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Protohippus supremus
Taxonomy
Protohippus supremus was named by Leidy (1869). It is a 3D body fossil.
It was synonymized subjectively with Protohippus mirabilis by Cope (1893); it was synonymized subjectively with Pliohippus mirabilis by Matthew (1899) and Trouessart (1905); it was recombined as Merychippus supremus by Hay (1902); it was recombined as Pliohippus supremus by Gidley (1907), Osborn (1918), Matthew (1924), Hay (1930), McGrew (1938), Henshaw (1942), Macdonald (1951), Quinn (1955), Webb (1969), Quinn (1987), Kelly and Lander (1988) and Voorhies (1990); it was recombined as Pliohippus (Pliohippus) supremus by Stirton (1940) and Forsten (1975); it was considered a nomen dubium by Macdonald (1992).
It was synonymized subjectively with Protohippus mirabilis by Cope (1893); it was synonymized subjectively with Pliohippus mirabilis by Matthew (1899) and Trouessart (1905); it was recombined as Merychippus supremus by Hay (1902); it was recombined as Pliohippus supremus by Gidley (1907), Osborn (1918), Matthew (1924), Hay (1930), McGrew (1938), Henshaw (1942), Macdonald (1951), Quinn (1955), Webb (1969), Quinn (1987), Kelly and Lander (1988) and Voorhies (1990); it was recombined as Pliohippus (Pliohippus) supremus by Stirton (1940) and Forsten (1975); it was considered a nomen dubium by Macdonald (1992).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1869 | Protohippus supremus Leidy |
1896 | Protohippus supremus Roger |
1902 | Merychippus supremus Hay p. 618 |
1906 | Protohippus simus Gidley |
1906 | Protohippus supremus Gidley |
1906 | Protohippus simus Gidley p. 139 |
1907 | Pliohippus supremus Gidley |
1907 | Protohippus simus Gidley p. 925 |
1909 | Protohippus supremus Matthew |
1918 | Protohippus simus Osborn p. 136 figs. Plates 21.1, 22.2. Text Fig. 109 |
1918 | Pliohippus supremus Osborn p. 150 figs. Plates 25.11, 26.2, 31.3,4. Text Figs. 118, 119 |
1924 | Pliohippus supremus Matthew |
1930 | Pliohippus supremus Hay |
1933 | Pliohippus simus Stirton |
1938 | Pliohippus supremus McGrew |
1938 | Pliohippus simus McGrew and Meade p. 201 |
1940 | Pliohippus (Pliohippus) simus Stirton p. 192 |
1940 | Pliohippus (Pliohippus) supremus Stirton p. 192 |
1942 | Pliohippus supremus Henshaw |
1951 | Pliohippus simus Macdonald |
1951 | Pliohippus supremus Macdonald |
1955 | Pliohippus supremus Quinn p. 17 |
1955 | Hippotigris sellardsi Quinn p. 46 figs. Pl. 9, Figs. 1, 2 |
1955 | Hippotigris clarendonensis Quinn p. 49 |
1955 | Hippotigris parastylus Quinn p. 50 |
1969 | Astrohippus sellardsi Webb |
1969 | Pliohippus supremus Webb |
1975 | Pliohippus (Pliohippus) supremus Forsten p. 53 figs. Tables 19, 36; Fig. 6 |
1987 | Pliohippus supremus Quinn |
1988 | Protohippus supremus Hulbert, Jr. p. 286 figs. 22B, 23 |
1988 | Pliohippus supremus Kelly and Lander |
1990 | Pliohippus supremus Voorhies |
1995 | Protohippus supremus Kelly p. 14 |
1996 | Protohippus supremus Prado and Alberdi p. 676 |
1998 | Protohippus supremus Kelly |
1998 | Protohippus supremus MacFadden p. 550 |
2019 | Protohippus supremus May |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Protohippus supremus Leidy 1869
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Invalid names: Hippotigris clarendonensis Quinn 1955 [synonym], Hippotigris parastylus Quinn 1955 [synonym], Hippotigris sellardsi Quinn 1955 [synonym], Protohippus simus Gidley 1906 [synonym]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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H. F. Osborn 1918 (Protohippus simus) | (Gidley, 1907, p. 925) (1) Allied to Protohippus perditus though somewhat larger and differing in the following characters: (2) protocones of a more progressive stage in their fuller development anteriorly, thus forming a deeper infolding of the enamel between them and the protoconules; (3) fossettes narrower transversely than in P. perditus; (4) pre- orbital or facial region relatively shorter and broader than in P. perditus; (5) incisive border but little curved, giving the muzzle a rather truncate appearance; (6) palate broader and less arched than in P. perditus, especially in front of pre- molars; (7) malar fossa wanting, as in P. perditus; (8) lachrymal fossa broader, much more shallow, and less sharply defined than in P. perditus; (9) comparative great vertical depth of skull may be due in part to distortion. (Osborn, 1918) (10) Protocone strongly constricted and separated at the summit from protoconule; (11) evidence of a small pli caballin, of one crochet enamel fold in prefossette, and of two enamel folds in postfossette. | |
