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Hemiauchenia macrocephala

Mammalia - Camelidae

Taxonomy

Holomeniscus macrocephalus was named by Cope (1893).

It was synonymized subjectively with Camelops vitakerianus by Wortman (1898); it was recombined as Camelops macrocephalus by Hay (1902) and Hay (1913); it was recombined as Tanupolama macrocephala by Hibbard and Dalquest (1962), Webb (1965) and Slaughter (1966); it was recombined as Hemiauchenia macrocephala by Webb (1974), Breyer (1977), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Dalquest (1992), Honey et al. (1998) and Meachen (2005).

Synonyms

Camelus americanus was named by Wortman (1898). It is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Tanupolama americana by Stock (1928) and Webb (1965); it was recombined as Prochenia americana by Frick (1929); it was synonymized subjectively with Tanupolama macrocephala by Hibbard and Dalquest (1962); it was synonymized subjectively with Hemiauchenia macrocephala by Webb (1974), Breyer (1977), Kurten and Anderson (1980) and Dalquest (1992).
Lama hollomani was named by Hay and Cook (1930). Its type specimen is DMNS 1065, a set of postcrania (right hind cannon bone), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Tanupolama hollomani by Meade (1953), Webb (1965) and Slaughter (1966); it was synonymized subjectively with Hemiauchenia macrocephala by Webb (1974), Breyer (1977), Kurten and Anderson (1980) and Dalquest (1992).
Lama stevensi was named by Merriam and Stock (1925) [type locality is 19663]. Its type specimen is UCMP 24260, a mandible (a fragmentary mandible with lower dentition), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Asphalto Number 2, which is in a Blancan terrestrial horizon in the ? Tulare Formation of California.

It was recombined as Tanupolama stevensi by Stock (1928), Webb (1965) and Miller (1968); it was synonymized subjectively with Tanupolama macrocephala by Hibbard and Dalquest (1962) and Slaughter (1966); it was synonymized subjectively with Hemiauchenia macrocephala by Webb (1974), Breyer (1977), Kurten and Anderson (1980) and Dalquest (1992).
Tanupolama seymourensis was named by Hibbard and Dalquest (1962). Its type locality is Gilliland, which is in an Irvingtonian terrestrial horizon in the Seymour Formation of Texas.

It was synonymized subjectively with Hemiauchenia blancoensis by Breyer (1977) and Kurten and Anderson (1980); it was synonymized subjectively with Hemiauchenia macrocephala by Dalquest (1992); it was recombined as Hemiauchenia seymourensis by Webb (1974), Webb and Stehli (1995) and Cisneros (2005).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1893	Holomeniscus macrocephalus Cope p. 85
1898	Camelus americanus Wortman p. 133 fig. 21
1902	Camelops macrocephalus Hay p. 679
1902	Camelus americanus Hay p. 680
1913	Camelops macrocephalus Hay p. 276
1925	Lama stevensi Merriam and Stock p. 39 figs. 1 - 4
1928	Tanupolama americana Stock
1928	Tanupolama stevensi Stock
1929	Prochenia americana Frick
1930	Lama hollomani Hay and Cook
1953	Tanupolama hollomani Meade
1962	Tanupolama macrocephala Hibbard and Dalquest
1962	Tanupolama seymourensis Hibbard and Dalquest
1965	Tanupolama americana Webb
1965	Tanupolama macrocephala Webb
1965	Tanupolama stevensi Webb
1965	Tanupolama hollomani Webb p. 34
1965	Tanupolama seymourensis Webb p. 34
1966	Tanupolama hollomani Slaughter p. 84
1966	Tanupolama macrocephala Slaughter p. 84
1968	Tanupolama stevensi Miller
1974	Hemiauchenia macrocephala Webb
1974	Hemiauchenia seymourensis Webb
1977	Hemiauchenia macrocephala Breyer
1980	Hemiauchenia macrocephala Kurten and Anderson p. 308
1992	Hemiauchenia macrocephala Dalquest
1995	Hemiauchenia seymourensis Webb and Stehli
1998	Hemiauchenia macrocephala Honey et al.
2005	Hemiauchenia seymourensis Cisneros p. 250
2005	Hemiauchenia macrocephala Meachen p. 438

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes

Rank	Name	Author
class	Mammalia
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Artiodactylamorpha
—	Artiodactyla	()
family	Camelidae
subfamily	Camelinae	Gray 1821
tribe	Lamini	Webb 1965
genus	Hemiauchenia
species	macrocephala	()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Hemiauchenia macrocephala Cope 1893

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Invalid names: Camelus americanus Wortman 1898 [synonym], Lama hollomani Hay and Cook 1930 [synonym], Lama stevensi Merriam and Stock 1925 [synonym], Tanupolama seymourensis Hibbard and Dalquest 1962 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
J. C. Merriam and C. Stock 1925 (Lama stevensi)	Type approaching in size the existing llama. Lower molars with enamel of internal faces not as distinctly folded as in existing llama. MI with median external style. M2 and M3 with antero-external style not as well developed as in Lama. Posterior or third lobe in M3 not separated from second lobe as distinctly as in the corresponding tooth of the Recent Lama.