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Borophagus diversidens

Mammalia - Carnivora - Canidae

Taxonomy

Borophagus diversidens was named by Cope (1892) [genotype; also, but incorrectly said to be 1893 see Matthew 1902a for description of type]. Its type specimen is UCMP V-8139, a mandible (fragment of a lower jaw, with two premolars preserved and the root of a third), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Dinocyon (Borophagus) diversidens by Matthew (1902); it was recombined as Dinocyon diversidens by Matthew (1902); it was recombined as Hyaenarctos diversidens by Frick (1926); it was considered a nomen dubium by Matthew (1918).

Synonyms

Felis hillanus was named by Cope (1893).

It was corrected as Felis hillianus by Hay (1902); it was recombined as Osteoborus hillianus by Schultz (1937) and Vanderhoof (1937); it was considered a nomen dubium by Matthew (1910); it was synonymized subjectively with Borophagus diversidens by Matthew and Stirton (1930), Dalquest (1969), Kurten and Anderson (1980) and Wang et al. (1999).
Hyaenognathus matthewi was named by Freudenberg (1910) [subgenus Porthocyon].

It was recombined as Borophagus matthewi by Vanderhoof (1936), VanderHoof and Gregory (1940) and Richey (1979); it was synonymized subjectively with Borophagus diversidens by Kurten and Anderson (1980) and Wang et al. (1999).
Hyaenognathus pachyodon was named by Merriam (1903) [genotype]. Its type specimen is UCMP M8139, a mandible, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Asphalto Number 2, which is in a Blancan terrestrial horizon in the ? Tulare Formation of California.

It was recombined as Borophagus pachyodon by Vanderhoof (1936), Stirton (1939), VanderHoof and Gregory (1940), Richey (1979) and Munthe (1998); it was synonymized subjectively with Borophagus diversidens by Schultz (1937), Kurten and Anderson (1980) and Wang et al. (1999).
Hyaenognathus solus was named by Stock (1932). Its type locality is Coso Mountains (CIT 131), which is in a Blancan terrestrial horizon in California.

It was recombined as Borophagus solus by Vanderhoof (1936), Schultz (1937), VanderHoof and Gregory (1940) and Richey (1979); it was synonymized subjectively with Borophagus direptor by Kurten and Anderson (1980); it was synonymized subjectively with Borophagus diversidens by Wang et al. (1999).
Porthocyon dubius was named by Merriam (1903) [unsure if Porthocyon is distinct from his Hyaenognathus]. Its type specimen is UCMP M8138, a partial skull (the greater portion of a cranium with the essential parts of the dentition), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was synonymized subjectively with Hyaenognathus pachyodon by Matthew and Stirton (1930) and Stock (1932); it was recombined as Hyaenognathus dubius by VanderHoof (1931); it was synonymized subjectively with Borophagus pachyodon by Stirton (1939) and VanderHoof and Gregory (1940); it was recombined as Borophagus dubius by Richey (1979); it was synonymized subjectively with Borophagus diversidens by Kurten and Anderson (1980) and Wang et al. (1999).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1892	Borophagus diversidens Cope
1893	Borophagus diversidens Cope p. 54
1893	Felis hillanus Cope p. 55
1902	Borophagus diversidens Hay p. 776
1902	Felis hillianus Hay p. 782
1902	Dinocyon diversidens Matthew
1902	Dinocyon (Borophagus) diversidens Matthew p. 290
1903	Hyaenognathus pachyodon Merriam p. 278 figs. Pl. 28, Figs. 1 and 2
1903	Porthocyon dubius Merriam p. 283 figs. Pl. 29 and P. 30, Fig 1
1910	Hyaenognathus matthewi Freudenberg
1926	Hyaenarctos diversidens Frick
1930	Borophagus diversidens Matthew and Stirton
1931	Hyaenognathus dubius VanderHoof
1932	Hyaenognathus solus Stock
1933	Borophagus diversidens Stirton and VanderHoof
1936	Borophagus matthewi Vanderhoof
1936	Borophagus pachyodon Vanderhoof
1936	Borophagus solus Vanderhoof
1937	Borophagus solus Schultz
1937	Osteoborus hillianus Schultz
1937	Osteoborus hillianus Vanderhoof
1939	Borophagus pachyodon Stirton
1940	Borophagus diversidens VanderHoof and Gregory
1940	Borophagus matthewi VanderHoof and Gregory
1940	Borophagus pachyodon VanderHoof and Gregory
1940	Borophagus solus VanderHoof and Gregory
1979	Borophagus dubius Richey
1979	Borophagus matthewi Richey
1979	Borophagus pachyodon Richey
1979	Borophagus solus Richey
1980	Borophagus diversidens Kurten and Anderson p. 166
1998	Borophagus diversidens Munthe
1998	Borophagus pachyodon Munthe
1999	Borophagus diversidens Wang et al. p. 301
2008	Borophagus diversidens Wang et al.
2016	Borophagus diversidens Tseng and Geisler p. 2 figs. Table 1

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes

Rank	Name	Author
class	Mammalia
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Ferae	()
—	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
—	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora
family	Canidae
subfamily	Borophaginae
genus	Borophagus
species	diversidens

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Borophagus diversidens Cope 1892

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Invalid names: Felis hillanus Cope 1893 [synonym], Hyaenognathus matthewi Freudenberg 1910 [synonym], Hyaenognathus pachyodon Merriam 1903 [synonym], Hyaenognathus solus Stock 1932 [synonym], Porthocyon dubius Merriam 1903 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
J. C. Merriam 1903 (Porthocyon dubius)	Muzzle short, forehead and sagittal crest high . Brain case smull and narrow, outer walls sharply from the crest. Wings of the premaxillaries reaching back to the blunt anterior ends of the frontals. Palate very broad, with two pairs of large posterior palatine foramina. Posterior nasal openings not reaching forward to the end of the molar series. Dentition 3?/ 1/, 4/, 2/. I3 very large. Premolars crowded. Sectorial massive, without deuterocone. Metacone and heel of M1 small. M2 reduced.