H. F. Osborn 1918 | (Leidy, 1869, p. 328, Osborn, 1918) (1) Superior molar teeth bear a resemblance to those of Proto-
hippus perditus; (2) protocone isolated in the unworn crown (Fig. 4); (3) protocone early connected by wear with proto- conule; (4) prominent, simple enamel folds entering pre- and postfossettes from median portion of metaloph; (5) a pli caballin and prominent enamel fold entering prefossette from crochet region; (6) protocone of elongate-oval section, projecting farther inward than hypocone. (Characters based on neotype, Gidley, 1907, p. 890) (7) Size considerably exceeding that of Pliohippus mirahilis. (8) Deciduous premolars of narrower proportions than in P. mirabilis; (9) greater complexity of the enamel foldings in both the milk and permanent series. (10) Malar fossa without dividing ridge, com- paratively smaller and more shallow than in P. mirahilis; (11) basisphenoid proportionately longer than in Protohippus perditus, not overlapped by vomer. (Matthew, 1913, from type and neotype) (12) Deciduous premolars decidedly more hypsodont than in Pliohippus mirabilis; (13) permanent molars with long crowns; protocone united with protoloph except near summit of crown; (15) protocone united with hypocone when teeth are well worn; (16) protocone oval, rather large, anterior in position on premolars; (17) fossette borders with a few enamel folds, disappearing when tooth is about half worn; (18) pli caballin well developed toward the summit of crown. | |
J. H. Quinn 1955 (Hippotigris clarendonensis) | Length of tooth row simi- lar to that of H. sellardsi, transverse diam- eter of teeth less than that of H. sellardsi; ram us considerably deeper; metaconid and entoconid more restricted; antero- external angle of metaflexid deeper; pli caballinid on M. 3; parastylids retained on all teeth. | |
J. H. Quinn 1955 (Hippotigris parastylus) | Larger than H. sellardsi; commissure of lower premolars arises from metaconid, which is directed strongly anteriorly and extremely long; antero-external angle of metaflexid prom- inent; median valley penetrating more deeply between the reenti:ants of flexids han in H. sellardsi; hypoconulid molar elongate. | |
J. H. Quinn 1955 (Hippotigris sellardsi) | Size slightly smaller than H. burchelli; upper teeth slightly curved; styles heavy, valleys deep and concave, weakly ribbed; protocones detached at summit of crown, elongate, triangular; postprotoconal valleys shallow; lower teeth with large elongate metaconid an,d reduced, leaf-shaped metastylid, commissure of premolars connected with both; median valley on molars penetrating not deeply between reentrants of the flexids; parastylid prominent; little or no indication of a pli caballinid | |
A. -M. Forsten 1975 | (Leidy, 1869, according to Osborn, 1918): Superior molars
resemble those of Protohippus perditus; protocone isolated in the unworn crown but early connected by wear with protoconule; prominent, simple enamel folds entering pre and postfossettes from metaloph. Pli caballin and prominent enamel fold into prefossette. Protocone elongate-oval, projecting farther inward than hypocone. | |
R. C. Hulbert 1988 | Large Protohippus with toothrow lengths of about 130 to 145 mm and unworn molar crown heights of about 54 mm. Larger and more hypsodont than P.perditus, with a broader muzzle, smaller (on average) DP1, more elongate protocone, and more complex fossette plications. Hypoconal groove present until late wear-stages; forms lake on premolars. Protocones isolated from protoselene in early wear-stages of P3-M2, until moderate wear on M3; not as isolated as those of P. gidleyi. Metastylid large, well separated from metaconid by well developed, persistent lingual flexids especially on premolars. |