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| Morphology | Ecology and taphonomy | External Literature Search | Age range and collections |
Pennatulacea (sea pen)
Taxonomy
Pennatulacea is an order. It is extant.
It was assigned to Anthozoa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Octocorallia by McFadden et al. (2021) and Goedert et al. (2022).
It was assigned to Anthozoa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Octocorallia by McFadden et al. (2021) and Goedert et al. (2022).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 2002 | Pennatulacea Sepkoski |
| 2021 | Pennatulacea McFadden et al. p. 637 |
| 2022 | Pennatulacea Goedert et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Pennatulacea [sea pen]
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G. †Graphularia
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†Graphularia longissima Squires 1958
†Graphularia quadrata Voigt 1958
†Graphularia robinae McCoy 1877
†Graphularia salisburgensis Traub 1938
†Graphularia sasai Yabe 1955
†Graphularia wetherelli Milne-Edwards and Haime 1850
G. †Pachysceptron
G. †Palaeosceptron
G. †Pavonaria
G. †Prographularia
G. Pteroeides
G. Virgularia
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subc = subclass, c = class | |||||
| References: Kiessling 2004, Bambach et al. 2007 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian to the top of the Lujanian or 70.60000 to 0.01200 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Collections (40 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maastrichtian | Netherlands (Limburg) | Graphularia sp. (85266) | |
| Maastrichtian | Ukraine | Graphularia quadrata (77096) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Germany | Glyptosceptron zitteli (213668) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Netherlands (Limburg) | Graphularia sp. (85272 85273 85274) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Netherlands | Graphularia sp. (3123 32177) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian - Maastrichtian | Netherlands | Graphularia sp. (32162) | |
| Danian | Netherlands | Graphularia sp. (3122) | |
| Danian | USA (Alabama) | Graphularia sp. (2855) | |
| Danian | Egypt | Graphularia sp. (86950) | |
| Danian | Austria (Niederösterreich) | Graphularia groenwalli (87001) | |
| Danian | Netherlands (Limburg) | Graphularia sp. (85275) | |
| Danian | Denmark | Graphularia gronwalli (89866) | |
| Danian | Ukraine (Krym) | Graphularia quadrata (77071) | |
| Paleocene | Austria (Salzburg) | Graphularia salisburgensis (84335) | |
| Thanetian | USA (New Jersey) | Graphularia ambigua (3113 124965 124966) | |
| Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Graphularia wetherelli (8025 8050 76601) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | United Kingdom (England) | Graphularia sp. (3262) Graphularia wetherelli (3259) | |
| Bartonian | United Kingdom (England) | Graphularia wetherelli (42636 42644) | |
| Late/Upper Eocene | United Kingdom (England) | Graphularia wetherelli (42643 42662) | |
| Runangan | New Zealand | Graphularia longissima (89074) | |
| Rupelian | Australia (South Australia) | Graphularia sp. (45823) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | New Zealand | Graphularia longissima (67855) | |
| Chattian | Australia (Victoria) | Graphularia robinae (176279) | |
| Chattian | New Zealand (South Otago) | Graphularia robinae (45653) | |
| Duntroonian | New Zealand (Otago) | Graphularia longissima (85548) | |
| Waitakian | New Zealand | Graphularia longissima (89072) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | New Zealand (Dannevirke) | Graphularia sp. (35651) | |
| Middle Miocene | Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) | Graphularia beyrichi (61897 61898) | |
| Lujanian | Argentina | Virgularia patagonica (204208) |