specimen is HC 270, a mandible, and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was synonymized subjectively with Aelurodon haydeni by VanderHoof and Gregory (1940) and Green (1948); it was synonymized subjectively with Aelurodon saevus by McGrew (1944); it was recombined as Aelurodon mortifer by Kitts (1957), Kitts (1964) and Skinner et al. (1977); it was recombined as Epicyon mortifer by Baskin (1980); it was synonymized subjectively with Epicyon saevus by Baskin (1998); it was synonymized subjectively with Epicyon haydeni by Wang et al. (1999).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1858	Canis (Epicyon) haydeni Leidy p. 21
1873	Canis haydeni Leidy p. 230
1890	Aelurodon haydeni Scott and Osborn p. 66
1899	Aelurodon haydeni Matthew
1902	Aelurodon haydeni Hay p. 774
1904	Aelurodon haydeni Matthew and Gidley p. 250
1914	Tephrocyon mortifer Cook
1919	Aelurodon aphobus Merriam
1930	Aelurodon haydeni Matthew and Stirton
1933	Osteoborus ricardoensis Stirton and VanderHoof p. 178
1933	Osteoborus validus Stirton and Vanderhoof
1940	Aelurodon haydeni VanderHoof and Gregory
1944	Aelurodon haydeni McGrew
1957	Aelurodon mortifer Kitts
1964	Aelurodon mortifer Kitts
1977	Aelurodon mortifer Skinner et al.
1977	Aelurodon validus Skinner et al.
1979	Aelurodon haydeni Bennett
1979	Aelurodon validus Bennett
1979	Aelurodon ricardoensis Richey
1979	Aelurodon validus Richey
1980	Epicyon aphobus Baskin
1980	Epicyon haydeni Baskin
1980	Epicyon mortifer Baskin
1980	Epicyon validus Baskin
1980	Aelurodon haydeni Becker
1989	Epicyon validus Munthe
1990	Epicyon haydeni Voorhies
1992	Epicyon aphobus Whistler and Burbank
1998	Epicyon haydeni Baskin
1998	Epicyon haydeni Becker and McDonald
1998	Epicyon validus Munthe
1999	Epicyon haydeni Wang et al. p. 252
2006	Epicyon haydeni Hulbert and Whitmore p. 5
2008	Epicyon haydeni Wang et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia

Rank	Name	Author
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Ferae	()
—	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
—	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora
family	Canidae
subfamily	Borophaginae
tribe	Borophagini	Simpson 1945
subtribe	Borophagina
genus	Epicyon	()
species	haydeni	()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Epicyon haydeni Leidy 1858

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†Aelurodon haydeni validus Matthew and Cook 1909

Invalid names: Aelurodon aphobus Merriam 1919 [synonym], Osteoborus ricardoensis Stirton and VanderHoof 1933 [synonym], Osteoborus validus Stirton and Vanderhoof 1933 [synonym], Tephrocyon mortifer Cook 1914 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
R. A. Stirton and V. L. VanderHoof 1933 (Osteoborus ricardoensis)	Largest species of Osteoborus; Pp1 present with a single root; p2 and p3 with two roots, relatively high central cusps and faint accessory cusps; p4 with posterior border truncated obliquely along a highly upturned cingulum and with a small second (cingulum) posterior accessory cusp; tooth row relatively straight as in O. pugnator, but ramus much thicker below premolar series.